Educational Psychology- Ch 3

Which one of the following best illustrates self-efficacy? a) Anne is pretty sure she can win a spot on the school's dance squad if she practices her routine every day until the tryouts. b) Connor has little faith in his academic abilities, and so he does whatever he can to avoid doing assigned classroom tasks. c) Brandi thinks of herself as being more intelligent than most of her classmates. d) Darvin is convinced that no one likes him, even though most people do.

a) Anne is pretty sure she can win a spot on the school's dance squad if she practices her routine every day until the tryouts.

Which one of the following should you definitely do if you suspect that one of your students is the victim of abuse or neglect at home? a) Immediately report your suspicions to a school administrator or social services. b) Temporarily lower your expectations for the student's academic performance until conditions at home seem to improve. c) Keep a close eye on the student over the next few weeks, looking for additional evidence that either supports or disconfirms your suspicions. d) Spend some one-on-one time with the student in an effort to get him or her to confide in you.

a) Immediately report your suspicions to a school administrator or social services.

Mr. King runs a tight ship in his middle school math classes. At the beginning of each class, he gives a 10-minute explanation of a new concept or procedure, and then he hands out worksheets that students complete independently at their desks. Which one of the following students has a temperament that is probably the best match with Mr. King's classroom? a) Jayson is quiet and diligent. b) Fiona is always full of energy. c) Grant loves risk and adventure. d) Donna is cheerful and outgoing.

a) Jayson is quiet and diligent.

Given what we know about the development of sense of self, three of the following are likely scenarios. Which scenario is not likely to occur? a) Mike vacillates between thinking of himself as being very smart and as being extremely stupid. b) Daniel knows he has many friends, but he wishes he were a better student. c) Rex knows he's good in math and science but thinks of himself as a total klutz when it comes to sports. d) Aaron thinks that kids his age don't like him, so he spends most of his spare time with his parents.

a) Mike vacillates between thinking of himself as being very smart and as being extremely stupid.

Which one of the following teachers will probably be least effective in improving his or her students' sense of self? a) Ms. Berry tells her students how wonderful they are. b) Mr. Anderson teaches his students strategies for solving math word problems. c) Ms. D'Amato helps her students to throw a softball farther than they could before. d) Mr. Carrera encourages his students to improve their creative writing skills.

a) Ms. Berry tells her students how wonderful they are.

Which one of the following is most likely to be true for students who have a strong ethnic identity? a) On average, they tend to be academically and socially successful. b) On average, they tend to suffer from low self-esteem. c) On average, they tend to see little value in getting an education and often drop out before twelfth grade. d) They are apt to speak a language other than English even when others in the group are speaking English.

a) On average, they tend to be academically and socially successful.

According to Erik Erikson, students' ability to trust those around them initially stems from: a) experiences with adults during infancy. b) early experiences with teachers. c) friendships formed during the teenage years. d) peer behaviors during the elementary years.

a) experiences with adults during infancy.

Anneka tells her mother, "I don't think my teacher likes me very much this year. And you know, I am not sure I like myself so much, either." Anneka is most likely: a) in middle school. b) in grade school. c) in high school. d) younger than 6 years old.

a) in middle school.

Three of the following are signs that a student is possibly the victim of child maltreatment at home. Which one is least likely to be a sign of maltreatment? a) Frequent bruises and bone fractures b) A tendency to be exceptionally outgoing c) Coming to school without a jacket in snowy weather d) Greater-than-average knowledge about sexual matters

b) A tendency to be exceptionally outgoing

Which one of the following most accurately describes the general concept of temperament? a) The extent to which people use or don't use their inherited intellectual potential b) An inherited predisposition to interact with one's environment in certain ways c) The ways that individuals have learned to react to environmental stimuli as a result of their past experiences d) The extent to which people like or dislike themselves

b) An inherited predisposition to interact with one's environment in certain ways

Which one of the following best illustrates Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion? a) Beth can't keep a steady boyfriend. b) Craig is trying to decide what career he wants to pursue. c) Arnold is always wishing things were different than they are. d) Dawn underestimates her ability to learn mathematics.

b) Craig is trying to decide what career he wants to pursue.

