Embalming 1, Chapter 10: Embalming Analysis

*General weight conditions related to DISEASE PROCESS AND THE CAUSE OF DEATH*

* cause of death may be unknown to the embalmer, however, we can observe the effects that diseases have on the body* -----> Ex> Jaundice may be caused by the effect of drugs on the liver or red blood cells, obstruction of the bile duct, hepatitis, cancer of the liver, and hemolysis of red blood cells. It is the condition of jaundice that concerns the embalmer, not the disease that caused the condition. ----> *It is not the cause of death/disease but the CONDITIONS produced by the disease in the body that should concern the embalmer* !!!!

Related to primary condition, what should the embalmer ask themselves rather than "Of what did the subject die from"

*"What conditions exist"* ----> if the conditions are identified and properly treated, the embalming procedure will succeed regardless of the disease that caused the condition.

*4 Simple steps of the embalming analysis* (p.198)

*1.) Observation and evaluation* *2.) Proposed method(s) of treatments* *3.)Implementation* *4.) Observation and results* ---->The analysis of the body using these steps lets the body primarily tell the embalmer what needs to be done in each time period to obtain the objective of temporary preservation, sanitation, and achieving/maintaining an acceptable appearance.

The second part of the embalming analysis occurs when?

*During arterial injection of the body* -----> When a problem is encountered, the embalmer must decide what new approach to take to solve the problem.

*1.) Define embalming analysis, intrinsic factors, and extrinsic factors*

*Embalming analysis*~ An analysis of the body before, during and after arterial injection and cavity embalming of a dead human body. *Intrinsic factors*~ Factors that are present on the inside of the body, such as bacterial influence, moisture content, age weight, and body build; protein level, pH levels, surgeries, or trauma present. *Extrinsic factors*~ Factors that are present on the outside of the body that have a direct influence on the body such as temperature, humidity, vermin, time between death and preparation, and time between preparation and disposition.

The analysis monitoring and the embalming techniques need to be fully documented in report form and kept as a _______ _______?

*Permanent record* !!!!

How can you make sure that arterial fluid is sufficiently retained by the body?

*The most important portion of solution being injected is that which REMAINS in the body to preserve the tissues after blood and surface discolorations clear* ---> Intermittent drainage can be used to help the tissues retain emb. solution. ----> estimated that more than 50 % of drainage is arterial solution.

________ is the MOST important factor b/n the embalmer, F.D. and the family of the deceased.

*communication!!!* ----> emb. must know if there are visible tumors/ discolorations/scars that need to be removed/altered. ---->facial hair/ hair style preferences. ----> makeup preferences ----> expectations of the family ----> At the start of emb. it is helpful if the emb knows the location/date of the disposition of the body!!! -----> condition of body/ tissue donations ----> if there's truma

What is the Slocum method of body typing? *(pre-embalming observation)*

*it is the approach most embalmers take in determining what embalming techniques to employ* ---->it is difficult to approach each body by the specific disease/effects produced by a specific drug.

What do you do if you doubt the preservative needs of tissues?

- *A high index fluid can be added to boost the strength of the solution being injected.* -----> can be increased in strength by preparing a new solution using a higher-index fluid or by using more concentrated fluid per gallon.

During post-emb. monitoring, *ODOR* is caused by and may require?

- *Caused by gasses accumulating in the cavities, and it may be necessary to re-aspirate and re-inject the cavities.* ------> early decomp may be evident. ------> depending on time remaining until disposition, re-embalming may be required. ------> Odors may be temporarily covered by the use of plastic garments and absorbent emb. powders.

Whenever it is felt that circulation is going to be a problem due to pathology (arteriosclerosis), time delay since death, and other factors, the FIRST choice for injection/drainage site should be ??

- *Common carotid A* - *Internal jugular V* (if these conditions exist and it is necessary to use large volumes of solution/concentrated solutions into the trunk regions, USE RESTRICTED CERVICAL INJECTION.)

what adverse changes should you watch for during monitoring after embalming?

