ELE 6260 (LIT 3)
Language arts teachers use conferences to monitor students' progress. The teacher's role in a conference is to
Be a listener and guide
When teachers scaffold students' reading and work with small groups of students who are reading at the same level or who use similar strategies, they are most likely implementing
Guided reading
Mikki, an English language learner, has enrolled in a public school in Pennsylvania. She has a rich vocabulary in Japanese, but limited English. Research suggests that a student who has a rich vocabulary in her first language will probably
Have less difficulty learning English than would a student with limited vocabulary in the native language
While discussing vocabulary instruction, the school's principal correctly advised a new teacher to focus upon
Helping students understand vocabulary and figurative language in the texts they are reading
Figurative language such as, "It's raining cats and dogs" and "Don't throw the baby out with the bath water" are examples of
Idioms
Ten-year-old Betsy created a picture book about children who lived in Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War. Each page contained a picture, fictional accounts of children's lives, and sidebars with factual information about the time period. This book could best be described as a
Multigenre book
The most effective tool for helping children understand and track the tension in a story is the
Plot Profile
To prepare for student and parent conferences, sixth-grade teacher Eileen Baker and her students compile folders with each student's writing samples and videos of presentations. This action shows that the teacher is monitoring her students' progress by using
Portfolio's
The kindergarten teacher read aloud the poem, I Know an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly. Because the children enjoyed it, the teacher reread the poem and encouraged them to chime in on repetitive lines. This was an example of
Predictable text
The ability to read sentences with appropriate phrasing and intonation is known as
Prosody
In Valerie Adair's third-grade class, each student is able to select his/her own book. After reading their self-selected books independently, the students write responses in their reading logs. This teacher is implementing an approach known as
Reading Workshop
Students often assume roles such as word wizard, illustrator, or passage master when they participate in
Reading and writing workshop
There are four fifth-grade classrooms in the Harris School. To make the language arts assessment process more consistent, the principal and teachers worked together to develop
Rubrics
The one-to-one correspondence between phonemes and graphemes, such that each letter consistently represents one sound is known as
The alphabetic principle
All of the students in Kathy Quinn's class are reading Jerry Spinelli's novel Crash. The teacher has planned many activities based on this novel. These students are participating in
a literature focus unit
When teaching students who are English language learners, it is most helpful to scaffold their learning by using
Visuals such as photographs and maps
After Tom, a fifth-grade student, read the story of Jack and the beanstalk, he pretended that he was the giant and wrote a new ending from the giant's point of view. This activity helped the student understand the writing trait referred to as
Voice
As students become more active participants in discussions, teachers should
ask fewer questions
To help a left-handed student improve her writing, the teacher should
adapt instructional procedures to fit the student's unique needs
When implementing process drama in a classroom, teachers should
ask questions about the dramatic context
Jim, an avid Harry Potter fan, purchased audio versions of the novels and listened to the stories during his family's vacation. When he listened to the novels, Jim was engaged in
aesthetic listening
Writing is a developmental process. Teachers should expect students to become responsible for identifying and correcting grammatical errors
after they have participated in related mini-lessons
the best way to motivate students to conduct research would be to
allow each student to develop his/her research question
Informational texts are
appropriate for students at every grade level
As she was reading the novel Esperanza Rising, Irina recalled her childhood in Mexico. Irina made a personal response to this novel because she applied her
background knowledge
When planning a thematic unit, content-area textbooks should
be one of many resources provided to the students
Fourth-grade teacher Margaret Kelly plans to use a reading workshop approach. Her classroom library should contain
books on a range of reading levels
When the third-grade teacher submitted his lesson plans, the principal correctly stated that wordless picture books
can be used appropriately at all grade levels
Six-year-old Trey read the sentence, "The cow is in the pen." He then picked up a blue pen (writing instrument) on his desk and asked his teacher, "How did the cow get in the pen?" This example shows that Trey did not understand that words
can have multiple meanings
When students become fluent readers, they focus upon
comprehension
Third-grade student Ella wrote the sentence, "It is to cold to go swimming." Ella's sentence shows that she has difficulty with
homonyms
An individual's concept of story begins
in the preschool years
Because research suggests that students learn many words incidentally, teachers at the Crane Elementary School have wisely decided to
increase independent reading opportunities and provide direct vocabulary instruction
the most effective way to help students expand their vocabulary is to
increase opportunities for students to read independently
In the word knit, the RIME is
it
