ELE 6260 (LIT 3)

Language arts teachers use conferences to monitor students' progress. The teacher's role in a conference is to

Be a listener and guide

When teachers scaffold students' reading and work with small groups of students who are reading at the same level or who use similar strategies, they are most likely implementing

Guided reading

Mikki, an English language learner, has enrolled in a public school in Pennsylvania. She has a rich vocabulary in Japanese, but limited English. Research suggests that a student who has a rich vocabulary in her first language will probably

Have less difficulty learning English than would a student with limited vocabulary in the native language

While discussing vocabulary instruction, the school's principal correctly advised a new teacher to focus upon

Helping students understand vocabulary and figurative language in the texts they are reading

Figurative language such as, "It's raining cats and dogs" and "Don't throw the baby out with the bath water" are examples of

Idioms

Ten-year-old Betsy created a picture book about children who lived in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War. Each page contained a picture, fictional accounts of children's lives, and sidebars with factual information about the time period. This book could best be described as a

Multigenre book

The most effective tool for helping children understand and track the tension in a story is the

Plot Profile

To prepare for student and parent conferences, sixth-grade teacher Eileen Baker and her students compile folders with each student's writing samples and videos of presentations. This action shows that the teacher is monitoring her students' progress by using

Portfolio's

The kindergarten teacher read aloud the poem, I Know an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly. Because the children enjoyed it, the teacher reread the poem and encouraged them to chime in on repetitive lines. This was an example of

Predictable text

The ability to read sentences with appropriate phrasing and intonation is known as

Prosody

In Valerie Adair's third-grade class, each student is able to select his/her own book. After reading their self-selected books independently, the students write responses in their reading logs. This teacher is implementing an approach known as

Reading Workshop

Students often assume roles such as word wizard, illustrator, or passage master when they participate in

Reading and writing workshop

There are four fifth-grade classrooms in the Harris School. To make the language arts assessment process more consistent, the principal and teachers worked together to develop

Rubrics

The one-to-one correspondence between phonemes and graphemes, such that each letter consistently represents one sound is known as

The alphabetic principle

All of the students in Kathy Quinn's class are reading Jerry Spinelli's novel Crash. The teacher has planned many activities based on this novel. These students are participating in

a literature focus unit

When teaching students who are English language learners, it is most helpful to scaffold their learning by using

Visuals such as photographs and maps

After Tom, a fifth-grade student, read the story of Jack and the beanstalk, he pretended that he was the giant and wrote a new ending from the giant's point of view. This activity helped the student understand the writing trait referred to as

Voice

As students become more active participants in discussions, teachers should

ask fewer questions

To help a left-handed student improve her writing, the teacher should

adapt instructional procedures to fit the student's unique needs

When implementing process drama in a classroom, teachers should

ask questions about the dramatic context

Jim, an avid Harry Potter fan, purchased audio versions of the novels and listened to the stories during his family's vacation. When he listened to the novels, Jim was engaged in

aesthetic listening

Writing is a developmental process. Teachers should expect students to become responsible for identifying and correcting grammatical errors

after they have participated in related mini-lessons

the best way to motivate students to conduct research would be to

allow each student to develop his/her research question

Informational texts are

appropriate for students at every grade level

As she was reading the novel Esperanza Rising, Irina recalled her childhood in Mexico. Irina made a personal response to this novel because she applied her

background knowledge

When planning a thematic unit, content-area textbooks should

be one of many resources provided to the students

Fourth-grade teacher Margaret Kelly plans to use a reading workshop approach. Her classroom library should contain

books on a range of reading levels

When the third-grade teacher submitted his lesson plans, the principal correctly stated that wordless picture books

can be used appropriately at all grade levels

Six-year-old Trey read the sentence, "The cow is in the pen." He then picked up a blue pen (writing instrument) on his desk and asked his teacher, "How did the cow get in the pen?" This example shows that Trey did not understand that words

can have multiple meanings

When students become fluent readers, they focus upon

comprehension

Third-grade student Ella wrote the sentence, "It is to cold to go swimming." Ella's sentence shows that she has difficulty with

