electrolyte imbalances

The nurse is preparing a presentation for a group of adults at a local community center about diabetes. Which of the following would the nurse include as associated with type 2 diabetes?

Insufficient insulin production

NPH insulin

Intermediate-acting insulin Onset: 2-4hr, peak: 4-12 hr, duration 16-20 hr

a nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing resp distress as a result of pulmonary edema. which of the following actions should the nurse take first?

initiate high flow oxygen therapy. when using the abc approach to client care, the nurse should first administer high flow O2 therapy by face at 5 to 6 l/min to keep the client's o2 sats above 90%

a nurse is caring for a client who requires continuous cardiac monitoring. the nurse identifies a prolonged PR interval and widened QRS complex. which of the following lab values supports this finding?

potassium 6.1 mEq/L hyperkalemia defined as a potassium level above 5.0 mEq/L can cause a prolonged PR interval, a wide QRS complex, flat or absent P waves, and tall peaked T waves.

A nurse is teaching a client with adrenal insufficiency about corticosteroids. Which statement by the client indicates a need for additional teaching?

"I may stop taking this medication when I feel better."

After teaching a client with type 1 diabetes who is scheduled to undergo an islet cell transplant, which client statement indicates successful teaching?

"I might need insulin later on but probably not as much or as often."

hypotonic solution

0.45% sodium chloride

the healthcare provider has prescribed a hypotonic IV solution for a pt. which IV solution should the nurse administer.

0.45% sodium chloride

A nurse is providing education to a client who is newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. What are classic symptoms associated with diabetes?

increased thirst, hunger, and urination

about 50% of the total blood volume is

plasma

the major positively charged ion intracellular fluid is

potassium

oliguria

Decreased urine output

Hematrocrit normal ranges

Infants: 44-62% Children: 35-47% Adult males: 40-50% Adult females: 36-45%

myxedema coma.

extreme hypothyroidism(abrupt med cessation), rare with a high mortality rate = decreased cardiac output leads to decreased tissue perfusion which leads to brain and organ depletion leading to multi-organ failure

pts with which conditions are at great risk for deficient fluid volume.

fever of 103 extensive burns continuous fistula drainage comatose condition

A nurse is teaching a client recovering from diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) about management of "sick days." The client asks the nurse why it is important to monitor the urine for ketones. Which statement is the nurse's best response?

"Ketones accumulate in the blood and urine when fat breaks down in the absence of insulin. Ketones signal an insulin deficiency that will cause the body to start breaking down stored fat for energy."

A client newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus asks why he needs ketone testing when the disease affects his blood glucose levels. How should the nurse respond?

"Ketones will tell us if your body is using other tissues for energy."

a nurse is caring for a client who has a sodium level of 155 mEq/L. which of the following IV fluids should the nurse anticipate the provider to prescribe?

0.45% sodium chloride a NA level of 155 mEq/L is an indication of hypernatremia. the nurse should anticipate a prescription for a hypotonic solution. the 0.45% sodium chloride is a hypotonic solution used to provide free water and treat cellular dehydration, which promotes waste elimination by the kidneys

creatinine levels

0.6-1.2 mg/dL

a nurse is admitting a client who takes 40mg furosemide daily for heart failure and has experienced 3 days of vomiting. the nurse suspects hypokalemia. which of the following medications should the nurse prepare to administer?

0.9% sodium chloride with 10mEq/l of potassium chloride at 100ml/hr the iv solution provides adequate fluid and potassium replacement to offset the losses from vomiting. the typical amount of potassium chloride to administer IV is 5 to 10mEq/hr. not to exceed 20 mEq/hr. the dilution should be 1 mEq of potassium chloride to 10ml of 0.9 sodium chloride.

a nurse is providing dietary teaching to a client who has HF and is receiving furosemide. which of the following foods should the nurse recommend as containing the greatest amount of potassium

1 cup plain yogurt one cup of plain yogurt contains 380 g of potassium. therefore the nurse should recommend this food as containing the greatest amount of potassium.