When the teacher explained the use of literature circles in his classroom, a parent asked whether writing would play a role. The teacher correctly explained that
students often write in reading logs while participating in literature circles
To encourage students to vary their word choices and use more interesting and descriptive words in their writing, it would be most effective for a teacher to present a lesson on
synonyms
When a class is using Grand Conversations
talk should be primarily among the students
To establish a writing workshop environment, teachers should
teach and model workshop procedures
During literature circles, children should be grouped according to
the books they have chosen
The underlying meaning of a story is referred to as its
theme
Children in the preschool years usually begin writing by
using scribbles or single letters to represent ideas
A teacher selected 5 fiction titles, gave a book talk about each, and then posted sign-up sheets so that each student could select the book he or she wanted to read. This class was preparing to participate in
literature circles
Before beginning research projects with her students, a third-grade teacher wisely implements many lessons on the use of nonfiction text features. Research has found that recognizing and using nonfiction features improves
reading comprehension
Ten-year-old Matthew selects books from the classroom library, reads independently, and has conferences with his teacher. Matthew is most likely participating in
reading workshop
When grouping students for guided reading, teachers should
regroup the students occasionally because different books place different demands on the reader
The most appropriate time for a teacher to give feedback and offer suggestions on a student's writing is during the
revising stage
Before beginning research projects with her students, a third-grade teacher wisely implements many lessons on the use of nonfiction text features. Research has found that recognizing and using nonfiction features improves
teach students about the differences between nonfiction and fiction
When he read drafts of their stories, third-grade teacher Stephen McCall noticed that his students did not use quotation marks correctly. This teacher should
teach use of quotation marks during the edition stage
Twelve-year-old Samantha completed a research report that had a table of contents, illustrations with captions, a bibliography, and an index. This project showed that the student understood
text features of nonfiction
Graphic novels often accelerate students' reading development because
the illustrations provide context clues to foster meaning and comprehension
A third-grade teacher usually plans instruction that uses the reading process. After working with students who are highly capable and reading above grade level, the teacher correctly observed that
the reading process nurtures capable readers
Research suggests that kindergarten students prefer and should use
the regular-sized pencils used by adults
As the students entered the auditorium for a history presentation, their teacher reminded them to take notes to prepare for a test on the subject. During the presentation, these students were engaged in
efferent listening
the best way to promote students' language development is to
encourage all students to talk freely in the classroom
The best way to help children understand the importance of legible handwriting is to
encourage students to write for a genuine audience
A second-grade teacher has noticed that a few of her students have difficulty retelling stories. They are also shy and reluctant to participate in group discussions. To develop the students' retelling ability and help them participate, the best option would be for this teacher to
encourage the students to use puppets to retell stories
When discussing stories, a teacher noticed that her students seemed to give only lower-level, literal responses. To help her students move beyond literal comprehension, it would be most helpful to use
grand conversations
The teacher motivated Tom to read by giving him books that had the length and depth of novels but were written and illustrated in comic book format. Those books are examples of
graphic novels
A few students in Joan Chalker's class who are English language learners are having difficulty understanding story structure. The most effective way to help them would be to use
graphic organizers that help students visually represent story structures
Research suggests that students with less effective oral language abilities tend to
have less effective written language abilities
Research suggests that during language arts instruction, children are more highly motivated to participate when they
have opportunities to select their own books
It is most important for teachers to always
Determine the students' background knowledge before beginning instruction
There are 20 students in Kathy Gumb's fourth-grade class. Their instructional reading levels range from grade 2 to grade 9. To plan instruction, the best option would be to
Differentiate instruction
The process of learning to read and write begins very early in life. This current approach to language arts instruction in kindergarten through first grade reflects the process known as
Emergent literacy
After she read a book aloud to the class, new teacher Kathy Sites saw 2 students reading it together during a recess period. the most effective action for this teacher to take would be to
Encourage the students to continue rereading so that they could make a deeper connection with the book
hird-grade teacher Dianna Sands believes that her students need more feedback to expand their ideas and add more details to their writing. The best way to help her students receive more feedback would be to
Encourage the students to form and participate in writing groups
