Electrolytes

B Correct! Clinical conditions that increase vascular permeability cause edema by allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure.

How do clinical conditions that increase microvascular permeability cause edema? A. Through leakage of vascular fluid into the interstitial fluid, which increases interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure B. By allowing plasma proteins to leak into the interstitial fluid, which draws in excess fluid by increasing the interstitial fluid osmotic pressure C. By causing movement of fluid from the vascular compartment into the intracellular compartment, which leads to cell swelling D. Through altering the negative charge on the capillary basement membrane, which enables excessive fluid to accumulate in the interstitial compartment

A. Decreased due to increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass Correct! Older adults have decreased total body water due to increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass.

How is total body water (TBW) in older adults different from TBW in young adults? A. Decreased due to increased adipose tissue and decreased muscle mass B. Increased due to decreased adipose tissue and decreased bone mass C. Increased due to decreased renal function and hormonal fluctuations D. Decreased due to renal changes that cause diuresis with sodium excretion

A. ECV excess and hypokalemia Correct! Hyperaldosteronism causes excessive renal retention of sodium and water and excessive potassium excretion, which lead to ECV excess and hypokalemia.

Hyperaldosteronism causes what imbalance(s)? A. ECV excess and hypokalemia B. Excessive water reabsorption without affecting sodium concentration C. Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia D. ECV deficit and hyperkalemia

A. Infants Correct! Infants have a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid.

What age group has a larger volume of extracellular fluid than intracellular fluid? A. Infants B. Young adults C Adolescents D. Older adults

Deep rapid respirations

are the compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis.

A. Hypercalcemia Correct! A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop hypercalcemia because parathyroid hormone causes calcium to come out of the bones.

A person who has hyperparathyroidism is likely to develop which imbalance? A. Hypercalcemia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypocalcemia D. Hypokalemia

C. Hypophosphatemia Correct! Antacid overuse for a long time can cause hypophosphatemia by binding phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract and preventing its absorption.

A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop which electrolyte imbalance? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypokalemia C. Hypophosphatemia D. Hyperphosphatemia

C. Decreased serum sodium concentration Correct! Excessive ADH stimulates excessive water reabsorption by the kidneys, which dilutes the blood, thus decreasing the serum sodium concentration.

Excessive antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion can cause what changes in electrolyte concentration? A. Increased serum sodium concentration B. Decreased serum potassium concentration C. Decreased serum sodium concentration D. Increased serum potassium concentration

D. Metabolic acidosis Correct! Diarrhea causes metabolic acidosis.

What acid-base imbalance does diarrhea cause? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Respiratory acidosis C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Metabolic acidosis

A. Metabolic alkalosis Correct! Emesis causes metabolic alkalosis.

What acid-base imbalance does emesis cause? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Respiratory alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Metabolic acidosis

B. Weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate Correct! Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate.

What are the clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit? A. Thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea B. Weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate C. Cardiac dysrhythmias, paresthesias, and muscle weakness D. Confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures

A. Confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures Correct! Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures.

What are the clinical manifestations of hyponatremia? A. Confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures B. Thirst, dry mucous membranes, and diarrhea C. Cardiac dysrhythmias, paresthesias, and muscle weakness D. Weak pulse, low blood pressure, and increased heart rate

B. Muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias Correct! Hypokalemia causes muscle weakness (or paralysis) and cardiac dysrhythmias.

What are the clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia? A. Muscle spasms and rapid respirations B. Muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias C. Confusion and irritability D. Vomiting and diarrhea

A. Hyperventilation Correct! Hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis.

What causes respiratory alkalosis? A. Hyperventilation B. Pneumonia C. Pulmonary edema D. Chest muscle weakness

B Deficiency of ATP Correct! Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by a deficiency of ATP.

What causes the clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia? A. Renal damage B. Deficiency of ATP C. Excess proteins D. Hypocalcemia

C. Two thirds Correct! Approximately two thirds of TBW is contained inside the cells.

What fraction of total body water (TBW) volume is contained in the intracellular compartment in adults? A. Three fourths B One third C. Two thirds D. One half

A. Lethargy Correct! Lethargy is an early manifestation of a developing metabolic acidosis.

What is one of the early manifestations of a developing metabolic acidosis? A. Lethargy B. Muscle cramps C. Slow and shallow respirations D. Coma

D. Bounding pulse Correct! Bounding pulse is one of the signs of extracellular fluid volume excess.

What is one of the signs and symptoms of extracellular fluid volume excess? A. Increased hematocrit B. Increased serum sodium concentration C. Tachycardia D. Bounding pulse

A. Bicarbonate Correct! Bicarbonate is the major buffer in the extracellular fluid.

What is the major buffer in the extracellular fluid? A. Bicarbonate B. Phosphate C. Albumin D. Hemoglobin

D. Confusion Correct! Hypernatremia causes osmotic shrinking of brain cells, which manifests as confusion or coma.

What is the typical effect of hypernatremia on the central nervous system? A. Excitation B. Insomnia C. Hallucinations D. Confusion

D. In the normal range Correct! The blood pH is in the normal range if an individual has fully compensated for an acid-base imbalance.