Normal specific gravity of urine

1.010-1.025

the avg daily urinary output in an adult is

1.5-2 liters

A client with diabetes mellitus has a blood glucose level of 40 mg/dL. Which rapidly absorbed carbohydrate would be most effective?

1/2 cup fruit juice or regular soft drink

BUN levels

10-20 mg/dL

on admission a pt with pulmonary edema weighed 151lbs now the pt's wt is 149lbs. assuming the pt was wted both times with the same clothing. same scale, and same time of day, how many milliliters of fluid does the nurse estimate the pt has lost.

1000ml =2.2 lbs/1 kilo

Sodium

135-145 mEq/L

the output is approximately 1 ml of urine per kilogram of body wt. per hour(1mL/kg/h) in all age groups

150x1=150 per hour for myself

Phosphorus levels

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

Bicarbonate levels

22-26 mEq/L

HCO3 levels

22-26 mEq/L

during an 8 hour shift a client drinks two 6 ounce cups of tea and vomits 125ml of fluid. IV fluids absorbed equaled the urinary output.. what is the clients fluid balance during this 8 hour period?

235ml.

call dr if your blood sugar is over

250 MG/DL

Potassium

3.5-5.0

PaCO2 normal range

35-45 mm Hg

the total blood volume circulating in our body is

6 liters.

about -------% of total body fluid is in the intracellular space.

66%

blood sugar normal range

70-110 mg/dl

Calcium levels

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

Cloride (Cl-)

97-107 mEq/L

Which of the following hormones controls secretion of adrenal androgens?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

_________ made up of urea. is an end product of protein(muscle and dietary) and metabolism by the liver .

Blood urea nitrogen BUN.

The actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) are increased in the presence of which vitamin?

D

Isotonic solutions

D5W, NS (0.9% NaCl), Ringers Lactated

Which information should be included in the teaching plan for a client receiving glargine, which is "peakless" basal insulin?

Do not mix with other insulins.

A health care provider suspects that a thyroid nodule may be malignant. The nurse knows to prepare information for the patient based on the usual test that will be ordered to establish a diagnosis. What is that test?

fine needle biopsy of the thyroid gland.

The nurse is caring for a client with diabetes who developed hypoglycemia. What can the nurse administer to the client to raise the blood sugar level?

Glucagon

a nurse is reviewing the lab report of a client who has fluid volume excess. which of the following lab values should the nurse expect?

HCT 34% The nurse should identify that a client who has fluid volume excess can have an HCT level that is below the expected reference range. of 37% to 47% for females or 42% to 52% for males. fluid volume excess can cause hemodilution and decreased HCT level.

a nurse is teaching nutritional strategies to a client who has a low calcium level and an allergy to milk. which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?

I will add broccoli and kale to my diet. the nurse should recommend that the client consume broccoli and kale, which are good sources of calcium, and alternatives to dairy products.

A nurse is caring for a client who was recently diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism. Which statement by the client indicates the need for additional discharge teaching?

I will increase my fluid and calcium intake."

a nurse is providing teaching to a client who is at risk for developing resp acidosis following surgery. which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?

I will use the incentive spirometer every hour. resp depression and limited chest expansion are both causes of resp acidosis. using an incentive spirometer will promote adequate chest expansion.

Causes of Hyponatremia

Increased sodium excretion ~Excessive diaphoresis ~Diuretics ~Vomiting and Diarrhea ~Wound drainage ~Renal disease ~Decreased secretion of aldosterone Inadequate sodium intake ~NPO ~Low salt diet Dilution of serum sodium ~excessive ingestion of hypotonic fluids or irrigation with hypotonic fluids ~Renal failure ~Freshwater drowning ~Syndrome of Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion ~Hyperglycemia ~CHF

A patient is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. What clinical characteristics does the nurse expect to see in this patient? Select all that apply.