Four-year-old Stephen smiled when he saw the logo for his favorite cereal. Logos on cereal boxes, toy stores, and fast-food restaurants are known as
Environmental Print
Teachers in the Bell School District are working together to integrate language arts instruction with science instruction. The most appropriate and effective instructional pattern to accomplish this goal would be
thematic units
During writing workshop, students write on topics
they select
Teachers can most effectively use retellings to determine a child's
understanding of a story structure
the most authentic way to help students learn the letters of the alphabet would be to
use environmental print and the children's names
Capable Readers
use strategies
Students who are English language learners
use the same writing process that native speakers use
When writing reports, students should
use the steps of the writing process
The visual language modes are linked to listening, talking, reading, and writing because all 6 language arts are
used for communication
The language barrier is significantly reduced for English language learners when they use
visual language
In the English language, there are approximately
44 phonemes
A student's ability to determine the meaning of new words is helped by his
Background knowledge
When developing a language arts program for students who are English language learners, teachers should first focus upon
Building background knowledge
After visiting a supermarket, a first-grade teacher and her students sat together and took turns holding the pen and writing sentences about their experience. This group participated in
Interactive writing
Extensive reading can improve a child's writing ability primarily because by reading, children
Learn how writers craft stories
In Becky Strong's fifth-grade classroom, some students enjoy reading books by Lois Lowry; others like the work of Jerry Spinelli; and a third group prefers books written by Donna Jo Napoli. The best way for this teacher to provide choice and opportunities for discussion would be to implement
Literature Circles
Mrs. Seidel's third-grade class is reading a novel, The Trumpet of the Swan, and completing many related activities. Because the entire class is reading the same novel, they are participating in a
Literature Focus Unit
A kindergarten teacher has observed that most of his students are unable to write letters or words. This teacher should
Provide pencils and crayons to encourage writing
Several students who are English language learners have enrolled in Carol Bader's third-grade class. The principal has correctly advised this teacher to
Provide time for English language learners to talk with classmates
A sixth-grade teacher wanted to discuss the novel Because of Winn-Dixie with her students. Because the teacher felt that her students would have no difficulty with the vocabulary and could read the novel without teacher support, the teacher wisely decided to
Provide time for the students to read the novel independently
When 8-year-old Renee said, "The polar bear tumbled down the hill like a slippery snowball," she used a
Simile
Research suggests that children are better listeners when they become involved in a story
While the teacher is reading aloud
Although they could not yet write business letters independently, a group of third-grade students were able to write business letters with their teacher's assistance. Consequently, this task fell within the students
Zone of proximal development
When 6-year-old Carla encountered a new word, she inferred its meaning by using the surrounding words and sentences. In that situation, the student used
context clues
Tim, a struggling reader, tried to use a dictionary when he encountered unfamiliar words, but he was unable to read the definitions. The teacher could best assist Tim by providing
access to an electronic dictionary with speech features
Before reading aloud a text about marine life, the teacher asked her students to share their memories about a recent field trip to a New Jersey beach. This suggests that the teacher's goal was to
activate background knowledge
During writing workshop, teachers should
allow students to conference with peers
the most effective way to link social studies instruction with language arts instruction would be to encourage students to
analyze political cartoons
Students must apply their background knowledge when
analyzing a political cartoon
The terms skills and strategies are not synonymous. Skills differ from strategies because skills are used
automatically
Classroom discussions are most effective and successful when teachers
create a climate of trust
While studying the life of Abraham Lincoln, 11-year-old Sheila read a book that contained pictures, simulated journal entries, maps, timelines, and expository text. A book with those elements could be classified as a
multigenre book
the best way to monitor students' understanding of stories would be to
conference with students as they compose stories
The goal of both the reading process and the writing process is
constructing meaning
A sixth-grade class listened to several radio commercials for video games and then discussed the concept of truth in advertising. These students were engaged in
critical listening
The sixth-grade students in Kathy Smyth's class gathered many facts about the Vikings, but they had difficulty preparing an organized presentation. In this situation, it would be most helpful for the teacher to present a minilesson on
data charts
During handwriting instruction, the teacher should
demonstrate and provide feedback
Although the students were eager to begin researching on the Internet, their teacher correctly advised them that before gathering facts they should
design research questions
Which of the following is an authentic research activity for a first-grade class?