homonyms

An individual's concept of story begins

in the preschool years

Because research suggests that students learn many words incidentally, teachers at the Crane Elementary School have wisely decided to

increase independent reading opportunities and provide direct vocabulary instruction

the most effective way to help students expand their vocabulary is to

increase opportunities for students to read independently

In the word knit, the RIME is

it

When the teacher explained the use of literature circles in his classroom, a parent asked whether writing would play a role. The teacher correctly explained that

students often write in reading logs while participating in literature circles

To encourage students to vary their word choices and use more interesting and descriptive words in their writing, it would be most effective for a teacher to present a lesson on

synonyms

When a class is using Grand Conversations

talk should be primarily among the students

To establish a writing workshop environment, teachers should

teach and model workshop procedures

During literature circles, children should be grouped according to

the books they have chosen

The underlying meaning of a story is referred to as its

theme

Children in the preschool years usually begin writing by

using scribbles or single letters to represent ideas

A teacher selected 5 fiction titles, gave a book talk about each, and then posted sign-up sheets so that each student could select the book he or she wanted to read. This class was preparing to participate in

literature circles

Before beginning research projects with her students, a third-grade teacher wisely implements many lessons on the use of nonfiction text features. Research has found that recognizing and using nonfiction features improves

reading comprehension

Ten-year-old Matthew selects books from the classroom library, reads independently, and has conferences with his teacher. Matthew is most likely participating in

reading workshop

When grouping students for guided reading, teachers should

regroup the students occasionally because different books place different demands on the reader

The most appropriate time for a teacher to give feedback and offer suggestions on a student's writing is during the

revising stage

Before beginning research projects with her students, a third-grade teacher wisely implements many lessons on the use of nonfiction text features. Research has found that recognizing and using nonfiction features improves

teach students about the differences between nonfiction and fiction

When he read drafts of their stories, third-grade teacher Stephen McCall noticed that his students did not use quotation marks correctly. This teacher should

teach use of quotation marks during the edition stage

Twelve-year-old Samantha completed a research report that had a table of contents, illustrations with captions, a bibliography, and an index. This project showed that the student understood

text features of nonfiction

Graphic novels often accelerate students' reading development because

the illustrations provide context clues to foster meaning and comprehension

A third-grade teacher usually plans instruction that uses the reading process. After working with students who are highly capable and reading above grade level, the teacher correctly observed that

the reading process nurtures capable readers

Research suggests that kindergarten students prefer and should use

the regular-sized pencils used by adults

As the students entered the auditorium for a history presentation, their teacher reminded them to take notes to prepare for a test on the subject. During the presentation, these students were engaged in

efferent listening

the best way to promote students' language development is to

encourage all students to talk freely in the classroom

The best way to help children understand the importance of legible handwriting is to

encourage students to write for a genuine audience

A second-grade teacher has noticed that a few of her students have difficulty retelling stories. They are also shy and reluctant to participate in group discussions. To develop the students' retelling ability and help them participate, the best option would be for this teacher to

encourage the students to use puppets to retell stories

When discussing stories, a teacher noticed that her students seemed to give only lower-level, literal responses. To help her students move beyond literal comprehension, it would be most helpful to use

grand conversations

The teacher motivated Tom to read by giving him books that had the length and depth of novels but were written and illustrated in comic book format. Those books are examples of

graphic novels

A few students in Joan Chalker's class who are English language learners are having difficulty understanding story structure. The most effective way to help them would be to use

graphic organizers that help students visually represent story structures

Research suggests that students with less effective oral language abilities tend to

have less effective written language abilities

Research suggests that during language arts instruction, children are more highly motivated to participate when they

have opportunities to select their own books

It is most important for teachers to always

Determine the students' background knowledge before beginning instruction

There are 20 students in Kathy Gumb's fourth-grade class. Their instructional reading levels range from grade 2 to grade 9. To plan instruction, the best option would be to

Differentiate instruction

The process of learning to read and write begins very early in life. This current approach to language arts instruction in kindergarten through first grade reflects the process known as