Little endogenous insulin Younger than 30 years of age Ketosis-prone

Hemoglobin levels

Male= 13.2-17.3 g/dL Female= 11.7-16 g/dL

Hypocalcemia is associated with which of the following manifestations?

Muscle twitching

The nurse is preparing to administer intermediate-acting insulin to a patient with diabetes. Which insulin will the nurse administer?

NPH

A nurse expects to find which signs and symptoms in a client experiencing hypoglycemia?

Nervousness, diaphoresis, and confusion

A nurse is caring for a client who had a thyroidectomy and is at risk for hypocalcemia. What should the nurse do?

Observe for muscle twitching and numbness or tingling of the lips, fingers, and toes.

Which of the following assessments should the nurse perform to determine the development of peptic ulcers when caring for a patient with Cushing's syndrome?

Observe the color of stool.

a nurse is caring for a client who reports difficulty breathing and tingling in both hands. his resp rate is 35/min and he appears very restless. which of the following values should the nurse anticipate to be outside the expected reference range if the client is experiencing resp alkalosis

PaCO2 the nurse should anticipate that a client who has resp alkalosis will have a decreased PaCO2 level due to hyperventilation.

Which glands regulate calcium and phosphorous metabolism?

Parathyroid

Hyperglycemia S/S

Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, blurred vision, weakness, weight loss, syncope, drowsiness, hunger, dry skin

A nurse is teaching a diabetic support group about the causes of type 1 diabetes. The teaching is determined to be effective when the group is able to attribute which factor as a cause of type 1 diabetes?

Presence of autoantibodies against islet cells

Which clinical characteristic is associated with type 1 diabetes (previously referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)?

Presence of islet cell antibodies

A client with type 1 diabetes mellitus is receiving short-acting insulin to maintain control of blood glucose levels. In providing glucometer instructions, the nurse would instruct the client to use which site for most accurate findings?

finger

Glulisine (Apidra)

Rapid acting, Onset: 5-15 minutes, Peak: 30-60 min, Duration: 2 hours Used for rapid reduction of glucose level, to treat postprandial hyperglycemia, and/or to prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia

A patient has been newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and the nurse is assisting with the development of a meal plan. What step should be taken into consideration prior to making the meal plan?

Reviewing the patient's diet history to identify eating habits and lifestyle and cultural eating patterns

After being sick for 3 days, a client with a history of diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The nurse should evaluate which diagnostic test results to prevent dysrhythmias?

Serum potassium level

the nurse is giving discharge instructions to the pt with advanced CHF. who is at continued risk for fluid volume excess? for which physical change does the nurse instruct the pt to call the health care provider.

greater than 3lbs gained in a week or greater than 1 to 2 lbs gained in a 24 hr period.

hypotonic

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water

Which of the following factors would a nurse identify as a most likely cause of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in a client with diabetes?

The client has eaten and has not taken or received insulin.

glargine(lantus) and detemir (levemir)(toujeo)

Very Long-Acting Insulin onset 1-6 hours peak continuous no peak duration 24-36 hrs

the nurse is caring for several pt at risk for falls because of fluid and electrolyte imbalances. which task related to pt safety and fall prevention does the nurse delegate to the UAP.

help the incontinent pt to toilet every 1 to 2 hours.

retinopathy

a complication of diabetes in which the small blood vessels that nourish the retina in the eye are damaged

insulin pump

a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion device that delivers insulin on a 24 hr basis

diabetes

a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

ketone

a highly acidic substance formed when the liver breaks down free fatty acids in the absence of insulin

nuropathy

a long term complication of diabetes resulting from damage of the nerve cell.

glycated hemoglobin (A1c) or HGBA

a measure of glucose control that is a result of glucose molecule attaching to hemoglobin for the life of the red blood cells (120 days)

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

a metabolic derangement in type 1 diabetes that results from a deficiency of insulin; highly acidic ketone bodies are formed, resulting in acidosis

type 1 diabetes

a metabolic disorder characterized by an absence of insulin production and secretion from autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas; formerly called insulin dependent diabetes, or juvenile diabetes.,

type 2 diabetes

a metabolic disorder characterized by the relative deficiency of insulin production and a decreased insulin action and increased insulin resistance. Formerly called non-insulin-dependent, adult-onset, or type II diabetes.