Authoritative parents can best be characterized as having which type of relationship with their children? a) Few expectations, loving support, and considerable freedom for children to make their own decisions b) High expectations, loving support, and shared decision making c) High expectations, strict rules, and little give-and-take in decision making d) Little emotional support or interest in their children's needs

b) High expectations, loving support, and shared decision making

Three of the following tend to be fairly stable personality traits that children have to varying degrees. Which one would psychologists not characterize as a relatively stable personality trait? a) How often children have negative emotions such as anger or depression b) How quickly children solve math problems c) How outgoing and friendly children are with their peers d) How dependable children are in doing their work carefully and following through on assigned tasks

b) How quickly children solve math problems

Which one of the following fifth graders most clearly shows signs that, as an infant, he or she had a close attachment to one or more parents or other primary caregivers? a) Shelly has no friends and behaves aggressively toward the other girls in her class. b) Jeffrey is self-confident and often likes to work independently. c) Miranda seems withdrawn and frightened much of the time. d) Mike seems unusually preoccupied with an attractive young actress who stars in a popular television show.

b) Jeffrey is self-confident and often likes to work independently.

Children's personalities are to some extent the result of the cultures in which they've been raised. Which one of the following children is behaving in a way that is inconsistent with the typical expectations of his or her culture? a) Stanley, whose Irish great-grandparents immigrated to New Jersey many years ago, eagerly speaks his mind whenever he has an opinion on a topic. b) Lian, who is Chinese, is independent and outgoing. c) Elena, who is Mexican American, quietly listens as her teacher explains a new procedure. d) Hiroshi, who is Japanese, is quiet and willingly follows his teacher's instructions.

b) Lian, who is Chinese, is independent and outgoing.

Which one of these examples best reflects the role that students' sense of self typically plays in their achievement and school behavior? a) Melissa thinks of herself as physically fit, so she doesn't think she needs to participate in sports or other physical activities. b) Linda knows she is a good reader, so she takes an advanced literature class as an elective. c) Nettie doesn't think she is very popular, so she smiles at others and tries to talk to them so they will like her. d) Kim doesn't want to take any more math classes because she knows she's already good at math.

b) Linda knows she is a good reader, so she takes an advanced literature class as an elective

Three of the following teachers are socializing their students in the way that schools typically do. Which teacher is not socializing students in a typical fashion? a) Ms. Allen insists that her students complete their independent seatwork before they go to recess. b) Ms. Dobson suggests that Sean bang his fist against the wall a few times whenever he gets frustrated. c) Ms. Castanza does not permit her students to talk back to her in a disrespectful fashion. d) Ms. Bernetti has her students go to lunch by rows, letting the quietest rows go first.

b) Ms. Dobson suggests that Sean bang his fist against the wall a few times whenever he gets frustrated.

With regard to developmental trends in romantic relationships, which one of the following scenarios would be most typical? a) Sally, an eighth grader, has a sexually intimate relationship with her boyfriend Brad. b) Sonia, a seventh grader, has a crush on her science teacher and giggles with her friends whenever he walks by. c) Didi, a third grader, feels as if she's the only girl in her class without a boyfriend. d) Jake, a fifth grader, has taken Andrea to the movies several times and thinks about her constantly.

b) Sonia, a seventh grader, has a crush on her science teacher and giggles with her friends whenever he walks by.

Which one of the following illustrates developmental theorists' notion of the personal fable? a) Wendy has trouble getting along with teachers because she believes herself to be especially vulnerable to illness and injury and so shouldn't be held to the same standards for performance as other students. b) William feels he is invincible, immortal, and immune to the problems others face. c) Jonathan feels he is just like everyone else—a nobody—so he isn't very popular. d) Olivia becomes very popular with her peers when she makes up a story that she is from a small European country and has royal blood in her family.

b) William feels he is invincible, immortal, and immune to the problems others face.