- presence of gas in the tissues/cavities -odor -purge -change in color in visible areas -skin-slip -maggots -Leakage -Softening of visible tissues -Tissue gas

If purge begins from the mouth or nose, what is its origin and cause?

-*Let purge continue during the arterial injection UNLESS the purge IS arterial solution.* ------> If purge is arterial solution (and drainage continues) INJECT additional arterial solution to make up for preservation lost in purge. ------> If purge = arterial solution and there is NO drainage, there may be a major rupture in the vascular system (consider multipoint injection).

*The general intrinsic conditions that may affect embalming* (p.199)

-Age -body weight and build -musculature -protein level -general skin conditions

*The analysis incorporates relevant factors from the disciplines of:*

-Anatomy, -Pathology, -Microbiology, -Chemistry, -Restorative art, - embalming.

What areas must receive SECTIONAL arterial injection?

-Areas that did not receive solution even after massage and changes in injection protocol must be injected separately

*The embalming analysis includes those analytical observations of the deceased human body, by the embalmer:*

-Before, during, and after

During post-emb. monitoring, *DEHYDRATION* is caused by and appears as?

-Can be caused by: 1.) Emb. chemicals within the body 2.) Gravitation of tissue fluids from the face and neck. 3.) Environmental loss of moisture due to air conditioning or heating. - *The results of dehydration can be a darkening of the skin, a "sunken" look to the face, as well as wrinkled/ separated lips and eyelids.

During post-emb. monitoring, *PURGE* is caused by and may require?

-Cause by a buildup of gases in the abdominal/thoracic cavities. -*IT NEEDS IMMEDIATE CORRECTION* ----->In addition to aspirating the cavities, it may be necessary to open and dry the reset of the mouth.

The correct embalming treatment is dictated by the ________ ________ ______ _______.

-Correct embalming treatments dictated by the *conditions of the body*

*Describe the older (and outdated) methods of embalming analysis*

-Described as hundreds of diseased poisons and traumatic modes of death and the embalming treatment for each

How can you tell what areas of the body are NOT receiving proper arterial solution?

-Dyes will not be present. -Livor mortis, if present, will not be cleared. -No firmness will be present.

*What are the factors associated with fluid retention and excess moisture.*

-Edema -dropsy -swelling -distention -excess moisture

*General weight conditions related to EMACIATION*

-Emaciated solution strengths may be reduced. -Dehydration may create problems with eye closure and mouth closure

*What are the factors associated with lack of moisture in the body*

-Emaciation -dehydration -dry tissue -desiccation

*Communication is important between what three parties*

-Embalmer, director, family

*General weight conditions related to OBESITY*

-Femoral vessels may be too deep to use for injection -Very large quantities of aerial solution will be needed -The jugular vein will afford the best drainage sight -Restricted cervical injection will best control arterial solutions entering facial tissues -There will be positioning problems

*Monitoring the body must continue until?*

-Final disposition or release of custody of the body to another funeral establishment

*General weight conditions related to MUSCULATURE*

-In a healthy adult with firm skin and well-developed muscles, the embalmer can expect the embalmer solution to result in very good firming of the body tissues. -If there is a delay between death and preparation, the body can be expected to display intense rigor mortis, making it difficult to establish good distribution of the solution. -Bodies wasted from disease/musculature not well developed and skin is loose= can expect little/ no firming of the limbs from the emb. solution; swelling is expected if large volumes of mild solutions are injected. -Senile, loose, or flabby tissue does not assimilate the arterial solution as well as healthy or firm tissues.

*What can be done to add or retain moisture in the body*

-Low index fluid -weak solution -humectant qualities -hypotonic -cold water

During post-emb. monitoring, *TISSUE GAS* can look like and may require?

-Swelling of the tissues may be evidenced in addition to crepitation when the tissues are touched. -May include the formation of blebs, skin-slip, and odor. -------->*May require a re-embalming of the body.*

How can you tell what areas of the body are receiving proper arterial solution?

