Embalming NBE Review
The decomposition of proteins by action of enzymes of anaerobic bacteria resulting in malodorous product is
Putrefacation
Decomposition of proteins by the action of enzymes from anaerobic bacteria
Putrefaction
From the center of the anterior surface of the ankle joint to a point between the first big toe and the adjacent second toe is the linear guide for which artery
Dorsalis pedis
Synersis means
Drawing together to contract
You are preparing to embalm a case and during the case analysis you discover the body exhibits extensive dehydration. As you mix your arterial solution you need to ass a modifying agent. In attempt to aid the tissues with moisture retention you elect to add a ________ which contains ________
Humectant and Sorbitol
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in a saclike structure
Hydrocele
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the thoracic cavity
Hydrothorax
Which of the following is not a method of arterial solution diffusion A. Pressure filtration B. Osmosis C. Dialysis D. Adsorption E. Hydrothorax
Hydrothorax
biological death
Irreversible somatic death, where life cannot be restored.
The correct pressure to use when embalming the body id that pressure which
Is sufficient to overcome the vascular resistance
Postmortem coagulation
Is the developing of blood clots after death
rigor mortis
Is typically first observed in the small muscles of the eyes
A solution having an equal concentration of dissolved solute as the solution to which it is compared
Isotonic
livor mortis
The pooling of the blood in tissues after death resulting in a reddish color to the skin
Cosmetic fluids are so called because they contain
Staining dyes
If one made an incision between the tendons of the flexor carpi ulnaris and the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, the person would be attempting to find which artery
Ulnar
A disadvantage in the use of the femoral artery as a point of injection in arterial embalming is
Vessels are deep-seated in obese cases
What are barriers that serve to protect humans from infection during life
blood brain barrier and Epithelial barriers
Microorganism present in human blood that may cause disease
bloodborne pathogen
Injection from one site, and drainage from another
split injection
The injection of fluid from one site, and drainage from a separate site
split injection
What should be done when keeping an embalmed body for a long period of time
delay cosmetic treatment
The type of solution described in question #52 is considered ________ related to tissue fluids
hypertonic
What should be done when embalming a non-viewable body that cannot be arterially embalmed
hypodermically inject a 5% solution
The dilution of the arterial preservative solution with tissue (interstitial) fluids
secondary dilution
You notice the muscles of the extremities are flaccid. Most likely the body is in the ________ stage of rigor mortis
secondary flaccidity
As natural body dehydration occurs in the unembalmed body, the formed elements (suspended elements) of blood will stick together in clumps. As a result, blood becomes more viscous. This results in the formation of ________ (Note dehydration may be caused by the imbibition of the liquid portion of blood by the cells surrounding the capillaries_
sludge
The first place for the visible appearance of rigor mortis is in the
muscles of the eyes
What size arterial tube would be used when embalming an infant
3/32
Rigor Mortis
*Is a postmortem chemical change *Is the postmortem stiffening of muscles die to lack of oxygen *Causes extravascular resistance to embalming fluid distribution *Is preceded by primary flaccidity, and followed by secondary flaccidity
Postmortem Stain
*Is an extravascular discoloration that cannot be cleared with fluid distribution *Creates a false sign of distribution because the tissue may look embalmed *Necessitates the use of opaque cosmetics for concealment on viewed areas
Livor Mortis
*Is postmortem physical change *Is an intravascular discoloration that can be cleared with fluid distribution *Results from hypostasis, and occurs in dependent areas of the body *Often appears deep red or blue-black
Cavity embalming treats
*the contents of the hollow viscera *the walls of the visceral organs not embalmed by arterial injection *the contents of the spaces between the visceral organs
The 'action level' for the 8 hour time weighted average at which monitoring is required
.5 ppm
With respect to the OSHA formaldehyde standard, a specific point at which an 8-hour exposure needs to be addressed is called the action level. This level is represented by an exposure of
.5ppm
Nitrogenous waste at high levels in the body 1. Can result form kidney failure 2. Requires a higher dilute index than average 3. Can be detected by a strong ammonia-like odor 4. Will require the use of Glutaraldehyde-based fluids
1. Can result form kidney failure 2. Requires a higher dilute index than average 3. Can be detected by a strong ammonia-like odor
Determine the percent strength of the solution when 16oz of 20 index arterial fluid is added to water to make a total solution volume of 2 gallons
1.25
What solution index should be used on a dehydrated body
1.5
Signs of death as manifested by changes in the eye 1. Clouding of the cornea and flattening of the eyeball 2. Pupil dilution, and lack of pupil response to changes in light levels 3. Loss of luster of conjunctiva 4. Glistening of the eye
1. Clouding of the cornea and flattening of the eyeball 2. Pupil dilution, and lack of pupil response to changes in light levels 3. Loss of luster of conjunctiva