Emergent literacy

After she read a book aloud to the class, new teacher Kathy Sites saw 2 students reading it together during a recess period. the most effective action for this teacher to take would be to

Encourage the students to continue rereading so that they could make a deeper connection with the book

hird-grade teacher Dianna Sands believes that her students need more feedback to expand their ideas and add more details to their writing. The best way to help her students receive more feedback would be to

Encourage the students to form and participate in writing groups

Four-year-old Stephen smiled when he saw the logo for his favorite cereal. Logos on cereal boxes, toy stores, and fast-food restaurants are known as

Environmental Print

Teachers in the Bell School District are working together to integrate language arts instruction with science instruction. The most appropriate and effective instructional pattern to accomplish this goal would be

thematic units

During writing workshop, students write on topics

they select

Teachers can most effectively use retellings to determine a child's

understanding of a story structure

the most authentic way to help students learn the letters of the alphabet would be to

use environmental print and the children's names

Capable Readers

use strategies

Students who are English language learners

use the same writing process that native speakers use

When writing reports, students should

use the steps of the writing process

The visual language modes are linked to listening, talking, reading, and writing because all 6 language arts are

used for communication

The language barrier is significantly reduced for English language learners when they use

visual language

In the English language, there are approximately

44 phonemes

A student's ability to determine the meaning of new words is helped by his

Background knowledge

When developing a language arts program for students who are English language learners, teachers should first focus upon

Building background knowledge

After visiting a supermarket, a first-grade teacher and her students sat together and took turns holding the pen and writing sentences about their experience. This group participated in

Interactive writing

Extensive reading can improve a child's writing ability primarily because by reading, children

Learn how writers craft stories

In Becky Strong's fifth-grade classroom, some students enjoy reading books by Lois Lowry; others like the work of Jerry Spinelli; and a third group prefers books written by Donna Jo Napoli. The best way for this teacher to provide choice and opportunities for discussion would be to implement

Literature Circles

Mrs. Seidel's third-grade class is reading a novel, The Trumpet of the Swan, and completing many related activities. Because the entire class is reading the same novel, they are participating in a

Literature Focus Unit

A kindergarten teacher has observed that most of his students are unable to write letters or words. This teacher should

Provide pencils and crayons to encourage writing

Several students who are English language learners have enrolled in Carol Bader's third-grade class. The principal has correctly advised this teacher to

Provide time for English language learners to talk with classmates

A sixth-grade teacher wanted to discuss the novel Because of Winn-Dixie with her students. Because the teacher felt that her students would have no difficulty with the vocabulary and could read the novel without teacher support, the teacher wisely decided to

Provide time for the students to read the novel independently

When 8-year-old Renee said, "The polar bear tumbled down the hill like a slippery snowball," she used a

Simile

Research suggests that children are better listeners when they become involved in a story

While the teacher is reading aloud

Although they could not yet write business letters independently, a group of third-grade students were able to write business letters with their teacher's assistance. Consequently, this task fell within the students

Zone of proximal development

When 6-year-old Carla encountered a new word, she inferred its meaning by using the surrounding words and sentences. In that situation, the student used

context clues

Tim, a struggling reader, tried to use a dictionary when he encountered unfamiliar words, but he was unable to read the definitions. The teacher could best assist Tim by providing

access to an electronic dictionary with speech features

Before reading aloud a text about marine life, the teacher asked her students to share their memories about a recent field trip to a New Jersey beach. This suggests that the teacher's goal was to

activate background knowledge

During writing workshop, teachers should

allow students to conference with peers

the most effective way to link social studies instruction with language arts instruction would be to encourage students to

analyze political cartoons

Students must apply their background knowledge when

analyzing a political cartoon

The terms skills and strategies are not synonymous. Skills differ from strategies because skills are used

automatically

Classroom discussions are most effective and successful when teachers

create a climate of trust

While studying the life of Abraham Lincoln, 11-year-old Sheila read a book that contained pictures, simulated journal entries, maps, timelines, and expository text. A book with those elements could be classified as a