-The presence of fluid dyes in the tissues can be used as tracers. -Intravascular discolorations will clear (livor mortis). -Firmness of tissues = present.

During post-emb. monitoring, *LEAKAGE* is caused by and may require?

-The source of leakage may be edema or possibly an embalming incision that was not sutured. -------> *The source needs to be identified and the soiled garments removed, dried, or replaced. (plastic garments may be necessary to contain/ control further leakage)*

*2.)List the 3 time periods of embalming analysis*

-The three time periods are Preembalming analysis, Analysis during arterial embalming, Analysis after arterial embalming.

During post-emb. monitoring, *SOFTENING OF VISIBLE TISSUES* can look like and may require?

-This condition can create discoloring of the tissues or possible blebs/ skin-slip. -------> *The extent of the problem needs to be evaluated and either arterial, hypodermic, or surface embalming corrections need to be utilized.*

*How did embalming analysis change in the late 1950's*

-Typing of bodies was developed, bodies were classified in conditions instead of causes of death

*Should we document our analysis? How?*

-YES, in an *embalmer care report* and kept in *permanent records*

embalming analysis is an ongoing process from the ________ of the embalming until ______ of the body

-beginning -disposition

*What can be done to eliminate excess moisture in the body*

-high index fluid -strong solution -astringent qualities -hypertonic solution -cold water

*Discuss observable conditions and how they affect embalming analysis.*

-medications become primary concerns because It combines the effects of the disease and medications.

During post-embalming analysis the embalmed body is in the custody of the F.H, it is necessary to daily monitor the body to note any adverse changes which include?

1. *Dehydration* 2. *Purge* 3. *Odor* 4. *Leakage* 5. *Softening of visible tissues* 6. *Tissue gas*

What conditions can make tissue firming difficult to establish?

1. *Renal failure* 2. *Emaciation* 3. *Edema* 4. *Wasting degenerative diseases* -----> *poor firming can also be a result of the type of arterial fluid being used (ie. slow firmung, or less firming)* !!!!

*6 most common embalming variables* !!!!!!!!!!!

1. Arterial injection sight (s) 2. Venous drainage sight (s) 3. Fluids for arterial embalming 4. Strength and volume of arterial solution 5. Injection pressure and rate of flow 6. Method of mouth and eye closure

The embalming significance of *DECOMPOSITION*

1. Color changes, odor present, purges, skin-slip, gases. 2. Poor distribution of solutions. 3. Increases preservative demand. 4. Rapid swelling in affected tissue areas.

The embalming significance of *RIGOR MORTIS*

1. Extravascular resistance. 2. Positioning difficulties; ------> features may be hard to pose 3. pH not conducive for good fluid reactions. 4. Tissues easily swell. 5. False sign of preservation (fixation). 6. After passage, firming is difficult. 7. Decomp is usually minimal when present. 8. Increases preservative demand.

The embalming significance of *POSTMORTEM STAIN*

1. Extravascular; cannot be removed; may be bleached. 2. Generally seen after the 6th hr; delayed problems. 3. Increased preservative demand. 4. False indication of fluid dyes. 5. Will turn gray after emb.; cosmetic problems

The embalming significance of *INCREASED BLOOD VISCOSITY*

1. If it clears by itself, could serve as a sign or arterial solution distribution. 2. Sludge is created, -------> intravascular resistance results. 3. Post-mort. edema can accompany 4. Blood removal becomes difficult; ------> distribution can be poor.

The embalming significance of *DEHYDRATION*

1. Increases blood viscosity; sludge forms 2. Partly responsible for post-mort. edema; ------> increasing preservative demands. 3. Darkens surface areas; ------> cannot be bleached. 4. Eyelids and lips separate; ------> lips wrinkle ------> fingers wrinkle 5.) Could retard decomp if severe enough.