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)

a metabolic disorder of type 2 diabetes resulting from a relative insulin deficiency initiated by an illness that raises the demand for insulin.

impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)

a metabolic stage intermediate between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes; referred to as prediabetes.

self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)

a method of capillary blood glucose testing

hypertonic

a solution that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis

isotonic

a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)

a subtype of diabetes

For a client with hyperthyroidism, treatment is most likely to include:

a thyroid hormone antagonist.

the ED nurse is caring for a pt who was brought in for significant alky intoxication and minor trauma to the wrist. what will serial hematocrits for this pt will likely show.

hemoconcentration

Bun is affected by

hemorrhage or hypovolemia

_________ the pressure created by the weight of fluid against the wall that contains it. (pressure in blood vessels results from the wt. of the fluid itself and the force resulting from cardiac contraction.

hydrostatic pressure.

a nurse is assessing a client who has hypomagnesemia. which of the following findings should the nurse expect

hyperactive Deep tendon reflexes hyperactive deep tendon reflexes are an expected finding for a client who has hypomagnesemia. Other expected findings include muscle cramps, numbness and tingling.

5% Dextrose in Normal Saline (D5NS)

hypertonic

5% dextrose in water

hypertonic

A client with diabetes mellitus is receiving an oral antidiabetic agent. The nurse observes for which symptom when caring for this client?

hypoglycemia

0.45% NaCl

hypotonic

Prediabetes

impaired glucose metabolism in which blood glucose concentrations fall between normal levels and those considered diagnostic for diabetes; includes impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, not clinical entities in their own right but risk factors for future diabetes and cardiovascular disease

while reviewing a client's lab results, a nurse notes a serum Ca lvl of 8.0mg/dl. which of the following actions should the nurse take

implement seizure precautions the client is at risk for seizures due to low excitation threshold as a result of a decreased Ca Level. the nurse should initiate seizure precautions to prevent injury.

When administering insulin to a client with type 1 diabetes, which of the following would be most important for the nurse to keep in mind?

accuracy of the dosage

a nurse is planning care for a client who has experienced excessive fluid loss. which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan of care

administer iv fluids to the client evenly over 24 hr. a client who has excessive fluid loss is typically prescribed IV replacement fluids. Administering IV fluids rapidly over a short time places the client at risk for fluid volume overload. encourage the client to rise slowly when standing up. this action can prevent injury from falls caused by orthostatic hypotension. weigh the client every 8 hr weighing the client every 8 hr will provide information regarding fluid balance.

A nurse is caring for a diabetic patient with a diagnosis of nephropathy. What would the nurse expect the urinalysis report to indicate?

albumin

a practitioner orders 1000ml TPN to be infused over 12 hrs via a subclavian catheter. when preparing the equipment it is most important for the nurse to obtain.

an infusion pump.

gestational diabetes

any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy

a pt is at risk for fluid volume excess and dependent edema. which task does the nurse delegate to the UAP.

assist the pt to change position every 2 hour

a nurse is caring for a client who is receiving furosemide daily. during the morning assessment, the client tells the nurse that he is feeling weak in the legs. which of the following actions should the nurse take first?

auscultate the client's lungs an adverse effect of many diuretics, including furosomide, is hypokalemia. when using the airway breathing circulation approach to client care. the nurse should first auscultate the client's lungs to assess for resp changes due to weakness of the resp muscle.

