Elaiza, Be Proud of Me

MOD9: In Module 9 at page 8 of the text, we considered the concept of a "super predator." What is a super predator? (Note only one answer is correct.).

A juvenile who commits serious violent crime without remorse or conscience.

MOD4: As discussed at page 13 of our Module 4 text, the general rules regarding elements of a criminal offense include which one or more of the following factors?

- A mens rea or criminal state of mind element. - An actus reas or voluntary act - Concurrence or combination of both a criminal act and a criminal state of mind

MOD5: I asked you to listen to the Frontline/ProPublica podcast "I Don't Want to Shoot You Brother" involving the decisions of police in Weirton, West Virginia to resort to deadly force. Link (Links to an external site.). Based on the that report and information from Module 5 materials, what conclusions can you draw from the facts of that incident? (One OR MORE of the following statements may be correct.)

- A police officer is permitted to use deadly force in situations that reasonably indicate to the officer a suspect could cause death or serious injury to a police officer or others. - It would appear police training and practice does not favor police risking serious harm to themselves or others. - Police discretion can significantly impact the outcome of criminal events.

MOD6: Based on the materials presented at pages 14-21 of Module 6 materials regarding defense counsel in criminal proceedings, when is a defendant entitled to representation by counsel? (ONE OR MORE MAY BE CORRECT.)

- At an initial appearance and preliminary hearing - At probation revocation hearings when a defendant is likely to prejudice his rights due to a lack of attorney advice (such as a damaging admission or confession). - At an identification process such as a physical lineup after charges have been filed.

MOD7: We considered in Module 7 and pages 14-17 of the module text, we considered punishment & sentencing options . Match the following problems associated with the each category of punitive or sentencing option.

- Corporal (bodily) punishments (flogging, branding, "tar & feathering": Physical punishments inflicting pain are generally considered an unconstitutional cruel and unusual punishment - Restitution: Addresses only financial aspects of crime and limited by offender's ability to pay - Incarceration: Stigmatizes and removes offender from positive relationships and concentrates negative influences - Rehabilitation: Depends on cooperation of offender and effectiveness of program

MOD5: At pages 18 and 19 of the Module 5 text and its accompanying diagram, we looked at the police training model on "continuum of force." Which of the following statements accurately reflect that model (ONE or MORE may be correct

- Deadly force is permitted in instances where an aggressive subject threatens death or serious bodily injury to the officer or others. - The continuum of force model generally parallels the 4th Amendment "reasonableness" standards articulated by the Supreme Court in Tennessee v. Garner and Graham v. O'Connor.

MOD9: At page 7 of the Module 9 text we considered juvenile "status offenses." What is a "status offense?" (ONE OR MORE answer may be correct).

- Designated offenses (such as truancy, incorrigibility, etc) which may grant juvenile courts the ability to supervise and sanction juveniles for longer and more significant periods. - Offenses applicable only to minors for acts that would not be a crime applicable to adults.

MOD7: In module 7 beginning at page 20 through 25 of the Module text , we discussed the distinction between trial and appellate courts. Based on that, match each of the following type of court with its corresponding jurisdiction.

- Federal Magistrate Court: Handles minor crimes and pretrial matters involving U.S. law - Circuit Court of Appeals: Intermediate Appellate Court in Federal system - District Court: Trial court in federal system or misdemeanor court in Washington state - Court of Last Resort: Highest Level Appellate Court in either state or federal system

MOD3: Match the following Constitutional Provision with its corresponding right or prohibition on government action.

- First Amendment: Right of Speech, Assembly & Religion - Second Amendment: Right to Bear Arms for Self-Defense - Fourth Amendment: Protection Against Unreasonable Search or Arrest - Fifth Amendment: Right to Due Process of Law & Protection from Self-Incrimination (being a witness against self in criminal case) - Sixth Amendment: Right to a Lawyer at Trial & to Confront Witnesses - Eighth Amendment: Prohibition Against Excessive Fines or Inhumane Punishments.

MOD3: Our Module 3 text at pages 1 and again at 12-13 discusses the role of courts and judges in "making" law. This includes a discussion of what is known as the "common law." What is the significance of "common law" in American criminal justice? One or more--or even all-of the statements below may be correct.