Students who exhibit effortful control: a) are able to use sophisticated learning strategies requiring more effort than less sophisticated strategies. b) are able to inhibit impulses so that they can think and act in a more suitable and productive manner. c) are able to control the amount of effort they use for particular academic tasks. d) cannot yet inhibit impulses without much effort and reminders from parents and teachers.

b) are able to inhibit impulses so that they can think and act in a more suitable and productive manner.

When asked which students they would most like to do things with, most middle school students choose classmates who: a) enjoy teasing others. b) are cooperative and sensitive. c) are the best athletes. d) always like to be in charge.

b) are cooperative and sensitive.

Friendships are especially important in social development because children and adolescents: a) develop internal standards for behavior only when friends reinforce such standards. b) are invested in those relationships and will develop the skills needed to maintain them. c) develop high self-esteem only if they participate in enjoyable recreational activities at least twice a week (on average). d) can practice cooperation and reciprocity only with people they care deeply about.

b) are invested in those relationships and will develop the skills needed to maintain them.

Teachers and parents can most help students develop positive self-perceptions by: a) talking about the advantages of having high self-esteem. b) holding high yet achievable expectations for their performance. c) encouraging them to think more positively about themselves. d) holding expectations for performance that they can achieve with little or no effort.

b) holding high yet achievable expectations for their performance.

When asked to describe herself, Tanika says, "I have long hair, I am a girl scout, and I love to swim and play with my dogs." Tanika is most likely: a) younger than 6 years old. b) in grade school. c) in middle school. d) in early adolescence.

b) in grade school.

Kevin tells himself, "Even though Grandpa just died, I mustn't cry at school today, or the other kids will laugh at me." This situation illustrates: a) resilience. b) self-socialization. c) the personal fable phenomenon. d) gender differences in hormones.

b) self-socialization.

Which one of the following examples illustrates how the imaginary audience can be a factor in the adolescent's developing self-concept? a) Annette talks to an invisible "friend" when she is having problems and feels she has no one else to turn to. b) Dora feels self-conscious when she has to get up in front of her class and give a speech from memory. c) Bernita feels as if everyone must be looking at her when she walks down the hall with her friends. d) Candy feels detached, as if she has no life of her own but is only watching everyone else live their lives.

c) Bernita feels as if everyone must be looking at her when she walks down the hall with her friends.

Which one of the following pairs of children best illustrates a difference in temperament? a) Ann enjoys dancing; Alice prefers basketball. b) Bob likes to spend his time reading; Bill would rather watch a good movie. c) Carol is very sociable and outgoing; Chris is more quiet and reserved around peers. d) Dan likes to think about abstract ideas; David learns more effectively when he can manipulate concrete objects.

c) Carol is very sociable and outgoing; Chris is more quiet and reserved around peers.

On average, students who attend schools for gifted children have a lower academic self-concept than students of equal intelligence who attend regular schools with students of widely varying abilities. If we consider research about factors affecting students' sense of self, we can explain this finding in the following way: a) Identifying a child as gifted requires an intensive evaluation, and evaluations inevitably lower self-esteem. b) Having a label of any kind-even the label "gifted"-tends to lower self-esteem. c) Children form their self-concepts in part by comparing their own performance to the performance of those around them. d) Children who attend gifted programs typically have more assertive parents, and such parents tend to undermine their children's self-esteem.

c) Children form their self-concepts in part by comparing their own performance to the performance of those around them.

Which one of the following best describes Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? a) A process of becoming increasingly self-confident through the years as one's competence improves b) A series of stages in which people develop increasingly sophisticated social skills c) A progression of increasingly abstract understandings of social situations d) A series of stages, each of which has a unique developmental task to be addressed

d) A series of stages, each of which has a unique developmental task to be addressed

Children's self-concepts become increasingly stable, and therefore increasingly more difficult to change, as they grow older. Using what you have learned about the development of students' sense of self, choose the most likely explanation for the increasing stability of the self-concept over time. a) Many teachers intuitively sense how students feel about themselves, and such intuitions invariably influence teachers' behaviors toward the students. b) Maturational factors play a major role in the formation of the self-concept; these factors continue to unfold throughout childhood. c) Children will behave in ways consistent with their self-concepts, thereby reaffirming their views of themselves. d) Research studies indicate that the self-concept has a strong genetic component.

c) Children will behave in ways consistent with their self-concepts, thereby reaffirming their views of themselves.