A client with severe hypoparathyroidism is experiencing tetany. What medication, prescribed by the physician for emergency use, will the nurse administer to correct the deficit?

calcium gluconate

the nurse is caring for a pt with hypovolemia secondary to severe diarrhea and vomiting. in eval the resp system for this pt. what does the nurse expect to assess.

increased resp rate, because the body is try to compensate.

a nurse is assessing a client who has a Ca level of 8.1 mg/dL. which of the following findings is the priority for the nurse to assess?

cardiac rhythm when using the ABC approach to client care, the nurse should first assess the client's cardiac rhythm because this total serum Ca level is below the expected reference range. hypocalcemia can cause ECG changes, bradycardia, or tachycardia.

what systemic complications should the nurse monitor in pt receiving IV therapy.

circulatory overload. air embolism febrile reaction

fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

blood glucose determination obtained in the laboratory after fasting for at least 8 hours

kidney function tests

blood urea nitrogen (BUN) can be affected by hemorrhage. and creatinine. not affected by any factor at all.

a nurse is caring for a client who has dehydration and is receiving IV fluids. when assessing for complications, the nurse should recognize which of the following manifestations as a sign of fluid overload?

bounding peripheral pulses the nurse should recognize that increased vascular volume results in full bounding peripheral pulses.

urine osmolality range

but average is about 500 - 800 mOsm. After an overnight fast, the urine osmolality should be at least 3 times the serum osmolality.

a nurse is assessing a client who has resp acidosis. which of the following findings should the nurse expect?

confusion a client who has resp acidosis will experience confusion from a lack of cerebral perfusion. if acidosis is not reversed, the client's level of consciousness will decrease, and coma can occur.

___________ is the end product of protein metabolism and is a better indicator of renal function.

creatinine. in the blood.

Comprises the intravascular, interstitial, and transcellular fluid

extravascular fluid

a client with hyperpyrexia who has just been started on iv abx has a diminished urine output. what is the probable cause of the diminished urine output.

declining blood pressure.

a nurse is assessing a client who has hyperkalemia. which of the following findings should the nurse expect.

decreased muscle strength the nurse should expect the client to experience muscle weakness. fatigue, paresthesia and nausea.

the process by which solutes move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

defusion

hypertonic solution

dextrose 5% in 1/2 normal saline dextrose 5% in normal saline dextrose 10% in water

During an assessment of a client's functional health pattern, which question by the nurse directly addresses the client's thyroid function?

do you experience fatigue even if you have slept a long time.

never massage the legs

due to maybe dislodging a blood clot.

a 70 wr old client is admitted for dehydration and an IV infusion of normal saline at 125 ml/hr STARTED. ONE HOUR later the client begins screaming I can't breathe. the nurse should

elevate the head of the bed and obtain vital signs.

hyperglycemia

elevated blood glucose level over 200mg/dl

the nurse is reviewing orders for several pts wgo have risk for fluid volume excess. for which pt condition does the nurse question an order for diuretics.

end stage renal disease

Humulin N, Novolin N

intermediate acting insulin onset 3-4 hours peak 4-12 hours duration 16-20 hours.

when IV therapy is indicated and peripheral vein cannot be accessed. a central vein will be needed for IV access. The nurse will anticipate that the ____________ vein or the _________vien will be cannulated

internal jugular vein. subclavian vein.

Comprises fluid surrounding cell

interstitial fluid

third space fluid shift.

intravascular fluid volume deficit.

space where plasma is contained

intravascular space

Normal Saline (NS) is

isotonic

Lantus (insulin glargine)

long acting insulin

nephropathy

long-term complication of diabetes that involves damage to the cells of the kidneys and eventually leads to end-stage renal disease

Hypoglycemia

low blood glucose level under 50 mg/dl

the nurse is assessing a pt's urine specific gravity. the value is 1.035. how does the nurse interpret this result.

lower number is dilute. higher number is concentration. answer is dehydration. number is higher than normal.