- Having a "common" accepted definition promotes efficiency, equality, predicability in law--part of the concept of "the rule of law." - Much of American Criminal law had its origins in English common law definitions of crime. - Common law is not part of federal criminal law. If Congress has not legislated a crime, federal courts cannot adopt common law crimes.

MOD5: As the table in the Module 5 text at page 2 reflects, which ONE of the following statements accurately reflects the requirements imposed on police under the 5th Amendment?

- If questioning a person in custody (meaning the person is not free to leave), police must explain rights against self-incrimination.

MOD6: Pages 3 and 4 of our Module 6 text describes the court "workgroup." Which ONE OR MORE of the following statements accurately describe this relationship between court participants?

- In involves judges, prosecutors and defense attorneys. - It is most evident in the pretrial and sentencing phases of trial.

MOD4: As discussed on page 14 of our Module 4 text, the criminal state of mind required as part of the elements of a criminal offense includes various degrees of intent. Match the following terms describing criminal intent with its definition.

- Intentional or Willful: intending the act resulting in harm or the ultimate harm - Reckless: acting with disregard for foreseeable significant harm - Negligent: acting without reasonable care to avoid harm - General Intent: intent is inferred from commission of act without requiring proof of a specified state of mind

MOD2: Module 2 text at pages 20-22 describes "neoclassical" criminal theory. Which ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING statements accurately describes this theory? (Some or all may be correct.)

- It combined the idea that crime was based on rational choice which could be influenced by environmental and psychological and social conditions. - It focused pragmatically on "what works" in preventing and deterring crime rather than why people commit crime. - It included ideas like "routine activity theory" which noted "capable guardians" such as alarms & locks could reduce expected "opportunistic" crime. - It included "rational choice theory" using sanction and moral costs , making crime inopportune.

MOD3: As reflected in the 3rd Khan Academy video I asked you to watch for module 3, when originally drafted, the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution (also known as the Bill of Rights) were intended to ensure that the federal government would not have the power to infringe on what were considered essential rights or significant liberties. What was the significance of the 14th Amendment in the development of rights? (One or more answers may be correct.)

- It imposed requirements on States to provide "due process" of law in criminal cases (i.e., involving deprivation of life, liberty or property). - It led to a process of "nationalizing" of rights in criminal cases, such as the right to: a lawyer, protection from self-incrimination, confrontation of witnesses, a jury trial. - It led to growth of individual rights, both civil and criminal, and re-interpreted federal-state relationships.

MOD9: Module 9 text at pages 13- discuss the "waiver" processes to waive juvenile court jurisdiction for minors who have committed crimes and trying them instead as adults (and subjecting them to adult punishments). Match the following process to its corresponding definition (note two processes have very similar meanings with one important difference.):

- Judicial Waiver: The process of a formal review by a judge of basis to transfer a juvenile case to adult court - Discretionary Waiver: A decision by a judge to transfer a case to adult court, provided the prosecutor shows the requisite standard for transfer to adult court is met. - Presumptive Waiver: A transfer to adult court unless the defendant justifies retention of jurisdiction by a juvenile court - Mandatory Waiver: Required transfer to adult court required based on criteria such as type of offense, age or criteria, factually determined by the judge. - Legislative Waiver: Required transfer to adult court required based on type of offense charged against the juvenile

MOD4: In our Module 4 text pages 17-21, we considered various defenses to crime. Match the following terms related to criminal defenses with their corresponding definitions.

- Justification: a defense which is based on a legitimate reason for doing an otherwise criminal act, such as assault in self-defense or trespass based on necessity - Excuse: a defense which negates the voluntary nature of an act, such as insanity, or mistake of fact - Castle doctrine: a defense which does not require a potential victim of to retreat before using force to repel an assault - M'Naghten Rule: the defense which excuses criminal conduct if mental illness prevents a person from understanding what (s)he did or that it was wrong - Entrapment: a procedural rule based on improper government enticement of a defendant to commit a crime.