The embalmer identifies which of the following as signs of distribution 1. Distension of superficial vessels 2. large volume of blood drainage 3. Reduction of intravascular blood discoloration 4. Mottling of tissues
1. Distension of superficial vessels 2. large volume of blood drainage 3. Reduction of intravascular blood discoloration
Which of the following are consequences of freezing a body 1. Embalming will be more difficult due to capillary damage 2. The body will tend to swell when fluid is being injected 3. Decomposition will be halted 4. Decomposition will be accelerated
1. Embalming will be more difficult due to capillary damage 2. The body will tend to swell when fluid is being injected 3. Decomposition will be halted
The causative agent of tissue gas in the deceased body 1. Is also the causative agent of gas gangrene 2. Is Clostridium perfringens 3. Dorms spores, so its hard to kill 4. Can be transferred between bodies, and from body to embalmer via a puncture wound
1. Is also the causative agent of gas gangrene 2. Is Clostridium perfringens 3. Dorms spores, so its hard to kill 4. Can be transferred between bodies, and from body to embalmer via a puncture wound
Which of the following cause extravascular resistance to distribution 1. Rigor mortis 2. Gas pressure 3. Frictional resistance 4. Weight of viscera
1. Rigor mortis 2. Gas pressure 4. Weight of viscera
Which of the following cause intravascular resistance of distribution 1. Surface tension 2. Liquid blood 3. Vascular pathologies like atherosclerosis and other conditions that cause ischemia 4. Coagulated blood
1. Surface tension 2. Liquid blood 3. Vascular pathologies like atherosclerosis and other conditions that cause ischemia 4. Coagulated blood
Which of these are true regarding vermin 1. They are an extrinsic factor in the decomposition process 2. They are an intrinsic factor in the decomposition process 3. Cause direct destruction and create portals for bacterial entry 4. Include rodents and maggots
1. They are an extrinsic factor in the decomposition process 3. Cause direct destruction and create portals for bacterial entry 4. Include rodents and maggots
Which treatment are recommended for embalming an edematous body 1. Use a hypertonic solution 2. Use a hypotonic solution 3. Use greater than average strength of HCHO or other preservative solution 4. Use lesser than average strength of HCHO or other preservative solution 5. Use multipoint injection if necessary
1. Use a hypertonic solution 3. Use greater than average strength of HCHO or other preservative solution 5. Use multipoint injection if necessary
An embalmer working on a decomposed body should 1. Use restricted cervical injection 2.. Use low water or waterless embalming 3. add dye for a tracer 4. Use a higher than average strength embalming solution 5. Use hypodermic injection where needed
1. Use restricted cervical injection 2.. Use low water or waterless embalming 3. add dye for a tracer 4. Use a higher than average strength embalming solution 5. Use hypodermic injection where needed
What is the standard as to when the hardness of the water exceeds the value water is considered unstable for embalming
100ppm
STEL is monitored over a period of ________ minutes
15
The recommended number of air exchanges per hour in the preparation room is
15
The permissible exposure level (PEL) of formaldehyde is what for a 15 minute short term exposure limit (STEL)
2 ppm
Identify the considerations (not precautions) of the carotid arteries 1. The face may be over-injected 2. Direct distribution to the face 3. The incision may be visible 4. It is close to the center of distribution
2. Direct distribution to the face 4. It is close to the center of distribution
Fluid diffusion results from which of the following 1. Reverse osmosis 2. Osmosis 3. Dialysis 4. Pressure filtration
2. Osmosis 3. Dialysis 4. Pressure filtration
What is the 15 minute STEL
2.0 ppm
Determine the volume of 25 index arterial fluid (measured in ounces) necessary to make 2 gallons of 2 percent solution
20.48
The permissible level with respect to the formaldehyde 15 minute test is
2ppm
There are ________ embalming treatment classifications
4
The embalmer wants to make a half gallon of embalming solution for an infant case. So how much 28 index arterial fluid must be added to the embalming machine tank to make a 2% embalming solution
5 ounces
8 ounces of a 20 index arterial fluid would be required to make 32 ounces of
5% solution
An eight pound baby at birth, how much weight would be from water
6lbs
During the life of the normal pH of the blood tissue fluid is approximately
7.4
10 ounces of 16 index arterial fluid would be required to male 20 ounces of a
8% solution
With reference to the formaldehyde standard there are two types of tests that must occur in every funeral home where formaldehyde is used, the time weighted average over a period of ________ hours and the short-term exposure level, over a period of ________ minute
8;15
The optimum temperature for rigor mortis to take place
98 to 100 degrees F
Which are considered an intrinsic factors A. Pathological conditions B. Weight C. Vermin D. A and B
A and B Pathological conditions and weight
Decomposition
A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products. *Is a postmortem chemical change *Is the most certain sign that a person is dead *Increases preservation demand *Is accompanied by color, odor, purge, desquamation and gas formation *Causes a variety of extravascular discolorations
Linear Guide
A line drawn or visualized on the surface of the skin to represent the approximate location of some deeper-lying structure.