A nurse is assessing a client who has dehydration. which of the following assessments is the priority?

mental status the greatest risk to this client is injury from a fall due to a decline in their mental status.

an older adult pt at risk for fluid ad electrolyte problems is vigilantly monitored by the nurse for the 1st indication of a fluid balance problem. what is the indication?

mental status changes/behavior

hcos- below 22 mEq/L is a indication of

metabolic acidosis.

A client is receiving long-term treatment with high-dose corticosteroids. Which of the following would the nurse expect the client to exhibit?

moon face

An incoherent client with a history of hypothyroidism is brought to the emergency department by the rescue squad. Physical and laboratory findings reveal hypothermia, hypoventilation, respiratory acidosis, bradycardia, hypotension, and nonpitting edema of the face and periorbital area. Knowing that these findings suggest severe hypothyroidism, the nurse prepares to take emergency action to prevent the potential complication of:

myxedema coma.

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT)

nutritional therapy prescribed for management of diabetes that usually is administered by a registered dietician

the nurse is working in a LTC facility where there are numerous pts who are immobile and at risk for dehydration. which task is best to delegate to the unlicensed assistive personnel.

offer the pt a choice of fluids every 1 to 2 hours.

a nurse is providing dietary teaching to a client who has kidney disease. which of the following food choices should the nurse include in the teaching as containing the lowest amount of mg.

one hard boiled egg. contains 5 mg of Mg. therefore the nurse should recommend this food as containing the lowest amount of Mg.

a nurse is planning care for a client who has a potassium level of 3.0 mEq/L the nurse should plan to monitor the client for which of the following findings.

orthostatic hypertension the nurse should plan to monitor the client for orthostatic hypotension, which places them at risk for falls, orthostatic hypotension is a manifestation of hypokalemia

the number of milliosmoless(the standard unit of osmotic pressure) per kilo of solvent is ______________ expressed as mOsm/kg talking about kilogram

osmolality

the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution is _______ expressed as mOsm/L

osmolarity

the process by which fluid moves across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solutes concentration to an area of high solute concentration

osmosis.

--------is the amount of hydrostatic pressure needed to stop the flow of water by osmosis primarily determined by the concentration of solutes.

osmotic pressure

a nurse is caring for a client who requires NG suctioning. which of the following sets of lab results indicates that the client has metabolic alkalosis

pH 7.51 PaO2 94mm Hg, PaCO2 36 mm Hg, 31 mEq/L

PaO2

partial pressure of oxygen 80-100 mm HG

a nurse is reviewing the AGB results for four clients. which of the following findings should the nurse identify as metabolic acidosis.

ph 7.26 PaO2 84 mm Hg, PaCO2 38 mm Hg, HCO3 20 Meq/L

Vision and visual fields are altered in disorders of which of the following endocrine glands?

pituitary

a nurse is assessing a client who is using PCA following a thoracotomy. the client is short of breath. appears restless and has a resp rate of 28/min. the client's abg results are PH 7.52, pAo2 89MM HG, pACO2 28mm hg. and HCO3 24mEq/L which of the following actions should the nurse take.

provide calming interventions the client's resp rate is above the expected reference range of 12-20/min. the nurse should instruct the client to breath slowly, calming the client should decrease resp rate. which will cause the client's carbon dioxide levels to increase to expected levels of 35-45 mm Hg and lower the pH to expected levels of 7.35 to 7.45

Aspart(Novolog)

rapid acting onset 5-15 min peak 40-50 min duration 2-4 hours

Lispro (Humalog)

rapid acting insulin onset 10-15 min peak 1 hr duration 2-4 hrs

NG irrigations are ordered for a client after ABD surgery. the nurse instills 30 ml of saline solution and 10 ml is returned. the nurse should

record 20ml as intake.