MOD9: In the Module 9 text beginning on page 16, we looked at limits the Supreme Court placed on the punishments of juvenile offenders (meaning those under age 18 at the time of the offense) based on Constitutional due process and the prohibitions against cruel and Unusual punishments. Which of the following ONE OR MORE statements are accurate?

- Juveniles cannot be sentenced to death for ANY offense (Roper v. Simmons) - Juveniles cannot be punished by life without parole for non homicide offenses (Graham v. Florida) - Juveniles who commit murder offenses cannot be sentenced to MANDATORY life in prison without parole (Miller v. Alabama)

MOD9: In Module 9 text beginning on page 10, we discussed the Supreme Court's incorporation of of due process rights in the context of juvenile offender investigations and court proceedings. Match the following significant cases with their primary significance. (Note, one option is not applicable.)

- Kent v. State: In mandatory waiver jurisdictions, before waiving jurisdiction over a juvenile a juvenile court must hold a formal hearing to determine whether waiver criteria have been met. - In re Gault: When a juvenile is facing confinement in a secure facility (prison equivalent) juvenile hearings must provide essential due process rights like right to counsel, confrontation of witnesses, & privilege against self-incrimination. - Breed v. Jones: Once a juvenile has been tried in juvenile court for a crime, he cannot be retried for that crime in adult court - In re Winship: The standard of proof for criminal offenses tried in juvenile court is proof beyond a reasonable doubt

MOD8: We considered the levels of prisons in the U.S. beginning at page 9 of our Module 8 text. Match the following level with its definition.

- Minimum: Reserved for non-violent offenders with dorm-like facilities - Low: Often dorm like facilities but may house various levels of offenders who are serving longer duration sentences - Medium: Cell-style facilities typically shared by 2 inmates. Restricted freedom of movement. Typical for longer term sentenced inmates. - Maximum: Typical housing for long term an life sentenced prisoners, who will spend most of the day in a cell by themselves, except for services such as food, exercise and medical care - Admin or Supermax: Always single cell. All services provided in cell and monitoring typically 24 hour.

MOD2: We looked at the "General Theory of Crime" proposed by Hirshi and Gottfriedson in our Module 2 text at page 30. Which of the following statement accurately reflects this theory of the reasons people commit crime? One or more may be correct

- Most crimes are impulsive and committed by people with poor impulse control. - Parenting is principally responsible for developing self control associated with socially acceptable behavior. - A person's propensity for criminal behavior is established early, typically by age 8.

MOD4: I asked you to look at the latest version of the National Crime Victimization Survey (dated Sep 2020, covering calendar year 2019) https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv19.pdf (Links to an external site.) According to that report, which of the following statements is accurate? (SOME or ALL may be accurate.)

- Overall, serious crime dropped 19% in 2019 (see p. 1 of report). - Looking at Table 1 (p. 3 of report), the rate of violent crime was higher in 2018 than 2019. - Comparing data from pages 3-4 of the report, the most frequent criminal offense in the U.S. consistently since 2015 has been theft, not violent crimes. - As reflected on page 8 of the report, 3 out of 5 violent crimes were not reported to police in 2019.

MOD7: Module 7 materials (especially pages 27-28 of the module text) considered appellate standards of review of criminal cases. Match the following standard appellate courts apply to its corresponding definition..

- Prejudicial Error: The general standard of review to ensure error which affects the outcome of the trial or sentence. - Plain Error: An error so obvious and substantial the appellate court will grant relief, even if the parties don't raise it - Fundamental Error: Error which impacts the essential fairness of a trial, such as denial of counsel

MOD6: In pages 1-2 of the Module 6 text, we considered the phases of the criminal court process. Match the phase with its corresponding description

- Pretrial Phase: Includes charging, initial court appearance, arraignment and bail/ pretrial release determination - Trial Phase: Involves application of a defendant's constitutional rights and evidentiary rules in adjudicating guilt - Sentencing Phase: Includes defendant's right of allocution, mitigation evidence and victim impact statements - Post Conviction Phase: Includes appeals of right and discretionary appeals, such as habeas corpus petitions.

MOD5: Match the following Eras of Policing (discussed Module 5 text pp 6-11) with the most appropriate definition.