The center of circulation in the embalming process is located in the
Arch of the aorta
Decrease in body temperature immediately before death
Agonal algor
A period before death
Agonal period
How should eyelids be set
About in the lower one third
Pressure indicated by the gauge needle when the arterial tube is open and the solution is flowing into the body
Actual pressure
A wax-like material produced by saponification of body fat in the body buried in alkaline soil
Adipocere
Saponification of the body fats results in production of
Adipocere
For this question consider the body has been dead for three months or longer. The medical examiner advised that the body was buried in a shallow grave consisting of alkaline soil. The information is helpful when determining the identity of the wax-like substance found on and within tissues (especially adipose tissue). You have determined that the body fat has converted to ________ by the process known as saponification
Adipocere - a grayish waxy substance formed by the decomposition of soft tissue in dead bodies subjected to moisture. saponification
One example of postmortem physical change is
Algor mortis
The cooling of the body after death to the surrounding temperature
Algor mortis
The cooling of the body after death to the surrounding temperature is referred to as
Algor mortis
Upon touching the body, you notice that is appears cool in temperature. The postmortem cooling of the body is known as
Algor mortis
What is the cooling of the body to surrounding temperature
Algor mortis
Which of the following are embalming concerns with respect to hard water A. Inactivates the anticlotting elements in arterial fluid B. May unite with the arterial fluid ingredients to form insoluble particles of sufficient size to occlude the capillaries C. Variations in rigidity D. All of the above E. None of the above
All of the above
Which of the following destroy pathogens that are deposited on or enter the living body, contamination followed by decontamination A. Mucous Membranes B. Phagocytes C. Hydrochloric acid of the stomach D. Lysosomes E. All of the above F. None of the above
All will destroy pathogens Mucous Membranes Phagocytes Hydrochloric acid of the stomach Lysosomes
Skatole Indole Cadaverine Putrescine
Amines
The building block of protein proteins
Amino Acids
One condition governing the rate of algor mortis might be
Amount of clothing covering the body
Generalized edema in subcutaneous tissues
Anasarca
White patches found on the oral mucosa of an IV-drug user, should be disinfected by
Application of fungicide solution
What are the four classifications of embalming
Arterial, Cavity, Hypodermic, Surface
The center of embalming distribution is the
Ascending aorta and/or arch of the aorta
Accumulation of serous fluids in the peritoneal cavity
Ascites
As you begin to wash the body surfaces, you notice the presence of dirt beneath the fingernails, what should be done
At this time (before embalming), the fingernails can be cleaned
The consideration given to the dead body, prior to, during and after the embalming procedure is complete is:
Case analysis
A one-piece scalpel used for making incisions and excisions
Bistoury
The inferior border of the tendon of the teres major muscle serves as a point of origin for
Brachial
As you are mixing your arterial fluid you decide to add pH stabilizer to your solution. This will help to maintain the acid-base balance and assist in stabilizing the pH of the tissues where embalming fluids react with the cellular proteins, you add ________ which contains ________
Buffer; Borax
Embalming technique using active dye in an attempt to cover internal discoloration
Counterstaining
The blueness of the skin resulting from an oxygen deficiency in the blood is called
Cyanosis
The embalming equation CxV=C'xV'
C = strength of concentrated solution (index) V = volume of concentrated (arterial) solution C' = strength of diluted solution V' = total volume factor (diluted solution)
You notice the abdominal cavity is distended with gas pressure. Further, you detect a foul odor. We know that as the proteins of the body decompose, putrefactive odors become apparent. Three compounds are responsible for the odor. One of the three is
Cadaverine
What cause of death would cause a cherry-red discoloration, bright red color to blood, intense livor mortis, rapid mortem staining and petechiae
Carbon monoxide poisoning
A circumscribed inflammation of the skin and deeper tissues, that terminates in suppuration and is accomplished by systemic systems
Carbuncle
The trocar is directed toward a point one-forth of the distance from the right anterior-superior iliac spine to the pubic symphysis; keep point of trocar well up near the abdominal wall until within four inches of right anterior-superior iliac spine...This statement describes the trocar guide for the
Cecum
Considering the contents of the abdomen, the nine-region method, which is located in the Right Inguinal Region
Cecum, appendix
Hemectant
Chemical that increases the ability of embalmed tissue to retain moisture
Considering the contents of the abdomen, the nine-region method, which is located in the Umbilical Region
Coils of the small intestine The membrane that holds the coils of small intestine together is called the mesentery. This organ is found under the liver, it stores bile gall bladder. The organ that is the first major site of chemical digestion: the stomach. Eggs, sperm, urine, and wastes all empty into this structure: The Cloaca.