determining the best type of food for their pet hamster
The preschool director urged parents to read aloud to their children because by listening to stories, children
develop a concept of story
the most appropriate way to monitor students' progress during reading workshop would be to
develop a schedule for conferencing with students
During the emergent literacy stage, children
develop reading and writing abilities concurrently
Because 3-year-old Shelia showed growth in phonemic awareness, her teacher stated that she had shown progress in
discriminative listening
When teachers engage children in phonemic awareness activities, they focus upon the children's ability to
distinguish sounds
The best way to help students work independently, as well as understand the expectations and manner in which they will be assessed, would be for a teacher to
distribute a checklist of requirements when an assignment is introduced
Although the classroom community evolves during the school year, effective teachers lay the foundation
during the first 2 weeks of instruction
Teachers should read aloud
narrative and informational texts to give students a variety of experiences
As she was planning her daily schedule, the principal correctly advised a new teacher that vocabulary instruction is
essential for all students
Students in Kate Kane's second-grade class develop a love of research and confidence in their writing ability. Research suggests that effective teachers motivate children to engage in research and improve their writing skills by
establishing a climate inquiry
For a writing workshop approach to be successful, teachers must
explain and model the rules and procedures
Nonfiction books are organized in
expository text structures
Punctuation marks signal grammatical boundaries and _
express meaning
When the students were selecting books for their literature circles, their teacher correctly advised them that
fiction and nonfiction can be used in literature circles
During an indoor recess period, a teacher noticed that a small group of students made puppets and developed a story. The teacher's next step should be to
find an opportunity for the students to perform their puppet show for an audience
The novel Sarah, Plain and Tall, is told through the eyes of Anna, the oldest child; Anna is the narrator. This is an example of
first person viewpoint
Illustrators who model their art on the style of a region, country, or cultural group are using
folk art
Categories of literature are referred to as
genres
In September, the teacher met with 9-year-old Jackson every morning to help him set purposes for reading. By December, Jackson seemed able to set purposes independently, so the principal correctly advised the teacher to
gradually release this responsibility to Jackson
Sixth-grade students in Nancy Loving's class did not use context clues when they encountered unfamiliar words. The most effective way to teach these students about context clues would be to
have the teacher model use of context clues as she reads aloud
Ten-year-old Tara began her new story by saying, "When I won the gold medal, I screamed so loud that my grandmother could hear me a hundred miles away." That sentence contains an example of
herperbole
A new kindergarten teacher conducted daily 10-minute phonics drills. After observing in the classroom, the principal correctly stated that
instruction should be embedded in authentic literacy experiences
Texts which present some challenging vocabulary and concepts that may require explanation are judged to be at a child's
instructional level
Research suggests that the most effective grammar instruction is
integrated with reading and writing instruction
It is important for students to learn to recognize common symbols such as $, @, or &, primarily so that they can
interpret posters, charts, and graphs
When she wrote a story, 5-year-old Brooke wrote thay for they and sed for said. These examples show that Brooke's writing contained
invented spelling
When a new teacher was developing a handwriting assessment plan, experienced teachers correctly advised her to
involve students in developing the checklist
When implementing an interactive read-aloud, it is most important to
involve students in the activity
The Common Core Standards
make nonfiction a priority
Teachers at the Ranch Hope Elementary School have set a goal to help students expand their vocabulary. the best way to measure the students' vocabulary development would be to
make notes on the students' ability to use words in meaningful ways
When the teacher helped her students correct errors in capitalization, punctuation, and spelling, she was focusing upon
mechanics
When the teacher noticed that her students had difficulty creating realistic characters in their stories, she wisely discussed examples in
mentor books
When students reflect upon their learning styles and become aware of what they know and don't know, they are using
metacognition
Reading workshop becomes more than just reading practice when teachers provide
minilessons on strategies and skills