- Reform Era: Response to corruption of policing by focusing on professionalism of police forces and scientific methods of investigation - Political Era: Often characterized as the first era of policing in large cities& elected official control - Community Era: Response to increasing crime rate in the 1970s focusing on problem solving rather than strict enforcement of law - Homeland Security Era: Response to world events like terrorism seeking to improve informations sharing and use of technology at all levels of policing

MOD7: In the Module 7 text pages 2 through 9, we considered the primary theories of the purpose of punishment and sentencing and "punishments" in the criminal justice system. Match the following principle with its corresponding definition.

- Retribution: "Revenge" based punishment seeking to impose a proportional harm to the harm inflicted - Incapacitation: Protecting the community by removing the person from society, thereby denying the offender the opportunity to commit additional crime - Deterrence: Response to crime which discourages offender and others from repeating or emulating the criminal behavior - Rehabilitation: "Criminogenic" response concerned with addressing underlying character of offender resulting in crime

MOD3: Criminal Justice includes both "substantive" and "procedural" law, discussed at page 1-2 of our text for Module 2. Which of the following statements accurately reflect aspects of these two types of "law?" (One or more statements below-- or even all statements-- may be correct).

- Substantive law includes both constitutional provisions and statutes. - Procedural law includes mechanisms that interpret & enforce substantive law. - Substantive criminal laws include statutory laws by both the state and federal government. - Ex post facto is an example of a procedural law.

MOD4: At pages 6 though 11 of our Module 4 text we considered the various types of national crime reporting systems which gather data from law enforcement and make available to the public. Match the following data systems to their descriptions.

- Summary Reporting System (SRS): The original crime data collection, which collected data on a limited scope of crime. - LOEKA: The data collection on deaths of law enforcement officers due to violence in the line of duty - NIBRS: The improvement to SRS that collected significantly more information about offenses, victims and offenders. - NCVS: Data collection based on surveys rather than reports to police, aimed at getting a more accurate picture of total crime. - NCS-X: A comprehensive next generation crime statistic system, combining reported crime and survey data.

MOD2: Assume you were a proponent of Edwin Sutherland's "Learning Theory" of differential association as a cause of criminal behavior discussed on page 28 of our text Module 2 text. Which of the following propositions would you agree with? (One or more may be correct.)

- The behaviors of persons intimately related to an offender contribute to crime. - "Differential association" occurs when a person associates committing crime as more favorable behavior than unfavorable.

MOD4: As we considered earlier in the course, criminal offenses can be "social constructs" that reflect a desire to deter or punish anti-social and detrimental behavior. One such offense is "felony murder" discussed at page 17 of our Module 4 text and reflected in the Revised Code of Washington Section 9A.32.030 I asked you to look at. To be convicted of felony murder under Washington law, all but which ONE of the following elements are required? (Look carefully at subsection (c) of the statute!)

- The offender must have personally caused the death of the victim

MOD7: In module 7 (especially in pages 11-13 of the module text) , we considered multiple issues which resulted in the current system of "sentencing guidelines" and restrictive rules governing criminal sentencing. Which of the following factors contributed to concerns regarding the types of sentences criminal offenders received? (ONE OR MORE THAN ONE of the following may be correct.)

- The wide discretion of judges in imposing sentences, especially terms of confinement - The significant difference between the sentence imposed and the sentence served, based on liberal parole standards. - Practice of imposing probation rather than confinement undermined crime deterrence

MOD6: In pages 7-9 of our Module 6 text we considered aspects of juries in the criminal system. Match the term with its corresponding description.

- True Bill: Approval by a grand jury that criminal charges are supported by probable cause. - Voir Dire: Process to determine whether jurors are qualified to act fairly and impartially - Peremptory Challenge: A request to remove a juror that does not require explanation - Nullification: Disregard of law and facts to achieve a perceived just result - Hung Jury: A lack of unanimity in verdict vote

MOD5: As discussed at pages 20-21 of the Module 5 text, match the following styles of policing identified by sociologist James Wilson with an accurate description.

- Watchman: Primarily concerned with maintaining community order rather than rigid enforcement of law. - Legalist: Would not exercise discretion but would tend to focus on uniformity and consistency in law enforcement. - Service: Sees primary role as being responsive to community needs and desires & therefore may act as either of other types , depending on circumstance.