What is the value of the blood pH in fully compensated metabolic acidosis? A. High B. Low C. Either high or low, depending on the type of compensation D. In the normal range Correct! The blood pH is in the normal range if an individual has fully compensated for an acid-base imbalance.

A Correct! Lymphatic obstruction prevents the drainage of accumulated interstitial fluid and proteins, which can lead to severe edema.

Which alteration in capillary dynamics can lead to edema? A. Decreased lymphatic flow B. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure C. Increased capillary colloid osmotic pressure D. Decreased capillary membrane permeability

A. Elevated bicarbonate ion concentration Correct! Elevated bicarbonate ion concentration is evidence of compensation for a respiratory acidosis.

Which alteration in the blood is evidence that the kidneys are compensating for respiratory acidosis? A. Elevated bicarbonate ion concentration B. Decreased carbon dioxide C. Decreased bicarbonate ion concentration D. Elevated carbon dioxide

B. Insulin overdose Correct! Insulin overdose causes hypokalemia by shifting potassium into cells.

Which condition can cause hypokalemia? A. Pancreatitis B. Insulin overdose C. Oliguric renal failure D. Hyperparathyroidism

B. Tissue hypoxia Correct! Tissue hypoxia can cause metabolic acidosis due to lactic acid production during anaerobic metabolism.

Which condition causes metabolic acidosis? A. Hyperventilation B. Tissue hypoxia C. Hypoventilation D. Massive blood transfusion

D. Hypoventilation Correct! Hypoventilation causes CO2 retention and respiratory acidosis.

Which condition causes respiratory acidosis? A. Hyperventilation B. Massive blood transfusion C. Tissue hypoxia D. Hypoventilation

B. Chronic alcoholism Correct! Hypomagnesemia is common with chronic alcoholism.

Which disorder causes hypomagnesemia? A. Clinical dehydration B. Chronic alcoholism C. Oliguric renal failure D. Hyperphosphatemia

B. Hypokalemia Correct! Hypokalemia often accompanies metabolic alkalosis because it can cause metabolic alkalosis or be caused by it.

Which electrolyte imbalance often accompanies metabolic alkalosis? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hypokalemia C Hyponatremia D Hypernatremia

B. Hyperkalemia Correct! Oliguric renal failure decreases potassium excretion, which causes hyperkalemia.

Which imbalance occurs with oliguric renal failure? A. Metabolic alkalosis B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypokalemia D. Hypophosphatemia

D. Sodium ions Correct! Extracellular fluid has a higher sodium ion concentration than does intracellular fluid.

Which ion has a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid than in the intracellular fluid? A. Potassium ions B. Magnesium ions C. Phosphate ions D. Sodium ions

A. Increased pH, increased HCO3- Correct! Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by increased HCO3- and increased pH.

Which laboratory values reflect uncompensated metabolic alkalosis? A. Increased pH, increased HCO3- B. Decreased pH, decreased HCO3- C. Increased pH, decreased HCO3- D. Decreased pH, increased HCO3-

D. Decreased urine output Correct! One clinical manifestation of dehydration is decreased urine output.

Which manifestation is one of the signs and symptoms of clinical dehydration? A. Increased skin turgor B. Decreased heart rate C. Increased blood pressure D. Decreased urine output

A. Osmosis Correct! Distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments occurs by the process of osmosis.

Which process is responsible for distribution of fluid between the interstitial and intracellular compartments? A. Osmosis B. Diffusion C. Filtration D. Active transport

C. Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion Correct! Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion (diabetes insipidus) prevents water reabsorption in the kidneys, which creates large volumes of dilute urine and causes hypernatremia.

Which situation causes hypernatremia? A. Compulsive water drinking B. Excessive dietary potassium C. Decreased antidiuretic hormone secretion D. Decreased aldosterone secretion

B. Respiratory Correct! When metabolic acids are out of balance, the respiratory system compensates for the altered pH by adjusting the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Which system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis? A. Renal B. Respiratory C. Gastrointestinal D. Cardiovascular

A. Capillary osmotic pressure Correct! Capillary osmotic pressure is the inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid.

Which term indicates the inward-pulling force of particles in the vascular fluid? A. Capillary osmotic pressure B. Capillary hydrostatic pressure C. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure D. Interstitial osmotic pressure

A. Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia Correct! Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia both cause increased neuromuscular excitability.

Which two electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability? A. Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia B. Hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia C. Hyperkalemia and hypophosphatemia D. Hypokalemia and hyperphosphatemia

Phosphate

is an important buffer in urine and intracellular fluid.

Tachycardia

is one of the signs of extracellular fluid volume deficit.