Milday Chapter 11: Properties of the Hair and Scalp Workbook

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polypeptide chains are cross linked like the rungs on a ladder by three different type of side bonds called:

-hydrogen bonds -salt bonds -disulfide bonds

what are the classifications of hair texture?

1) coarse 2) medium 3)fine

What are the three main layer of the hair shaft?

1) cortex 2) hair cuticle 3) medulla

Hair density can be classified as:

1) low 2) medium 3) high

List the two principle types of dandruff and give their characterization

1) pityriasis capitas simplex- scalp irritation, large flakes, and itchy scalp 2)pityriasis steatoides- accumulation of greasy or waxy scales mixed with sebum that sticks to the scalp

Name three different hair properties for which the cortex is repsonsible

1) weight of the hair 2) elasticity of the hair 3) natural color of the hair

Why is is important for a cosmetologist to study and understand the properties of the hair and scalp?

1) you need to know how and why our hair grows and how and why it falls out in order to be able to differentiate between normal and abnormal hair loss 2) knowing what creates natural hair color and texture is a vital part of being able to offer a variety of chemical services to clients 3) spotting an unhealthy scalp condition that could be harboring a communicable disease or even be causing permanent hair loss is a way to aid your client in caring for their scalp and their hairs well-being

what is the average growth of a healthy scalp hair per month

1/2 inch (1.25 cm)

The average hair density is about _____ hair per one square inch, and the average head of hair contains about ______ individual hair strands

2,200 100,000

how long does the anagen phase generally last?

3-5 years, sometimes 10 years

according to recent measurements, the average rate of hair loss is _____ hairs per day

35-40

Wet hair with normal elasticity will stretch up to ______ of its original length and return without breaking. Drying hair stretches about _____ of its length

50%, 20%

How many pounds of dead skin does the average person shed each year?

9 pounds every year

what percentage of the total weight of hair comes from the cortex?

90%

Which of the following statements is true of the hair with low elasticity? a) chemical services will require a solution with a higher pH b)hair services should not be performed at all c) it may not be able to hold a permanent wave as easily

C) it may not be able to hold a permanent wave as easily

together, the five elements that make up human hair are referred to as the _____ elements to help people remember them; they are also found in the ____ and the _____

COHNS, skin, nails

cowlick

Due to a particular pattern of hair stream on the forehead

A condition of abnormal hair growth

Hypertrichosis or hirsuties

technical term for dandruff

Pityriasis

Describe the hair cuticle layer

The cuticle layer provides a barrier that protects the inner structure of the hair as it lies tightly against the cortex, creates shiny, silky smooth hair

oily hair and scalp is characterized by______

a greasy build up on the scalp and an oily coating on the hair

describe the most common permanent treatment for hair loss

a hair transplant is the most common; removing a small section of hair including the follicle, papilla and hair bulb and moving it to a less hairy section

Describe what a healthy cuticle layer protects

a healthy cuticle layer protects the hair from penetration and prevents damage to hair fibers

what percentage of scalp hair is in the telogen phase at any one time?

a little less than 10 percent

list the main elements that make up human hair and their percentage in normal hair

a) carbon 51% b) oxygen 21% c) hydrogen 6% d) nitrogen 17% e) sulfur 5%

hair follicles are distributed all over the body, with the exception of:

a) palms of the hand b) soles of the feet

porosity

ability of the hair to absorb mositure

elasticity

ability of the hair to stretch and return to its original length without breaking

abnormal hair loss is called ___

alopecia

alopecia areata that progresses to total scalp hair loss it is called _____. when it results in complete body hair loss it is called ____

alopecia totalis, alopecia universalis

units that are joined together and makeup proteins

amino acids

what is the growth phase of new hair

anagen phase

_________ is the result of genetics, age, or hormonal change that cause terminal hair to ______

androgenic alopecia, miniaturize

In addition to genetics, _____ and ____ may also cause premature gray hair

anxiety, illness

small, involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle

arrector pili muscle

which muscle causes goose bumps when it contracts due to strong emotions or a cold sensation?