Before students begin to work in revising groups, teachers should
model appropriate types of revising suggestions
To help students use content-area textbooks more effectively, teachers should
model expository text-reading strategies
A third-grade teacher announced a research topic and then divided his students into small groups to begin their work. Later, he was disappointed to see that the students had difficulty completing the assignment together. More experienced teachers correctly advised that the teacher could best develop the students' research skills by
modeling the process by developing and answering a research question
When his students encountered many unfamiliar words in the novel The Secret School, fourth-grade teacher Scott Daniel correctly chose to teach only the
most useful words
During literature circles, teachers should
occasionally participate in grand conversations
The smallest units of sound are called
phonemes
Sue Bader developed a lesson plan to help students understand the CVC pattern by demonstrating its use in the words cat and kit. This is an example of a
phonics lesson
the most authentic way to teach grammar is to
point out parts of speech in the books the students are discussing
Students feel comfortable, safe, and more willing to take risks when the classroom environment is
predictable
When the teacher encouraged his students to write about their trip to the zoo, the students began rehearsal activities. These students were in the stage of the writing process known as
prewriting
A second-grade student wrote a report that answered her research question yet lacked focus; the facts were not presented in a logical sequence. To help this student improve her ability to write a report, the teacher should
provide instruction on using a graphic organizer
A school's reading specialist correctly advised teachers to
provide mini lessons on retelling strategies
Adam's fourth-grade class is starting a thematic unit on space exploration, but Adam cannot independently read the selected trade books. In this situation, Adam's teacher should
provide related books on Adam's reading level
the best way for parents to build their children's vocabulary is to
read to them everyday
the technique that can most directly help students become more fluent readers is
readers theatre
Students learn about the structure of Standard English primarily by
reading
Sixth-grade teacher Debbie Smith gave her students graphic organizers because they needed help to organize their writing. By demonstrating the use of graphic organizers, this teacher provided
scaffolding
To write a biography on Oprah Winfrey, a student gathered information from websites. This student relied upon
secondary sources
As he was planning a literature focus unit, the principal correctly advised the new teacher that he should
select a book that would help him teach the required standards
Teachers develop assessment plans before students begin their research projects. When the projects have been completed, it is most important for students to
self evaluate their achievement and effort
Students in a fifth-grade class have formed literature circles. The most effective way to manage literature circles in the classroom would be to
set a date for completing the books and then monitor progress each day
Before introducing a reading selection, third-grade teacher Amy Jersey wrote five purposes on the whiteboard to guide her students' reading. When the students had difficulty comprehending the text, the principal correctly suggested that it would probably have been more effective to
set a single purpose for reading
Keyboarding skills
should be introduced in the primary grades
he 3 components of fluency are
speed, accuracy and prosody
When a parent asked what steps she could take to improve her daughter's writing, the teacher correctly suggested that writing usually improves when students
spend more time reading
During literature circles, students should read
stories, poetry, and informational books
A fifth-grade teacher has observed that many of the students in her class who are English language learners tend to make the same types of grammatical errors. Of the following, the best way to help these students would be to
teach mini-lessons to help them overcome the mistakes
When effective teachers implement the writing process, they emphasize
what students think and do as they write
The term researchers use to describe a student's interest in learning and using new words is
word consciousness
When selecting words for vocabulary instruction, experienced teachers correctly advised a new colleague that
words have different levels of usefulness
the best way to introduce report writing to children who have never written a report is to
write a collaborative report with the class
Effective teachers encourage students to edit their own work. Students usually find the most success with editing when they
write a composition and lit a few days before editing it
Of the following, the most effective way to focus students' attention on words is to
write important words on word wall charts and post them in the classroom