multigenre book

the best way to monitor students' understanding of stories would be to

conference with students as they compose stories

The goal of both the reading process and the writing process is

constructing meaning

A sixth-grade class listened to several radio commercials for video games and then discussed the concept of truth in advertising. These students were engaged in

critical listening

The sixth-grade students in Kathy Smyth's class gathered many facts about the Vikings, but they had difficulty preparing an organized presentation. In this situation, it would be most helpful for the teacher to present a minilesson on

data charts

During handwriting instruction, the teacher should

demonstrate and provide feedback

Although the students were eager to begin researching on the Internet, their teacher correctly advised them that before gathering facts they should

design research questions

Which of the following is an authentic research activity for a first-grade class?

determining the best type of food for their pet hamster

The preschool director urged parents to read aloud to their children because by listening to stories, children

develop a concept of story

the most appropriate way to monitor students' progress during reading workshop would be to

develop a schedule for conferencing with students

During the emergent literacy stage, children

develop reading and writing abilities concurrently

Because 3-year-old Shelia showed growth in phonemic awareness, her teacher stated that she had shown progress in

discriminative listening

When teachers engage children in phonemic awareness activities, they focus upon the children's ability to

distinguish sounds

The best way to help students work independently, as well as understand the expectations and manner in which they will be assessed, would be for a teacher to

distribute a checklist of requirements when an assignment is introduced

Although the classroom community evolves during the school year, effective teachers lay the foundation

during the first 2 weeks of instruction

Teachers should read aloud

narrative and informational texts to give students a variety of experiences

As she was planning her daily schedule, the principal correctly advised a new teacher that vocabulary instruction is

essential for all students

Students in Kate Kane's second-grade class develop a love of research and confidence in their writing ability. Research suggests that effective teachers motivate children to engage in research and improve their writing skills by

establishing a climate inquiry

For a writing workshop approach to be successful, teachers must

explain and model the rules and procedures

Nonfiction books are organized in

expository text structures

Punctuation marks signal grammatical boundaries and _

express meaning

When the students were selecting books for their literature circles, their teacher correctly advised them that

fiction and nonfiction can be used in literature circles

During an indoor recess period, a teacher noticed that a small group of students made puppets and developed a story. The teacher's next step should be to

find an opportunity for the students to perform their puppet show for an audience

The novel Sarah, Plain and Tall, is told through the eyes of Anna, the oldest child; Anna is the narrator. This is an example of

first person viewpoint

Illustrators who model their art on the style of a region, country, or cultural group are using

folk art

Categories of literature are referred to as

genres

In September, the teacher met with 9-year-old Jackson every morning to help him set purposes for reading. By December, Jackson seemed able to set purposes independently, so the principal correctly advised the teacher to

gradually release this responsibility to Jackson

Sixth-grade students in Nancy Loving's class did not use context clues when they encountered unfamiliar words. The most effective way to teach these students about context clues would be to

have the teacher model use of context clues as she reads aloud

Ten-year-old Tara began her new story by saying, "When I won the gold medal, I screamed so loud that my grandmother could hear me a hundred miles away." That sentence contains an example of

herperbole

A new kindergarten teacher conducted daily 10-minute phonics drills. After observing in the classroom, the principal correctly stated that

instruction should be embedded in authentic literacy experiences

Texts which present some challenging vocabulary and concepts that may require explanation are judged to be at a child's

instructional level

Research suggests that the most effective grammar instruction is

integrated with reading and writing instruction

It is important for students to learn to recognize common symbols such as $, @, or &, primarily so that they can

interpret posters, charts, and graphs

When she wrote a story, 5-year-old Brooke wrote thay for they and sed for said. These examples show that Brooke's writing contained

invented spelling

When a new teacher was developing a handwriting assessment plan, experienced teachers correctly advised her to

involve students in developing the checklist

When implementing an interactive read-aloud, it is most important to

involve students in the activity

The Common Core Standards

make nonfiction a priority

Teachers at the Ranch Hope Elementary School have set a goal to help students expand their vocabulary. the best way to measure the students' vocabulary development would be to