MOD1: Beginning on page 48 of the text, it describes criminal justice professor Samuel Walker's 4 layer "Wedding Cake" model of crime. Match the figurative "layer" with its description. Bottom, Second from Bottom, Second from Top, Top.

-Bottom, largest "layer" of crime: Minor crimes, first time offenders -Next to bottom layer: Low level felonies (aka Class "C") -Next to top layer: Serious felonies (aka Class "A" & "B") & Repeat Offenders -Top layer: Notorious crimes & high-profile offenders

MOD2: Module 2 in text pages 16-32 describes multiple schools or theories of what causes criminal behavior. Match the theory to its corresponding definition. Classical School, Positivism, Strain Theory, Learning Theory, Control Theory.

-Classical School: Crime is based on rational choices. Criminal justice should appeal to rational choice to influence behavior and therefore crime. -Positivism: Crime is not purely a matter of rational choice. There are biological, psychological and sociological explanations for why people commit crime. -Strain Theory: Social structures ad conditions are responsible for criminal behavior -Learning Theory: The behaviors and attitudes of people we associate with and how we are conditioned to respond is responsible for criminal behavior -Control Theory: Social Bonds such as attachment, commitment, involvement and belief systems control natural inclinations to act criminally & in self-interest.

MOD1: Three major theories of how a society adopts its laws: the consensus, conflict and interactionist views are discussed at the text in pages 14-18 of the text. Match the following view with its corresponding element: Consensus, Conflict, Interventionist

-Consensus: Common morality dictates accepted law -Conflict: Those with wealth and power use law to protect their status and advantage from the disadvantaged -Interventionist: Moral entrepreneurs seek to influence social views to create law for their benefit

MOD1: In the "crash course" video on the philosophical definition of justice, you should have watched as part of module 1, presenter Hank Green talked about various concepts of justice, including Egalitarian, Utilitarian, Distributive and Libertarian justice. Match those concepts to the following descriptions.

-Egalitarian justice: Focus is on impartial and fairness justice, regardless of individual status or position -Utilitarian justice: Pragmatic approach that seeks what achieves the best result for the greatest number -Libertarian justice: Seeks maximum personal freedom and minimum government interference with liberty, -Distributive justice: Focuses on providing what is needed, including imposing obligations to provide for those needs

MOD2: Pages 4-5 of our Module 2 text discusses Theodore Sasson's idea of "Framing" related to perceived reasons for criminal behavior which affects the types of criminal justice policies and proposals individuals and groups would tend to advocate. Match the following concepts to their definitions. Faulty Criminal Justice System, Blocked Opportunity, Social Breakdown, Racist System.

-Faulty Criminal Justice System: Lack of law and order and accountability for crime encourages crime. -Blocked Opportunity: Poverty, lack of education and employment & discrimination cause crime. -Social Breakdown: Crime stems from family & community breakdown. -Racist System: Law enforcement, court and corrections are agents of oppression against minorities.

MOD1: Pages 23-24 of the text considers the role the media plays in affecting the perception of crime in our society.select which one or more of the following statements correctly state the effects?

-It provides misleading information on who likely offenders and victims are by the nature of the cases it typically reports -It perpetuates a fear of crime victimization -It exaggerates the amount of serious crime by frequently reporting only on serious or heinous crime

MOD2: As a reminder, one of the graded requirements for the course is for you to research and write a critical essay on a Criminal Justice topic , which may use both "scholarly" and "gray matter" sources to support your ideas. (And I hope you will complete our librarian Marisa Petrich's training on research sources which was recently posted.). "Scholarly" in the field (and most social science) often involves postulating a theory and using research methods and data analysis to validate a theory. As discussed in the Module 2 text at pages 15-16, authors Akers and Sellers offer criteria for "evidence based" analysis of criminal theory. It include which of the following ? (One or MORE of the following may be correct).

-Logical Consistency -Parsimony- the most simple and economic explanation. -Empirical Validity-testability & statistical validity -Usefulness-a practical means to improve outcomes

MOD1: Pages 19 through 21 of the text describes the "funnel" model of the criminal justice system. Which of the characteristics of the system (including Professor Samuel Walker's observations) support that description?