The embalming significance of *SHIFT IN PH*

1. Interferes with fluid reactions. 2. Dyes can splotch

*4 things that may need to be done when receiving a body from another funeral home*

1. Re-injection of particular body area 2. Supplemental preservative treatments 3. Cavity re-aspiration and re-injection 4.Mouth and eyes open and reset

The embalming significance of *HYPOSTASIS*

1. Responsible for livor mortis and evential post-mort. stain. 2. Increases tissue moisture in dependant tissue ares.

The embalming significance of *POSTMORTEM CALORICITY*

1. Sets off the rigor and decomp cycles.

The embalming significance of *ALGOR MORTIS*

1. Slows the onset of rigor and decomp. 2. Keeps blood in a liquid state, aids in drainage.

The embalming significance of *TRANSLOCATION OF MICROBES*

1. Speeds decomp in various body regions

The embalming significance of *LIVOR MORTIS*

1. Varies in intensity (slightly red-black depending on volume of viscosity of blood) 2. Intravascular discoloration: ------> can be cleared. 3. Can be set as a stain if too strong of arterial fluid is used. 4. Keeps capillaries expanded; -------> can aid distribution of solution.

Three postmortem conditions that interfere MOST with good distribution of arterial solution are?

1.) *Blood coagulation* 2.) *Rigor mortis* 3.) *Decomp* -----> Embalming the body before these changes are established helps to produce better results. ---->*Refrigeration can slow the onset of these*

*The general factors of embalming analysis that will help you select proper embalming techniques*

1.) *Body conditions:* -------> Age, weight, musculature, body fluid. 2.) *Immediate cause and manner of death* 3.) *Effects of disease and or trauma* 4.) *Effects of drugs and medical treatment* 5.) *postmortem physical and chemical changes:* 6.) *Postmortem procedures:* -------->refrigeration; autopsy; organ/tissue recovery 7.) *Postmortem interval between death and embalming* 8.) *Post-embalming* ---------> time between preparation and disposition.

*General AGE conditions*

1.) *CHILD/INFANT:* -----> Arteries and veins will be smaller in an infant than in an adult. -----> specially sized instruments may be needed. -----> milder solutions may be needed. -----> a needle injector may not be usable for mouth closure. ------> positioning will vary from that of an adult. 2.) *ELDERLY:* ------> Arteriosclerosis may eliminate the use of the femoral artery as an injection point. ------->Absence of teeth and dentures may create problems in setting features. -------> Suturing may be needed for mouth closure if the jawbone is atrophied.

*INTRINSIC VARIABLE FACTORS of embalming analysis*

1.) *Cause and manner of death* 2.) *Body conditions:* -----> Pathological conditions -----> Microbial influence ----->Moisture content ----->Thermal influences (fever) ----->Nitrogenious waste products -----> Weight -----> Gas in tissues/ cavities ----->Age 3.) *Presence/ absence of discolorations* 4.) *Postmortem physical changes* 5.) *Postmortem chemical changes* 6.) *The effects of pharmaceutical agents* 7.) *Illegal drugs*

Refrigeration can create problems depending on how long it is used including:

1.) *Dehydration* 2.) *Increased blood viscosity* 3.) *Increased post-mort. edema* 4.) *Intensifies livor mortis and post-mort. stain* 5.) Can create false signs of preserved tissues by the solidification of fats in the subcutaneous tissues (produces reddish hue to the skin resembling dyes in emb. fluids) *These conditions need to be noted when making a pre-embalming analysis*

*General WEIGHT conditions:*

1.) *EMACIATED* ------> solution strengths may need to be reduced. ------> Dehydration may create problems with eye closure and mouth closure. 2.) *OBESE* -------> Femoral vessels may be too deep to use for injection. ------> Very large quantities of aerial solution will be needed. ------> The internal jugular vein will afford the best drainage sight. ------> Restricted cervical injection will best control arterial solutions entering facial tissues. -------> There will be positioning problems. 3.) *MUSCULATURE* -------> In a healthy adult with firm skin and well-developed muscles, the embalmer can expect the embalmer solution to result in very good firming of the body tissues. -------> If there is a delay between death and preparation, the body can be expected to display intense rigor mortis, making it difficult to establish good distribution of the solution. -------> Bodies wasted from disease/musculature not well developed and skin is loose= can expect little/ no firming of the limbs from the emb. solution; swelling is expected if large volumes of mild solutions are injected. ------>Senile, loose or flabby tissue does not assimilate the arterial solution as well as healthy or firm tissues. 4.) *DISEASE PROCESSES AND THE CAUSE OF DEATH:* ------->