Which one of the following statements is most accurate about the effects of peer groups? a) Peer contagion is strongest during the late high school years, as students approach graduation. b) Peer contagion is strongest in the primary grades, when children first enter school. c) Peer groups may encourage either desirable qualities (e.g., honesty) or undesirable qualities (e.g., violence). d) When a particular peer group discourages academic achievement, members of that group will always achieve lower class grades than they are capable of achieving.

c) Peer groups may encourage either desirable qualities (e.g., honesty) or undesirable qualities (e.g., violence).

Matteo would love to play as soon as he gets home from school each day but he has developed a plan that requires him to do his homework before allowing himself some fun time outdoors. Matteo seems to have mastered: a) self-efficacy. b) self-socialization. c) effortful control. d) social cognition.

c) effortful control

Sharon is a student who does not believe that she can be academically successful. Considering the textbook's discussion of factors that promote positive self-perceptions, you should: a) foster a friendship between Sharon and a student who is academically gifted. b) tell her at least once a day that she is smarter than she thinks she is. c) put her in situations in which she will experience academic success. d) tell her that social skills are more important than academics anyway.

c) put her in situations in which she will experience academic success.

Which one of the following best describes socialization as developmental psychologists use the term? a) Consistently following the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. b) "Regularly interacting with age-mates in socially appropriate ways c) Thinking about the personal, social, and motivational factors that may underlie other people's behaviors. d) Molding children's behavior to enable effective functioning within their culture

d) Molding children's behavior to enable effective functioning within their culture

Peer relationships, like parent-child relationships, are essential to a child's development. Which one of the following is not one of the ways that peer relationships influence the developing child? a) Peers provide information about which behaviors are desirable and which are not. b) Peers provide opportunities to develop and practice social skills. c) Peers can be a source of emotional support during difficult times. d) Peers are the first individuals to whom a child becomes truly attached.

d) Peers are the first individuals to whom a child becomes truly attached.

A large social group in which the members show strong loyalty to each other, have strict rules, and often have some sort of initiation rites is known as: a) a clique. b) a norm group. c) a subculture. d) a gang.

d) a gang.

As a teacher, you are likely to be concerned about your students' self-concepts and self-esteem. Probably the best state of affairs for students' long-term development is that they: a) focus primarily on their weaknesses so that they know what skills and abilities they need to work on at school. b) believe that they are smarter and in other ways more capable than most of their peers. c) have as positive a view of themselves as possible, with an attitude that "The sky's the limit" in terms of what they will be able to do if they put their minds to it. d) have reasonably accurate beliefs about their strengths and weaknesses, perhaps with a touch of optimism about what they can accomplish.

d) have reasonably accurate beliefs about their strengths and weaknesses, perhaps with a touch of optimism about what they can accomplish.

Of the following four alternatives, the formation of children's self-concepts is most strongly influenced by: a) their inherited temperaments. b) the self-concepts of their parents. c) their athletic ability. d) how other people treat them.

d) how other people treat them.

After a tragic drag race that kills several students, a high school faculty wants to take action to reduce risk-taking behaviors among its student body. If the faculty considers recent research on risk taking in adolescence, its best course of action would be to: a) invite guest speakers whose lives have been adversely affected by the poor choices they made as teenagers. b) ask the police department to increase late-night supervision in parts of town where students have been known to do foolish things. c) present national statistics regarding the probabilities of serious consequences when adolescents drive at high speeds, engage in unprotected sex, and so on. d) identify and sponsor opportunities for reasonable, supervised risk taking.

d) identify and sponsor opportunities for reasonable, supervised risk taking.

As a 17-year-old high school senior, Julian has no sense of direction. Over the past year he has dabbled in auto mechanics, photography, and Buddhism, but nothing has held his interest for more than a month or so. Julian can best be described as showing: a) identity diffusion. b) moratorium. c) foreclosure. d) identity achievement.

d) identity diffusion.