-The discretion of police to arrest and prosecutors to charge limits the number of crimes that ultimately go through the process -The costs, in both money and resources, restricts what crimes government ultimately pursues and punishes -Many more crimes are actually committed than are prosecuted or even reported (aka dark figure crime), which reflects very little of what could go into the criminal justice system actually goes through the process.

MOD5: Of the four "C"s in the Criminal Justice system we have discussed, which has primary responsibility for the investigative phase of the criminal process (mentioned at p. 3 of the Module 5 text)?

Cops-law enforcement personnel

MOD1: Pages 36 through 38 of the text and module 1 slides discuss Herbert Packer' models of criminal justice. A preference for guilty pleas to quickly dispose of criminal cases reflects which of packer's models of criminal justice?

Crime control

MOD4: In considering sources of information relating to the incidence of crime in the U.S. we talked about victimization studies and "dark crime" particularly at Module 4 text page 9 (and page 21 of Module 1 text). What is "dark crime?"

Crimes which are not reported to police or that police are not aware of, which are not counted in official statistics

MOD3: The first Kahn Academy video I asked you to watch on Federalism discussed concurrent or overlapping authority of the federal and state governments in several areas, including law enforcement and courts. In which areas would state courts have overlapping jurisdiction?

Criminal offenses which violate both federal and state law.

MOD1: On page 12 of the text, the author gives an example of providing food to the homeless. True or false, this example demonstrates that all crimes share two common characteristics: they are deviant and represent a danger to society.

False

MOD2: As discussed in Module 2 text pages 31-32, Social Reaction Theories like criminal "Labeling" and "Critical Theory" focus on offenders and their behaviors while "Positivism" (discussed at pages 20-25) focuses on institutions and groups who use criminal law to positively control the powerless and underprivileged. True or False?

False

MOD3: After considering the lecture on Module 3, especially at slide 16 and discussion at page 101 of our text, is the following statement true or false? "Under our U.S. Constitutional system of federalism, the federal government has supremacy over states in ALL areas of law, including ALL criminal laws, because of the federal government's inherent "police power" to act for the health, safety and welfare of its citizens." True or False

False

MOD3: On pages 3-4 of our Module text, we discuss the significance of the 14th Amendment. Based on that discussion, it is accurate to say that the protections of federal Constitution's Bill of Rights applied against actions by the individual states of U.S. and protected citizens rights such as the the right against self-incrimination and the requirement for police to obtain warrant to search a person's home. True or False

False

MOD3: Our Module 3 text at page 8 discusses the role of state constitutions in criminal law and procedure. Based on that, it is fair to say that state constitutions can never provide individual rights that are more protective of individual rights than the U.S. Constitution.

False

MOD3: Pages 9-10 of our Module 3 text considers the comparative authority of states and the federal government to to legislate. Based on that it is accurate to say the both states and the federal government have broad and inherent police powers to create laws for the health, safety and welfare of citizens.

False

MOD4: A person cannot be held criminally liable unless (s)he actually commits the intended criminal act. (Before answering, look at discussion of accomplice and vicarious liability on pp. 16-17 of our Module 4 text.)

False

MOD5: As discussed at pages 15-18 of our Module 5 text, police are generally immune from prosecution or civil lawsuits for use of force while carrying out police duties.

False

MOD5: As discussed on pages 19-20 of the Module 5 text, the Supreme Court has held the high speed vehicle pursuits by police violate the 4th Amendment when the pursuit poses a danger to the public or the suspect fleeing police.

False

MOD6: As reflected in Module 6 materials, judges are the most key and influential players in the criminal justice system.

False

MOD6: Based on materials at pages 14-21 of our Module 6 materials, it is accurate to say that a criminal defendant cannot appear at a criminal trial without the assistance of an attorney.

False

MOD6: In the Module 6 text at pages 14 through 21 we considered the role of defense attorneys in the criminal justice system, including the right for indigent defendants to have counsel appointed. Based on the readings, it is accurate to say that indigent counsel have a right to counsel of choice in criminal proceeding equivalent to defendants who are able to pay for their own attorney.