arrector pili muscle

when does hair tend to grow the most rapidly?

between the ages of 15-30

Which of the following has distinctive odor? a)tinea barbae b)scabies c)scutula d)head lice

c)scutula

technical term for gray hair

canities

an inflammation of subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci

carbuncle

what is the transition period between the growth and resting phases

catagen

Which hair texture has the largest diameter

coarse hair

Which hair texture usually requires extra processing when applying a product like hair color?

coarse hair

in a porosity check, if the hair feels smooth, the cuticle is _______

compact, dense, and hard (resistant)

There are two types of canities. They are _____ canities and _____ canities.

congenital, acquired

the outermost layer of the hair is the

cuticle

which of the following is not a cause of dry hair and scalp? a) excessive shampooing b) dry climate c)inactive sebaceous glands d)active sebaceous glands

d

Overly porous hair is _______

damaged, dry, fragile, and brittle

what is the difference between dry scalp and dandruff?

dandruff produces an oily scalp and an excessive amount of large dry skin cells. dry scalp has much smaller dry flakes and are less noticeable

small cone-shaped elevation located at the base of the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb

dermal papilla

which part of the hair root contains blood and nerve supply that provides the nutrients need for hair growth?

dermal papilla

summarize the different possible causes of hair loss?

different types of hair loss can be attributed to autoimmune disorders, post birth/pregnancy, stress, anxiety, aging, and genetics

a ________ bond is strong, chemical side bond that joins the sulfur atoms of two neighboring cystein amino acids to create one cystine

disulfide

how are the hair's strong chemical side bonds broken

disulfide bonds are broken by permanent waves and chemical hair relaxers that alter the shape of hair

name some causes of drys scalp

dry scalp can be caused by dermatitis, sunburn, extreme age, and can be worsened by cold, dry climates.

the ability of the hair to stretch and return to its original length without breaking is its

elasticity

What are possible treatments for hypertrichosis?

electrolysis, photoepilation, laser hair removal, shaving, tweezing, electronic tweezers, depilatories, threading and sugaring

True or False: all hair on a person's head has the same texture

false

true or false: all hair had three layers of the hair shaft

false

true or false: gray hair is coarser and more resistant than pigmented hair

false

true or false: hair density and hair texture are essentially the same thing

false

true or false: hair texture always indicated the hair's porosity; for example, coarse hair always has a low porosity

false

true or false: it is appropriate for a cosmetologist to perform a service on a client who has a serve case of dandruff

false

true or false: more than one hair will never grow from a single follicle

false

true or false: scalp massage increase hair growth

false

true or false: shaving, clipping, cutting the hair makes it grow back faster, darker, and coarser

false

true or false: the medulla is involved in salon services

false

true or false: ringworm is cause by a parasite

false; it is a fungus

_______ is an oral prescription medication for men only and is more effective and convenient than its nonprescription counterpart

finasteride

in extremely curly hair, cross sections appear ______ and vary in shape and thickness along their length

flattened

on adults, vellus hair is usually found on the _____

forehead, eyelids, bald scalp and almost every place on the body except for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

terminal hair is found where

found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies

technical term for brittle hair

fragilitas crinium

list the ways head lice are transmitted from an infected person to a non infected person

from contact with infected hats, combs, brushes, and other personal articles

an acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle

furuncle

natural wave patterns are the result of ____

genetics

how is gray hair different from other hair colors?

gray hair contains only a few scattered melanin granules, white hair does not contain any melanin

What special tools does a cosmetologist need in order to preform a hair anaylysis?

hair analysis is preformed through observation using the sense of sight, touch, sound, and smell

the lowest part of the hair strand is called the

hair bulb

the thickened, club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the root

hair bulb

hair stream

hair flowing in the same direction

the tube-like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root

hair follicle

Why is hair a living thing?