A client is admitted to the unit with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which insulin would the nurse expect to administer intravenously?

regular

The nurse is administering an insulin drip to a patient in ketoacidosis. What insulin does the nurse know is the only one that can be used intravenously?

regular

A nurse is admitting a client who has statue asthmaticus. the client's abg results are pH 7.32, Pa02 74mm Hg, PaCO2 56mm Hg, and HCO3-26 mEq/L the nurse should interpret these lab values as which of the following imbalances?

resp acidosis status asthmaticus causes inadequate gas exchange, resulting in a low pH and Pa02, and an HCO2- within the expected reference range. these lab values indicate resp acidoisis

Patients with hyperthyroidism are characteristically:

sensitive to heat

The diabetic client asks the nurse why shoes and socks are removed at each office visit. Which assessment finding is most significant in determining the protocol for inspection of feet?

sensory neuropathy

a nurse is reviewing the medical record of a client who has DM and is receiving regular insulin by continuous IV infusion to tx DKA. which of the following findings should the nurse report to the provider.

serum potassium 3.0mEq/l this serum potassium level is below the expected reference range. Hypokalemia is a serous complication that can occur when a client who has DKA is receiving insulin to tx. the condition. the nurse should report this finding to the provider.

Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)

short acting insulin onset 30-60 min peak 2-3 hrs duration 4-6 hrs

a nurse is monitoring a client who is receiving an iv infusion. what is a serious complication of iv therapy.

shortness of breath with wheezing.

a nurse is assessing a client who has a phosphorus level of 2.4 mg/dl. which of the following findings should the nurse to expect?

slow peripheral pulses this phosphorus level is below the expected reference range. the nurse should expect the client to have slow peripheral pulses. the nurse might also find that the client's pulses are difficult to find and easy to block.

the major positively charged ion extracellular fluid is

sodium

a nurse is assessing a client who is receiving HCTZ and notes that the client is confused and lethargic. which of the following lab values should the nurse report to the provider.

sodium 128 mEq/L the level is below the expected reference range of 135 to 145 mEq/L and is the likely cause of the client's altered mental status. the nurse should report this finding to the provider and monitor the client for the weakened resp effort.

a nurse is evaluating a client who is receiving IV fluids to tx dehydration. which of the following lab findings indicates that the fl

sodium 142 mEq/L a sodium level of 142 mEq/L is within the expected reference range of 136 to 145 mEq mEq/L and indicates that the fluid therapy has been effective.

______________ measures the kidney's ability to conserve or excrete water.

specific gravity of urine.

a pt has been involved in a traumatic accident and is hemorrhaging from multiple sites. the nurse expects that the compensatory mechanisms associated with hypovolemia would cause what clinical manifestations

tachycardia oliguria tachypnea.

The nurse is caring for a patient with hyperthyroidism who suddenly develops symptoms related to thyroid storm. What symptoms does the nurse recognize that are indicative of this emergency?

temp of 102'F

glycemic index

the amount a given food increases the blood glucose level compared with an equivalent amount of glucose

Insulin

the hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; a deficiency of insulin results in diabetes.

causes of hyperglycemia

too much food, ill, too little insulin, decreased activity, infection, stress

what lab findings does the nurse determine are consistent with hypovolemia in a female pt?

urine specific gravity of 1.027 hct level of >47% urine osmolality of >450 mOsm.kg

a nurse is providing teaching to a client who has venous insufficiency of the lower extremities. which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching.

when I sit down to watch tv. I ll be sure to put my feet up. venous insufficiency makes it difficult for blood flow to return to the heart. Elevating the feet will increase venous return. the client should elevate their their feet for at least 20 min several times per day,.

a nurse is preparing to administer oral potassium to a client who has a potassium level of 5.5 mEq/L which is the following actions should the nurse take first.

withhold the medication the greatest risk to the client is bradycardia., hypotension, and life threatening cardiac complications due to hyperkalemia, defined as a potassium level above 5.0 mEq/L therefore the nurse's priority action is to withhold the oral potassium and notify the provider.