False

MOD7: As discussed in Module 7 material beginning at page 20 of the module text, the primary purpose of an appellate court is to determine questions of fact, such as whether a criminal defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of having committed a crime.

False

MOD7: As we studied in Module 7 (especially at text pages 22-25, there is a dual court (state and federal) structure in the U.S. Therefore, appeals of a state criminal conviction cannot be appealed in federal court.

False

MOD7: Based on the materials from pages 20-25 of our Module 7 text, it is accurate to say that Federal courts handle the bulk of criminal cases in the U.S.

False

MOD8: "Probation" offers the opportunity for early release from prison at the discretion corrections facilities or administrative agencies who evaluate and manage inmates in prisons and jails while "parole" is an alternative to incarceration managed by the judge who imposes punishment.

False

MOD8: In Module 8 materials beginning at page 25, we discussed the concept of "Restorative Justice" which seeks to prioritize the needs of the victim and the community in responding to crime and to ensure the offender understands the impacts of the crime and accepts responsibility for its consequences. This concept has been uniformly praised because in virtually every type of crime promises a better outcome for victims and all types of criminal offenses and all offenders.

False

MOD8: In the Module 8 text at page 3 we discussed the design of prisons. The trend in modern prisons is "linear design" which include common areas to promote interaction between prisoners as well as corrections officers & staff.

False

MOD8: In the Module 8 text at pp 8-9, we briefly considered "for profit" prisons as an issue in corrections. As reflected in that discussion, states and the federal government turned to private corporations to operate prisons because corporations proved to be more effective in providing quality programs and successful outcomes for inmates.

False

MOD9: As discussed on pages 9 and 12 of our Module 9 text, the U.S. federal government has direct Constitutional authority to legislate comprehensive national laws concerning juvenile justice matters.

False

MOD9: As reflected in Module 9 discussion on page 12, juveniles have significant Constitutional due process rights in criminal proceedings, including an absolute right to a jury trial when facing confinement in a secure detention facility equivalent to an adult prison.

False

MOD6: We considered aspects of criminal defendants as driving "participants" of the criminal justice system in pages 22-25 of our Module 6 text. Looking at the data from various sources, what category of offender constitutes the largest proportion of offenders incarcerated at the conclusion of the criminal court process reflected in both the jail and prison population?

Felony violent offense offenders

MOD7: As reflected in materials in Module 7 (especially pages 11-13 of the module text), which ONE of the following is NOT a concern regarding criminal sentencing guidelines legislating specific punishments for criminal offenses?

Guidelines allow judges to impose unfair sentence based on factors like race or economic status.

MOD1: Our Text discusses the definitions law and crime at PG 1-4. Based on that, what is the most significant difference between a social "More" and Law?

Law includes social "Mores" adopted by government and enforced by the coercive power of government for the benefit of society

MOD2: Our Module 2 text at page 10 (and also the discussion in page 2 of Module 1) discussed "mala in se" and "mala prohibita" crimes, meaning acts which would be obviously criminal and those which are defined as crimes because of a policy determination by governmental authority ("socially constructed" crimes). The passage of the XVIIIth [18th] Amendment prohibiting production, transport or sale of alcoholic beverages is a reflection of which type of crime?

Malum prohibitum

MOD5: At page 8 of our Module 5 text, we considered the "broken window" theory of policing. This theory is BEST described as (select ONE of the descriptions below):

Police attention to relatively minor crime has the effect of suppressing more serious criminal activity in a community.

MOD5: The Module 5 text at pages 13-14 discusses the significance of New York City's Knapp Commission in 1970. It identified so-called "meat eater" police. Which ONE of the following BEST describes the meaning of that term?

Police who would steal money from drug dealers or demand payment from businesses to provide police services & protection

MOD2: Page 2 of our Module 2 text discusses the concept of "Moral Panic" which influences criminal policy. What is moral panic?

Public fear of crime and governmental interventions in excess of objective threats.

MOD2: We looked at "learning theories" and their association with criminal behavior at pages 26-29 of the Module 2 text. Based on that discussion, what would constitute a "conditioned response" that might be applicable to criminal behavior? (Pick the ONE best response).