make notes on the students' ability to use words in meaningful ways

When the teacher helped her students correct errors in capitalization, punctuation, and spelling, she was focusing upon

mechanics

When the teacher noticed that her students had difficulty creating realistic characters in their stories, she wisely discussed examples in

mentor books

When students reflect upon their learning styles and become aware of what they know and don't know, they are using

metacognition

Reading workshop becomes more than just reading practice when teachers provide

minilessons on strategies and skills

Before students begin to work in revising groups, teachers should

model appropriate types of revising suggestions

To help students use content-area textbooks more effectively, teachers should

model expository text-reading strategies

A third-grade teacher announced a research topic and then divided his students into small groups to begin their work. Later, he was disappointed to see that the students had difficulty completing the assignment together. More experienced teachers correctly advised that the teacher could best develop the students' research skills by

modeling the process by developing and answering a research question

When his students encountered many unfamiliar words in the novel The Secret School, fourth-grade teacher Scott Daniel correctly chose to teach only the

most useful words

During literature circles, teachers should

occasionally participate in grand conversations

The smallest units of sound are called

phonemes

Sue Bader developed a lesson plan to help students understand the CVC pattern by demonstrating its use in the words cat and kit. This is an example of a

phonics lesson

the most authentic way to teach grammar is to

point out parts of speech in the books the students are discussing

Students feel comfortable, safe, and more willing to take risks when the classroom environment is

predictable

When the teacher encouraged his students to write about their trip to the zoo, the students began rehearsal activities. These students were in the stage of the writing process known as

prewriting

A second-grade student wrote a report that answered her research question yet lacked focus; the facts were not presented in a logical sequence. To help this student improve her ability to write a report, the teacher should

provide instruction on using a graphic organizer

A school's reading specialist correctly advised teachers to

provide mini lessons on retelling strategies

Adam's fourth-grade class is starting a thematic unit on space exploration, but Adam cannot independently read the selected trade books. In this situation, Adam's teacher should

provide related books on Adam's reading level

the best way for parents to build their children's vocabulary is to

read to them everyday

the technique that can most directly help students become more fluent readers is

readers theatre

Students learn about the structure of Standard English primarily by

reading

Sixth-grade teacher Debbie Smith gave her students graphic organizers because they needed help to organize their writing. By demonstrating the use of graphic organizers, this teacher provided

scaffolding

To write a biography on Oprah Winfrey, a student gathered information from websites. This student relied upon

secondary sources

As he was planning a literature focus unit, the principal correctly advised the new teacher that he should

select a book that would help him teach the required standards

Teachers develop assessment plans before students begin their research projects. When the projects have been completed, it is most important for students to

self evaluate their achievement and effort

Students in a fifth-grade class have formed literature circles. The most effective way to manage literature circles in the classroom would be to

set a date for completing the books and then monitor progress each day

Before introducing a reading selection, third-grade teacher Amy Jersey wrote five purposes on the whiteboard to guide her students' reading. When the students had difficulty comprehending the text, the principal correctly suggested that it would probably have been more effective to

set a single purpose for reading

Keyboarding skills

should be introduced in the primary grades

he 3 components of fluency are

speed, accuracy and prosody

When a parent asked what steps she could take to improve her daughter's writing, the teacher correctly suggested that writing usually improves when students

spend more time reading

During literature circles, students should read

stories, poetry, and informational books

A fifth-grade teacher has observed that many of the students in her class who are English language learners tend to make the same types of grammatical errors. Of the following, the best way to help these students would be to

teach mini-lessons to help them overcome the mistakes

When effective teachers implement the writing process, they emphasize

what students think and do as they write

The term researchers use to describe a student's interest in learning and using new words is

word consciousness

When selecting words for vocabulary instruction, experienced teachers correctly advised a new colleague that

words have different levels of usefulness

the best way to introduce report writing to children who have never written a report is to

write a collaborative report with the class

Effective teachers encourage students to edit their own work. Students usually find the most success with editing when they

write a composition and lit a few days before editing it

Of the following, the most effective way to focus students' attention on words is to

write important words on word wall charts and post them in the classroom