Egyptian Civilization
The body of the ____ year old "King Tut" had been placed in a solid-_____ coffin. He was only a ____ king
18, gold, minor
Amenhotep IV devoted his life to the worship of a minor god and took the name of _________
Akhenaton
According to the Ancient Egyptians, who was the great lord of the gods?
Amon Re
By the Middle Kingdom, Egyptians associated Re with another god, ______, and called him lord of the gods ____ _____
Amon, Amon Re
During the Middle Kingdom, Egyptians prayed to a supreme god named Amon-Re. Around 1380 B.C., pharaoh Amenhotep IV tried to replace ______-______ with a minor god named Aton. He changed his own name to Akhenaton, mean- ing "he who serves _____."
Amon, Re, Aton
To surive the dangerous journey through the underworld, Egyptians relied on the ___ of the ____. It contained spells, charms and formulas for the dead to use
Book, Dead
Paper was invented in ______
China
_______ also performed complex surgical operations which we know about today because they are described on _____ scrolls.
Doctors, papyrus
Foreign conquests brought riches to ______ which in turn meant more business for ______
Egypt, artisans
a system in which symbols or pictures represent objects, or sounds
Hieroglyphics
pictures that represent objects, concepts or sounds
Hieroglyphics
Most Egyptians related more to the god _______ and the goddess ______, whose story touched human emotions, such as love and jealousy
Osiris, Isis
Most Egyptians worshipped the god ______. He judged souls in the afterlife. His wife, the goddess Isis, was also popular. The Egyptians also learned to preserve bodies by __________, or embalming and wrapping in cloth. This was so the soul could return to the body in the afterlife.
Osris, mumification
A plant that grows along the bank of the Nile
Papyrus
During the Old Kingdom, Egyptians worshipped a sun god named_____
Re
Flat, black stone which presents the demotic script, and Greek
Rosetta Stone
flat black stone that presents the same passage carved in hieroglyphics, demotic script, and Greek
Rosetta Stone
According to mythology, Osiris ruled Egypt until his jealous brother, ____, killed him. Set then cut Osiris into _______, which he tossed all over ______. Isis _______ his body and brought him back to life. Because Osiris could no longer rule over the living, he became god of the ____ and judge of _____ seeking ____ to the afterlife.
Set, pieces, Egypt, reassembled, dead, souls, admission
How did Osiris' wife, Isis, resurrect him from death?
She reassembled the pieces of his body
Folk tales were popular, especially the ______ of ______. It relates the wanderings of Sinuhe, who fled to Syria. This tale helps us see how Egyptians viewed themselves and the people of the surrounding _____
Tale, Sinuhe, desert
What did Egyptians rely on for information on the afterlife?
The Book of the Dead
Popular Folk tale which relates the wanderings of Sinuhe, an Egyptian official forced to flee into what is now Syria
The Tale of Sinyhe
According to the ancient Egyptians, what happed to sinners after death?
They had to pass a test to win eternal life
Which Egyptian's tomb offered a great number of remains and treasures that helped scholars learn about Egyptian civilization?
Tutankhamen's
In 1922, Howard Carter unearthed the tomb of the young pharaoh __________, who was the son-in law of Akhenaton. His tomb has remained untouched for more than _____ years.
Tutankhamen, 3,000
Many nobles were buried in the ____ of the ____. Their tombs, which were filled with treasures, were a great temptation to _____
Valley, Kings, robbers
Some human figures have ____ _____ that represent spiritual qualities
animal heads
Isis had a special ______ for women, who believed that she first taught women to grind corn, spin flax, _____ cloth and care for _____
appeal, weave, children
Egyptian ______ has lasted thousands of years. These ancient people created monuments, statues, wall paintings, and other objects. Ancient Egyptian _________ includes hymns, love poems, and folk tales.
artwork, literature
Egyptians developed a ______ that included 12 months of ____ days as well as ____ days added at the end of each year
calendar, 30, 5
Egypt had it's own ___ ____. The pharaoh occupied the highest level then ____ officials, high priests, merchants, scribes, _____. The Bottom layer was the largest (____ who worked the land)
class system, government, artisans, farmers
Those Osiris judged to be sinners would be fed to the ____-shaped Eater of the ______. Worthy souls would enter the ___ ____ of _____, where they would live forever in bliss.
crocodile, dead, Happy Field, Food
Mummification is the preservation of what?
dead bodies
figuring the meaning of
deciphering
Egyptians believed that after life would be much like life on _____. Therefore, they buried their dead with all of their ____
earth belongings
Egyptians believed that Osiris and Isis had promised them ____ life after death
eternal
Isis promised the ______ that they would have ____ after death
faithful, life
However, in the early 1800s, Frenchman Jean Champollion deciphered, or _______ out, the carvings on the Rosetta Stone. This stone had three forms of the same passage written in hieroglyphics, demotic, and Greek. By comparing _______, which he knew, to the other passages, Champollion was able to decode the hieroglyphics.