Slowing down and driving with greater care when seeing a police vehicle in your rearview mirror.

MOD3: Our Module 3 text at pages 8-9 discusses the concept of the "Rule of Law." Which ONE of the following statements is NOT consistent with the concept of the Rule of Law?

The American Criminal Justice system does not include the elements of the Rule of Law

MOD1: The text at page 2 describes how the sociologist Erich Goode defines deviance. According to Goode deviance includes by all but which one of the following elements?

The existence of a law which makes the behavior deviant.

MOD1: The text beginning at page 6 through 9 discusses the differences between civil and criminal law. Which one of the following statements regarding civil and criminal law is not accurate?

The primary purpose of criminal law is to protect individual victims of crime rather than society as a whole.

MOD9: As we discussed in the Module 9 text beginning at page 1, Juvenile Justice has historically been predicated on the concept of parens patriae, a Latin term roughly meaning "the parent of the nation" What does that concept mean?

The state will assume the responsibilities of parents when parental authority is ineffective or absent.

MOD6: In the discussion of the role of prosecutors at pages through 14 of our Module 6 text, we considered the responsibility of a prosecutor. Which ONE of the following is NOT a role of a prosecutor?

To obtain a conviction of an offender.

MOD4: Have you done your reading? Here is a test (without reference to text pages). Is it possible to find current data collected by the FBI on police use of lethal force as well as demographic data on all police contacts based on demographic factors such as race, gender and ethnicity?

True

MOD4: We discussed criminal defenses beginning at page 17 of our Module 4 text. Two examples of "perfect" defenses, which if successful, result in a finding of guilty for a criminal defendant include self defense and the so-called "insanity" or lack of mental responsibility defense.

True

MOD6: In pages 25-32 of our text for Module 6, we considered the study of victimology. Based on that discussion it is fair to say that Benjamin Mendelsohn focused on the degree to which victims contributed to their victimization by their attitudes and behaviors, while Hans Von Hentig focused on the susceptibility of victims as the primary predictor of victimization.

True

MOD7: As discussed in the lecture at module text page 14 and elsewhere in Module 7 materials, the Supreme Court's interpretation of the 8th Amendment prohibition against cruel & unusual punishment prohibits imposition of the death penalty for the crime of rape of a child.

True

MOD8: According the the October 2020 Bureau of Justice Statistical Report on Prisoners in the U.S. you were to review at https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p19.pdf (Links to an external site.) The most common category of confining offense in federal prisons is drug trafficking (see Table 15).

True

MOD8: As discussed beginning on page 3 of Module 8 text, persons held in jails include both those awaiting trial and those who have been convicted of misdemeanor offenses.

True

MOD8: As discussed in Module 8 materials beginning at page 14 of our text for Module 8, a primary interest in "community based" corrections is prison overcrowding and the cost of prison construction and operation. The significant cost per inmate at the state level was also discussed in the Frontline documentary Prison State.

True

MOD8: As part of Module 8, you were asked to watch the Frontline Documentary Prison State at https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/prison-state/ (Links to an external site.). It traced events in the disposition of the cases of 2 adult men and 2 juvenile young women and the success of alternatives to incarceration in the state of Kentucky.

True

MOD8: For Module 8, you should have reviewed the October 2020 Bureau of Justice Statistical Report on Prisoners in the U.S. at https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p19.pdf (Links to an external site.) This report reflects that the both the rate and number of prisoners in the U.S. has declined, and that there is an 11% decrease in the number of prisoners from its peak in 2009.

True

MOD9: As reflected in Module 9 text at page 9 every jurisdiction in the U.S. treats offenses committed by persons 18 years or older as an adult offenses, and persons who commit crime when age 18 and older will be tried as adults and rather than as juveniles in juvenile courts.

True

MOD9: At various points in Module 9 text, we considered evidence concerning cognitive and brain development and its impact on juvenile justice policy in recent years (for example at page 5-6 and again at page 8 of the text.) Which ONE of the following statements DOES NOT reflect information we considered in Module 9 concerning this impact?

Washington State has extended juvenile court jurisdiction to all persons under 25