hair is made up of living cells and go through a "life cycle" they grow until they die

by the age of 35, 40% of men and women show some degree of ____

hair loss

the ___ is located below the surface of the epidermis

hair root

a mature strand of human hair is divided into two parts:

hair root and hair shaft

the _____ is the portion of the hair that projects above the epidermis

hair shaft

whorl

hair stream that spiral outward from a central point

the spiral shape of a coiled protein

helix

in a porosity check, if the hair feels very rough, dry, or breaks it is considered _____

highly porous, perhaps overly processed

a ________ bond is a weak, physical, cross-link side bond that is easily broken by water or heat; these bonds reform when the hair ____

hydrogen, dries

a term that means easily absorbs moisture is _____

hydrophilic

A term that means resistant to being penetrated by moisture is ______

hydrophobic

Oily hair and scalp is caused by _____ or _____ sebaceous glands

improper shampooing; overactive

What does tinea barbea affect?

it affects the skin, primarily limited to the bearded area of the face, neck, and are around the scalp

why are pregnant women warned against having any contact with the oral prescription medication used to treat hair loss in men?

it has the strong potential to cause birth defects and complications

What is alopecia areata?

it is an autoimmune disorder that causes the affected hair follicles to be mistakenly attacked by a person's own immune system

What is seborrheic dermatitis?

it occurs when pityriasos steatoides is accompanied by redness and inflammation

What does tinea look like

itching, scales, sometimes circular lesions, several patches may be present at a time

The maturation of these cells is a process called ______

keratinization

men retain ____ vellus hair than women

less

chemical services preformed on overly porous hair require _____

less alkaline solutions, lower pH

describe how bald and balding men are perceived by others?

less physically attractive, less assertive, less successful ,less personally likable, and older by about 5 years

what percentage of scalp hair is in the catagen phase at any one time

less than 1 percent

describe terminal hair

long, coarse, pigmented hair

extremely curly hair often has _____ elasticity

low

research conforms that dandruff is the result of fungus called _____ an naturally occurring fungus that is present on all human skin

malassezia

in men, androgenic alopecia is known as as _____ and usually progresses to the familiar horseshoe-shaped fringe of hair

male pattern baldness

density

measure the number of individual hair strands on one square inch of the scalp

Which hair texture is the most common and is the standard to which other hair is compared to?

medium hair texture

the _______ is the innermost layer of the hair and is composed of round cells

medulla

_______ are the tiny grains of pigment in the cortex that give natural color to the hair. list and describe the two different types

melanin: 1) eumelanin- natural dark brown/black pigment 2)pheomelanin- lighter pigment which provides natural red to ginger to blond tones

which layer of the is the cortex?

middle layer

how many people does androgenic alopecia affect in the US

millions of people

a topical medication that is put on the scalp twice a day and is sold over the counter as a nonprescription drug is _____; the most commonly know product that contains this drug is called Rogaine

minoxidil

what are the only two products that have been proven to stimulate hair growth and are approved by the FDA for sale in the US

minoxidil and finasteride

technical term for beaded hair

monilethrix

What is an example of hypertrichosis?

mustaches or light beards

Hair with average porosity is considered _____

normal

the infestation of the hair and scalp with head lice

pediculosis capitis

the strong, chemical bond that joins amino acids

peptide bond

a long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

polypeptide chain

The hair's ability to absorb moisture is its ______

porosity

in a porosity check, if you feel a slight roughness, the hair is considered

porous

Jane, a client at your salon, gave birth to her first baby three months ago. When she comes in for a service, she complains that her hair seems to be shedding. The condition is called _______. You reassure Jane that her hair growth cycle should eventually return to ____ within in about ____ after the baby is delivered

postpartum alopecia; normal; one year

as a cosmetologist, what are two ways you can help prevent the spread of infectious conditions?