figured, Greek
Osiris controlled the annual ____ that made the land ______
floods, fertile
Egyptian scholars developed ____ in order to survey the land
geometry
Religious beliefs about _____, values, and life after _____ affected the daily lives of ancient Egyptians
gods, death
Egyptian women enjoyed a higher status and ___ ____ than women elsewhere in the ancient world
greater independence
Egyptians also invented ____ writing, a simpler script for every day use. It was a ____ form of writing created by simplifying the shapes of the hieroglyphs. Over time it was replaced by _____ writing.
hieratic, simpler, demotic
What was the name of the Egyptian writing system?
hieroglyphics
The Rosetta Stone presents the same passage carved in _______, demotic script and Greek, which allowed a _____ scholar to decipher the meanings of many hieroglyphs.
hieroglyphics, french
The Egyptians used _____ to record important economic, administrative, and royal informations. Often, priests and scribes carved hieroglyphs in ____
hieroglyphics, stone
After ancient Egypt declined, the learnings of ancient _____ were lost
hieroglyphs
Women's work was not confined to _______. Women manufactured _____ and textiles, managed farming estates and served as _______. Women could also enter ______, especially in the services of goddess. Few women learned to _____ and ______. They were not allowed to be _____ or have ______ jobs
home, perfume, doctors, priesthood, read, write, scribes, government
The oldest Egyptian literatures includes ____ and prayers to gods, proverbs, and ___ poems
hymns, love
The pharaohs, whom Egyptians viewed as gods, as well as _____, were believed to receive their right to rule from _____-____
kings, Amon Re
Egyptians believed in various types of ______. They learned a great deal about ______, astronomy, and ________. They also became skilled at observing ______ and finding ___
magic, math, medicine, symptoms, cure
Trade offered new opportunities to the grow ___ class
merchant
Much of what we know about Egyptian religions comes from inscriptions on _______ and wall _____ in tombs
monuments, paintings
the preservation of dead bodies by emerging them and wrapping them in cloth
mummification
At first, mummification was a privilege for rulers and _____. Eventually ordinary people won the right to ____ their dead, including pets
nobles,mummify
The Egyptians learned to make paper like writing material from ____, a plant that grows along the bank of the Nile
papyrus
Most Egyptians were ____ _____. Many were also ____
peasant farmers, slaves
In the off-season, peasant men were expected to serve the _______, laboring to build palaces, ____ and tombs. Besides working in the fields, women also spent most of their time caring for ______, collecting ___ and preparing food
pharaohs, temples, children, water
Women could inherit ______, enter business ____, buy and sell ______, got to _____, and obtain ______
property, deals, goods, court, divorces
Ancient Egyptians made lasting contributions to civilization in many fields. Their ______, writing, art, science, and ______ have interested people for thousands of years.
reading, literature
However, priests, nobles, and peasants turned against Akhenaton's _________ changes, and his radical ideas failed
revolutionary
Egyptians also made advances in ______ and math. Doctors identified illnesses and performed surgeries. They prescribed _________—some of which are still used today. Priest- astronomers studied stars and planets and created a _____-month calendar. Egyptian mathematicians developed basic _____
science, medicines, 12, geometry
What were among the few occupations closed to women?
scribes and government jobs
Learned _____ played a central role in Egyptian society. Some kept records of ceremonies, ______ and gifts. Others served government officials or _____. Scribes required skills in _______, medicine and engineering. A scribe from a poor family might become ____ and powerful
scribes, taxes, pharaohs, mathematics, rich
Amenhotep IV worshiped Aton and took the name Akhenaton, meaning "he who ______ _______."
serves Aton
Men and women spent their days working the _____ or repairing _____
soil, dikes
To survive the dangerous journey through the underworld, Egyptians relied on the Book of the Dead, which contained _________, charms, and formulas.
spells
The arts of ancient Egypt included _____, wall paintings, tombs, and _____ on temples
statues, carvings
Statues often showed people in _____, ____ position
stiff, statue
In the sun-drenched land of Egypt, the chief god was the ___ _____
sun god
Re was the name of a _____ god worshipped during the Old Kingdom. Amon-Re was a combination of Re and another god, Amon. Amon-Re was the great ______ of the gods.
sun, lord
The Egyptians believed that each soul had to pass a ____ to win ___ _____ First: The dead soul would be ferried across a lake of ____ to the hall of ______ Second: The dead person's heart would be ____ against the feather of _____
test, eternal life, weighed, truth
What discovery helped scholars to understand the meaning of hieroglyphs?
the Rosetta Stone
During the New Kingdom, social classes became more fluid as _____ and _____ increased
trade, warfare
The tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamen held _____ that have provided scholars a ______ of evidence about Egyptian civilization.
treasures, wealth
Osiris was important, not only because he was the ruler of the ______, but he was also the god of the _____
underworld, Nile
Scribes used one of the world's earliest forms of ____ to record information and scholar and artists made advances in science, ____, literature
writing, art
Ancient Egyptians made advances in ______. Their first writing, hieroglyphics, used symbols and pictures. They later used a script system called demotic. The Egyptians also invented a material to write on, made from _______ plants. After ancient Egypt declined, the meaning of the writing was lost.
writing, papyrus