*EXTRINSIC VARIABLE FACTORS of embalming analysis*

1.) *Environmental* -----> Atmospheric conditions. -----> Thermal influences. -----> Microbial influences. -----> Vermin. 2.) *Time intervals* ----->Time between death and embalming. -----> Time between embalming and disposition. 3.) *The embalmer* -----> Firmness of the tissues of the embalmed body. ----->Personal preference for injection + drainage sites. -----> Personal preference for setting features. ----->Personal preference for positioning head + hands. -----> Time preference for cavity treatment.

*EMBALMING COMPLICATIONS CREATED BY EXTENSIVE DRUG THERAPIES* ---->(complication +result) p.202

1.) *Immediate allergic reaction to a drug:* ------> tissues=swollen ------> discolored skin ------> possible skin eruptions 2.) *Liver failure* -----> Edema (ascites); edema of lower extrem. -----> increase in ammonia in tissues (neutralizes HCHO) ----->purges caused by rupture of esophageal veins. ------> GI bleeding; fluid loss; possible purge -----> hair loss -----> jaundice 3.) *Renal failure* ------> increased ammonia in tissues -----> edema of tissues -----> GI bleeding -----> pulmonary edema -----> congestive heart failure -----> discoloration of the skin (sallow color) -----> uremic pruritis of the skin. 4.) *Damage to blood vessels* -----> skin hemorrhage (ecchymosis, purpural hemorrhage) 5.) *Damage to the walls* ------> breakdown of the skin; skin slip often present. 6.) *Clot formation (poor circulation of emb. fluids)* ------->breakage during arterial injection (causes discolorations). 7.) *Growth of facial hair and hair on the forehead (women/children)* 8.) *Creation of resistant strains of microbes* ------> disinfection treatment= more difficult ------> exposure of embalmer to drug-resistant microbes. 9.) *Cell membranes become less permeable* ------> creates "solid" edema that cannot be removed. ------> Makes passage of arterial solution into the cell more difficult. 10.) *Killing one type of microbe can stimulate the growth of other types* ------> Antibiotics used to kill bacteria give fungal organisms a chance to multiply. 11.) *Jaundice* ------> breakdown of RBC's ------> liver failure 12.) *Congestive heart failure* -----> edema ------> drainage difficulties ------> facial discolorations 13.) *Scaling of skin (on facial tissues/ between fingers)* -----> death of superficial cells 14.) *Difficult tissue firming* ------> protein regeneration ------> ammonia buildup in tissues (neutralizes HCHO) ------> precedence of edema.

*3 WAYS TO INCREASE ARTERIAL SOLUTION STRENGTH*

1.) *Prepare a solution using a higher index arterial fluid* 2.) *Add a higher index arterial fluid to the present solution* 3.) *Add a more concentrated arterial fluid to the present solution*

*3 important embalming guidelines in making an embalming analysis:*

1.) *The body must be SEEN at all stages of preparation to make the embalming analysis.* 2.) *Prepare each body as if the deceased were dead from an infectious and highly contagious disease.* 3.) *Prepare each body as if the disposition of the viewing of the body will be delayed.*

During the second part of the emb. analysis, *after the injection of each gallon of arterial solution, the embalmer needs to re-evaluate the?

