EHS Ch 5, EHS Ch6

20. Aluminum has been studied as a factor that may be linked to: a. Melanosis of the skin b. Chronic renal disease c. Alzheimer's disease d. Low blood pressure e. None of the above

C. Alzheimer's disease

Vector

An insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual or its wastes to a susceptible individual or its food or immediate surroundings.

9. The symptoms of long-term exposure to lower levels of toxic metals include: a. Convulsions b. Vomiting and stomach pain c. Sudden onset of headaches d. Chronic illness effects e. All of the above

D. Chronic illness effects

14. The causative agent for malaria is a type of A. Bacterium B. Virus C. Rickettsial agent D. Protozoa E. Prion

D. Protozoa

13. The type of fish that has not been identified as having potentially dangerous levels of mercury is: a. Shark b. Swordfish c. Canned albacore d. Salmon e. King mackerel

D. Salmon

8. Leishmaniasis is endemic to A. The mid-west U.S. B. Perth, Australia C. The Rocky Mountains D. The Middle East E. None of the above

D. The Middle East

10. For fetuses, infants, and children, the hazards of heavy metals include: a. Impairment of physical and mental development b. Damage to internal organs c. Brain damage d. Some forms of cancer e. All of the above

E. All of the above

10. Methods for transmission of zoonotic pathogens include A. Contact with the skin B. Bite or scratch of an animal C. Direct inhalation D. Ingestion of contaminated foods E. All of the above

E. All of the above

14. Lead exposure can arise from: a. Lead paint used in homes b. Certain types of pottery c. Lead dusts brought home from work d. Tap water from soldered pipes e. All of the above

E. All of the above

2. Arborviral diseases A. Refer to arthropod-borne viral diseases B. Can produce central nervous system illness C. Are most often spread by mosquitoes D. May produce acute self-limited fevers E. All of the above

E. All of the above

3. Examples of disease vectors are A. Rats and mice B. Mosquitoes C. Ticks D. Sand flies E. All of the above

E. All of the above

4. Factors contributing to increases in the occurrence of emerging zoonoses include: A. Changes in agriculture B. Environmental changes C. Mass food processing technology D. Urbanization E. All of the above

E. All of the above

5. Substances on the National Priorities List (United States) have the following characteristics: a. They have known or suspected toxicity. b. They have potential for human exposure. c. They appear frequently in uncontrolled or abandoned waste sites. d. They are scheduled for possible remediation under Superfund. e. All of the above

E. All of the above

6. Possible methods for exposure to metals include: a. Inhalation of dusts b. Inhalation of metal fumes c. Skin contact with dusts d. Ingestion e. All of the above

E. All of the above

Melanosis

A dermatologic condition that can cause the darkening of the skin of the entire body (diffuse melanosis) or spotted pigmentation of the skin or tissues inside the mouth (spotted melanosis); associated with chronic low-level arsenic exposure.

Itai-itai disease

A condition attributed to ingestion of cadmium and characterized by excruciating patin across the entire body.

Arboviral diseases

A group of viral diseases that are acquired most frequently when blood-feeding arthropod vectors-including ticks, sand flies, biting midges, and mosquitoes-infect a human host.

Heavy metal

A metal that has a high atomic weight with a specific gravity that exceeds the specific gravity of water by five or more times. Examples include arsenic, lead, and mercury.

Minamata disease

A neurologic condition associated with ingestion of mercury; characterized by numbness of the extremities, deafness, poor vision, and drowsiness.

Vector-borne infection

A type of infection transmitted by a vector; the several classes of this are determined by the interaction among the infectious agent, the human host, and the vector.

17. The most deadly form of malaria is caused by A. P. falciparum B. P. vivax C. P. ovale D. P. malariae E. None of the above

A. P. falciparum

16. The infectious agent for plague is a A. Bacterium B. Virus C. Rickettsial agent D. Parasite E. Prion

A. Bacterium

15. Excessively low intake of copper may be associated with: a. Dietary deficiency b. Normal health c. Toxicity d. Lethality e. None of the above

A. Dietary deficiency

16. Hemochromatosis is associated with excessive buildup of: a. Iron b. Mercury c. Copper d. Manganese e. None of the above

A. Iron

7. In what sense is influenza a zoonotic disease? A. It has animal reservoirs, especially birds and swine. B. It is transmitted by "stealth" arthropods. C. It is transmitted frequently by contact with wool. D. The main reservoir is wild carnivores. E. None of the above.

A. It has animal reservoirs, especially birds and swine.

7. Which of the following statements about heavy metals is true? a. Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times b. None of them is necessary to sustain life. c. All of them are toxic even at trace levels. d. All of the above e. None of the above

A. Their specific gravity exceeds that of water by five or more times

Zoonosis

An infection or infectious disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans.

The vector for dengue fever is A. Phlebotomus flies B. Aedes Aegypti mosquito C. Anopheles mosquito D. Ixodes scapularis E. Peromyscus maniculatus

B. Aedes Aegypti mosquito

2. Itai-itai disease was a form of poisoning associated with ingestion of: a. Lead b. Cadmium c. Mercury d. Arsenic e. None of the above

B. Cadmium

12. Erin Brockovich was a successful advocate against groundwater pollution from: a. Mercury b. Chromium c. Lead d. Arsenic e. None of the above

B. Chromium

11. One of the differences between Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is that A. Lyme disease is transmitted by mosquitoes and RSMF by ticks. B. Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium and RSMF by a rickettsial agent. C. Lyme disease is caused by a rickettsial agent and RSMF by a bacterium. D. Lyme disease is transmitted by ticks and RSMF by fleas. E. None of the above.

B. Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium and RSMF by a rickettsial agent.

18. Methylation is a process that involves which of the following metals? a. Iron b. Mercury c. Copper d. Manganese e. None of the above

B. Mercury

8. Bioaccumulation (biomagnification) of heavy metals is a particular hazard associated with: a. Iron b. Mercury c. Copper d. Manganese e. None of the above

B. Mercury

5. Identify the correct fact about rabies: A. Human cases of rabies occur frequently in the United States. B. Post-exposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully. C. Outside the United States, the most common vector is Gambian rats. D. The disease has a low to medium fatality rate. E. All of the above.

B. Post-exposure prophylaxis has prevented human rabies successfully.

23. Which of the following is not classified as an arboviral disease? A. St. Louis encephalitis B. Rabies C. Tick-borne viral encephalitis D. West Nile virus E. Japanese encephalitis

B. Rabies

18. The term "abortive" hydrophobia refers to a case that A. Required an abortion in order to survive B. Recovered without receiving intensive care C. Was caused by Francisella tularensis D. Also experienced co-morbidity with monkeypox E. None of the above

B. Recovered without receiving intensive care

21. The vector for the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern United States is A. Wild birds B. Rodents C. Snakes D. Coyotes E. None of the above

B. Rodents

22. Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne disease? A. Trichinellosis B. The "black death" C. Q-fever D. Measles E. None of the above

B. The "black death"

11. The EPA standard for the amount of arsenic permitted in drinking water is: a. 50 μg per liter b. 30 μg per liter c. 10 μg per liter d. 20 μg per liter e. 40 μg per liter

C. 10 per liter

12. Resurgence of malaria has been attributed to A. Discontinuance of DDT spraying B. Mosquitoes' development of resistance C. A and B D. Evidence of increased person-to-person transmission E. A, B, D

C. A and B

25. Which of the following statements about zoonotic diseases is most likely to be true? A. Immunocompromised persons may be at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases. B. Children younger than 5 may be at reduced risk for morbidity from zoonotic diseases. C. An animal infected with a zoonotic agent may be free from symptoms. D. A zoonotic disease is always associated with transmission by a vector. E. None of the above

C. An animal infected with a zoonotic agent may be free from symptoms.

17. A disease that causes the conjunctiva to appear white is: a. Jaundice b. Asthma c. Anemia d. Itai-Itai e. None of the above

C. Anemia

6. In the western United States, the natural reservoir for plague A. House cats B. Dogs C. Ground squirrels D. Migratory birds E. All of the above

C. Ground squirrels

1. Minimata disease was associated with ingestion of seafoods tainted with: a. Lead b. Cadmium c. Mercury d. Arsenic e. None of the above

C. Mercury

19. The term "hydrophobia" is also known as A. Rift Valley fever B. Tularemia C. Rabies D. Psittacosis E. None of the above

C. Rabies

13. The causative agent for leishmaniasis is a type of A. Bacterium B. Virus C. Rickettsial agent D. Protozoa E. Prion

C. Rickettsial agent

24. Which of the following statements about anthrax is untrue? A. The agent has potential for use as a terrorist weapon. B. The agent is a spore-forming bacterium. C. The inhalational form is untreatable. D. The general population is unlikely to become infected. E. None of the above.

C. The inhalational form is untreatable.

3. Diffuse and spotted melanosis are associated with ingestion of: a. Lead b. Cadmium c. Mercury d. Arsenic e. None of the above

D. Arsenic

15. The definition of emerging zoonoses covers A. Only new and unknown agents B. Both new and previously known agents C. Appearance of agents in regions not usually affected D. B and C E. None of the above

D. B and C

9. Methods for the control of mosquito-borne diseases include A. Monitoring the presence of viruses in sentinel chickens and birds B. Removing standing water around the home C. Use of mosquito-eating fish D. Wearing long clothing E. All of the above

E. All of the above

1. An example of a zoonotic disease is A. Whooping cough B. Hand, foot, and mouth disease C. Schistosomiasis D. Measles E. Anthrax

E. Anthrax

4. Which of the following metals is not classified as a major toxic metal with multiple effects? a. Arsenic b. Beryllium c. Chromium d. Mercury e. Silver

E. Silver

19. One of the most frequent methods of exposure to beryllium is: a. Workers' inhalation of beryllium in the meat packing industry b. Via wounds in the skin c. Via direct skin contact d. Through ingestion e. Workers' inhalation of beryllium in metal processing industries

E. Workers' inhalation of beryllium in metal processing industries

Essential metals

Metals (e.g., copper, zinc, manganese, and iron) necessary for human nutrition in trace amounts, but that can be toxic if ingested in excessive amounts.

Bioaccumulation

Occurs when trace amounts of substances (such as heavy metals) become more concentrated and potentially more harmful as they move up the food chain; sometimes called biomagnification

National Priorities List (NPL)

The EPA's list of the most serious uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous waste sites identified for possible long-term remedial action under Superfund legislation

Emerging zoonoses

Zoonotic diseases that are caused by either apparently new agents or by known agents that occur in locales or species that previously did not appear to be affected by these known agents.