properly practicing state board approved cleaning and disinfection procedures will prevent the spread of infestation, also do not preform services on people with these conditions

hair is composed of ______ that grows from cells originating with the hair follicle

protein

abnormal hair loss may also be a side effect of _____ or _____ cancer treatments

radiation or chemotherapy

which hair color typically has the lowest density?

red

characterized by alternating bands of gray and pigmented hair

ringed hair

if you hold the end of single strand of hair in one hand and then grasp it between the thumb and forefinger of the other hand and move them down the hair shaft, the hair will feel ____

rough

weak, physical, cross-linked side bonds between adjacent polypeptide chains are ____ bonds

salt

caused by a parasite called a mite

scabies

the oil glands in the skin that are connected to the hair follicles

sebaceous glands

dry hair and scalp can be caused by ______ and is aggravated by _____

sebaceous glands; excessive shampooing or dry climate

the sebaceous glands secrete a fatty or oily substance called____ which lubricates the skin

sebum

describe vellus hair

short, fine, unpigmented, downy hair that appears on the body

asians and native americans tend to have extremely ____ hair, while African Americans tend to have _____, hair, however, anyone of any race, or mixed race, can have hair with varying degrees of curl

straight, extremely curly

the ________ of the hair refers to the shape of the hair strand is describes as ____, _____, _____, or _____

straight, wavy, curly, or extremely curly

hair elasticity is an indication of _______-

strength of the side bonds that holds individual hair fibers in one place

All professional hair services must be based on a through understanding of the growth, ____, and composition of hair

structure

describe how to check porosity?

take a section of hair from 4 different areas of the head, hold the strand of hair and slide your thumb and forefinger from the end to the scalp

what is the rest phase

telogen

the degree of porosity is directly related to _______ why?

the condition of the cuticle layer because if the cuticle layer is compact it is naturally resistant to penetration of moisture, porous hair easily absorbs moisture

in what layer of the hair do changes involving oxidation hair color, wet setting, thermal stryling, perm waving and chemical hair relaxing take place?

the cortex

Texture

the thickness or diameter of the individual hair strand

technical term for ringworm

tinea

fungal infection characterized by red papules, or spots, at the opening of the hair follicles

tinea capitis

dry, sulfur-yellow, cuplike crusts on the scalp called scutula

tinea favosa

why must oxidation haircolors, permanent waving solutions, and chemical hair relaxers have an alkaline pH.

to penetrate the cuticle layer, because a high pH swells the cuticle and causes it to life and expose the cortex

_______ is the scientific study of hair and its diseases and care, which comes from the Greek word _____, meaning "hair," and _____, meaning "the study of"

trichology, trichos, ology

technical term for split ends

trichoptilosis

Softening the hair with conditioners and moisturizers is often used in the treatment _____ and may also help ____, but will not repair split ends

trichorrhexis nodasa, trichoptilosis

technical term for knotted hair

trichorrhexis nodosa

True or False: during the hair analysis, the cosmetologist should identify any and all hair growth patterns and take them into consideration when creating the overall look, haircut, to hairstyle the client wants to achieve

true

True or false: hair growth patterns are caused by follicles that grow perpendicular to the scalp

true

true or false: a cross section of hair can be almost any shape and its shape does not necessarily relate to the amount of curl or shape of the follicle

true

true or false: abnormal hair loss is not as common for women as in men, but it can be very traumatic and devastating or women who experience it

true

true or false: all hair follicles are capable of producing either vellus or terminal hair, depending on genetics, age, and hormones

true

true or false: all male beard hair contains a medulla

true

true or false: hair is a living thing

true

true or false: the shape of a cross section of hair always relates to the amount of curl in the hair

true

true or false: tinea is contagious

true

true or false: under normal circumstances everyone loses some hair every day

true

what can be done to control dandruff?

use of anti dandruff shampoo can be used

the two main types of hair found on the body are ____ hair and ____ hair

vellus and terminal

what nonmedical options can a hairstylist offer to counter hair loss?

wigs, toupees, hair weaving, and hair extensions


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