1.) *distribution* 2.) *diffusion* 3.) *and the effect the arterial solution has produced*

*General embalming techniques that may help to properly embalm a body*

1.) *positioning the body* 2.) *method of mouth and eye closure* 3.) *treatments for physical antemortem swellings that need to be reduced* 4.) *treatments for removing or altering visible antemortem discolorations* 5.) *Techniques used to raise sunken or emaciated facial tissues* 6.) *Vessels for injection and drainage* 7.) *Strength of embalming solution* 8.) *Volume of embalming solution* 9.) *Injection pressure & rate and flow* 10.) *Necessary supplemental embalming tretaments* 11.) *Delayed or immediate cavity treatment following arterial injection*

*The effect of abdominal surgery on embalming*

1.) Abdominal surgery on the bowel can result in PERITONITIS: -----> can be intense distension of the abdomen and bloodstream infection. -----> These conditions require the use of a strong arterial solution. 2.) Whenever death follows surgery, there exists the potential for leakage from vessels involved in the procedure: -----> The embalmer should use dyes to indicate the distribution of arterial solution. -----> May be necessary to inject a greater volume of arterial solution to compensate for solution that may be lost to abdominal/ thoracic cavities. 3.) *All surgical bodies should undergo thorough cavity treatemnt* -----> formation of tissue gas= always present. -----> Liberal amount of undiluted cavity fluid should be injected into area where surgery was performed. -----> inject undiluted cavity fluid in tissues surrounding the surgical incision. *IT IS MOST IMPORTANT IN SURGICAL DEATHS TO REASPIRATE AND POSSIBLY REINJECT THE CAVITIES*

Embalmers consider 4 major factors in making a pre-embalming analysis:

1.) General conditions of the body 2.) Effects produced by disease processes 3.) Effects produced by drugs or surgical procedures 4.) Effects of the postmortem period between death and embalming

Some effects of the long-term uses of medications which can affect the embalming of the body include:

1.) Jaundice 2.) Discolorations such as: ----> purpura ----> ecchymosis 3.) Edema 4.) Difficulty establishing tissue firmness. 5.) Loss of hair (alopecia) 6.) Internal bleeding. 7.) Renal failure causing an increase in N wastes in the tissues: ----->(causes urotropin b/n urea and HCHO and increases preservative demand) 8.) Changes in the walls of cells: ----->making it more difficult for preservatives to act on body proteins 9.) Swelling of facial tissues (steroids)

What can be done to stimulate the flow of arterial solution into areas NOT receiving solution?

1.) Massage along arterial route. 2.) Increase the pressure of the solution being injected. 3.) Increase the rate of flow of solution being injected. 4.) Lower, raise, or manipulate the body area. 5.) Close off drainage to increase intravascular pressure.

when an embalmed body has been received from another funeral home, an evaluation must be made of all body areas and treatment may be necessary which includes?

1.) Reinjection of a particular body area 2.) Supplemental preservative treatments 3.) Cavity re-aspiration and re-injection 4.) Mouth and eyes opened and reset.

What is the embalmer concerned with in their case analysis? ---> What is the primary concern in the embalming analysis??

1.) cause of death 2.) effects of medications 3.) postmortem body changes *The primary concern is the conditions created by the effects of medication (it combines the effects of disease and medications)*

*some sources of additional information for pre-embalming analysis* ----> this information + the conditions of the body contribute to the pre-embalming analysis and the treatments necessary for the care of the deceased.

1..) *Certificate of death* 2.) *Infectious or contagious conditions of the deceased provided by medical facility* 3.) *Information concerning the location and the date for viewing and final disposition* ------>could include shipping. 4.) *Shipping to the location outside the US may require specific embalming treatments and preparation forms.* 5.) *Specific family requests such as removal or alterations of:* ------> Facial hair ------> Scars and tumors ------> Medical devices ------> Cosmetic treatments

Since the _____ there has been an increase in the therapeutic use of drugs.

1960's

*4.)Describe the 4 categories of information used in embalming analysis*

1~The general intrinsic body conditions. 2~The effects of disease present. 3~The effects of drugs and surgery present. 4~Extrinsic and intrinsic postmortem conditions.

What do you do if the arterial solution is creating too much of a dehydrating effect on the tissues?

A humectant co-injection fluid can be added

After injecting a strong solution, never inject weaker solutions in the same area; always inject ________ __________ first, then _________ __________ can be injected.

Always inject MILD SOLUTIONS first, then STRONGER SOLUTIONS can be injected

during the last phase of analysis after injection is complete make sure to ?

Areas that are still lacking solution must now be treated using the supplemental preservative treatments of hypodermic injection or surface embalming.

As a general rule, best results are obtained when embalming is done......?

As soon as possible following death

*Blood thinner drugs effect on Embalming*

Blood thinner drugs= thin the blood and will often reduce postmortem blood clotting in the vascular system. ----> reduced post-mort. clotting = improves distribution and subsequent diffusion of arterial solution. -----> thinned blood= increases post-mort hypostasis of the blood and intense livor mortis in dependant tissues.

If we learn to treat the _________, we will treat them successfully - regardless of the cause of death.

CONDITIONS. -----> See what conditions exist rather than why did the subject die. -----> it is the symptoms and not the disease that pose an embalming problem. -----> *The resulting conditions cause much greater embalming problems than the disease that led to them.* -"we're not doctors"

*What is the analytical observations of the deceased human body by the embalmer BEFORE, DURING, and AFTER the arterial embalming of the body* ------>the observations of the body conditions determine the treatments necessary to create/maintain well-preserved conditions while maintaining a presentable appearance.

Embalming analysis

*The effect of heart surgery/aortic repair on embalming*

Frequently, if death occurs during/ shortly after this type of surgery, the face and neck= grossly distended with edema. -----> *Repair of an abdominal aneurysm may not always be successful, and the interruption in circulation will necesitate sectional arterial injection*

*The effect of surgery on embalming*

In pre-embalming analysis, choice of embalming technique may be greatly influenced by whether death occurred during/ immediately after surgery. ----->*Surgery could be a primary factor in an analysis*

What do you do if you doubt the solution is of sufficient strength?

Inject additional amounts as long as there is NO distention of the neck or facial tissues; ----> inject until preservation is well established.

The one axiom that can be universally applied to ALL chemotherapy agents is that they are ______.

TOXIC!!!!!

*Is it important for embalmers to "read" the body* T/F?

TRUE

Pre-embalming analysis includes observation/ evaluation of those changes that can occur during the post-mort. interval b/n death and emb. These conditions often take precedence over the conditions created by disease, drugs, or general conditions of the body (T/F)

TRUE

*3.)Explain the purpose of embalming analysis*

The purpose of the embalming analysis is to identify problems that need to be addressed during the embalming process and identify procedures that will achieve proper disinfection and preservation of the body to a recognizable state.

*Should cavity treatment be done immediately after arterial injection or delayed several hours?*

This may depend on the time at which the body must be ready for viewing. In thin bodies, an attempt may have been made to fill out the body with a humectant. Restorative co-injection, this chemical should be given time to ensure the tissues are firm before aspiration is done. If the body is dead from an infectious disease, the embalmer may wish to delay aspiration and wait several hours to ensure disinfection.

The embalmer must be concerned with the CONDITIONS of the body that are visible what else should be considered??

Treatments must also be considered for antemortem conditions produced by: 1.) *Antemortem conditions*: ------>trauma/surgery. 2.) *Postmortem events* such as: -----> refrigeration, -----> autopsy, -----> organ/tissue donation. 3.) *Postmortem changes that have occured in the body*

What percentage of drainage is arterial solution??

Up to *50 %*

Note:

When drugs assume a major proportions such as acute jaundice or saturate body tissues with uremic poinsons, the fixative action of the preservative chemicals contained in the arterial solutions used is seriously impacted (p.201)

Can you add additional fluid dye during the embalming procedure?

YES

*Variable factors* that need to be considered in making an analysis of the body:

intrinsic/ extrinsic factors

The embalmer must treat the conditions that can be observed in the body and NOT the effects of a specific ________.

medication

Whenever facial/neck swelling is anticipated/observed, use?

restricted cervical injection

What happens in the final stage of emb. analysis (monitoring/evaluation after embalming)?

the process of MONITORING the body while in the custody of the F.H., the embalmer needs to check on a daily basis for any adverse changes.