The climate condition which aids the embalmer to achieve naturalness of the embalmed body
Cold and moist
What drainage technique does not require a drain tube
Concurrent
What will accelerate the rate of natural human decomposition
Corpulence - the state of being fat; obesity.
What is the embalming equation
CxV=C'xV'
Permission from the next of kin should be sought under which of the following circumstances? A. Removal of a pacemaker from the body, in the event that the body is to be cremated B. The body is to be openly viewed in your stateroom for three days. You wish to embalm the body and charge the family for this service C. You wish to perform a restoration that requires a great deal of time and expertise(assume the victim died of trauma as the result of a car accident) D. All of the above E. None of the above
D. All of the above
A noise made by a moribound person caused by air passing through a residue of mucous in the trachea and posterior oral cavity
Death cough
cellular death
Death of the individual cells of the body.
Extreme dehydration often resulting in post-embalming discoloration
Desiccation
Sloughing off of the epidermis, wherein there is a separation of the epidermis from the underlying dermis as a result of autolysis
Desquamation
The diffusion of crysalloids across a semipermeable membrane that is impermeable to colloids. It is the process of separating crystalloids (smaller particles) from colloids (larger particles) by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane
Dialysis
The movement of embalming fluid into tissues through capillary walls
Diffusion
According to your text, which task should be performed before all others listed? A. Close the mouth B. Wash the body C.Disinfect the body with a droplet spray D. Position the body E. Remove the calvarium
Disinfect the body with a droplet spray
Destruction and/or inhibition of most pathogenic organisms and their products in or on the body is called
Disinfection
Drainage is brought about by
Displacement
The movement of embalming fluid within the vascular system as a result of injection
Distribution
Eosin is used in embalming fluids as a
Dye
Bruising discoloration of the skin caused by the escape of blood into extravasular tissues
Ecchymosis
Which discoloration is antemortem and extravascular
Ecchymosis
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissues or body cavities
Edema
Which of the following is a true statement regarding embalmed tissue A. Embalmed tissues become drier B. Embalming reactivates active lipid centers C. Embalmed tissues develop and affinity for water D. Embalmed tissue produces new protein like substances, which are less stable E. None of the above
Embalmed tissues become drier
The process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, retard organic decomposition, and restore a natural physical appearance is known as
Embalming
Organic catalyst produced by living cells capable of autolytic decomposition
Enzyme
Loss of blood to the point where life can no longer be sustained
Exsanguination
What is not considered proper positioning
Face is tilted to the left about 15 degrees
The hand pump develops the pressure by means of a piston and depends on gravity
False
The injection pressure is defined as the force necessary to promote diffusion
False
The injection pressure is defined as the force necessary to stop osmosis
False
Characterized by a high fever, causing dehydration of the body
Febrile
What agency stipulates that funeral homes must obtain permission to embalm
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
What form should be achieved with lip closure
Five arc
If a 'putty-grey' color develops in the skin after a body is embalmed it is probably due to
Formaldehyde and blood mixing because of poor drainage
Gray discoloration of the body caused by the reaction of formaldehyde with hemoglobin to form methyl hemoglobin
Formaldehyde gray
A result of failure of the embalmer to remove as much blood out of the body as possible, leading to a reaction of formaldehyde with hemoglobin to form methylhemglobin is known as
Formaldehyde grey
Acute, deep seated inflammation in the skin which usually begins as a subcutaneous swelling in a hair follicle
Furnucle
Death of body tissues due to deficient or absent blood supply
Gangrene
What discoloration may occur if the embalming solution is too strong
Graying
Considering the contents of the abdomen, the nine-region method, which is located in the Hypochondriac Region
Greater Omentum
Considering the contents of the abdomen, the nine-region method, which is located in the Left Lumbar Region
Greater Omentum
The discoloration described in question #38 is caused by
Heme passing through the walls ans pores of the capillaries and into the tissue spaces
A solution having a greater concentration of dissolved solution to which it is compared
Hypertonic
High moisture content in a body may be successfully reduced with
Hypertonic solution
The process of blood and/or other fluids settling to the dependent portions of the body
Hypostasis
The settling of blood and other fluids to dependent portions of the body is known as
Hypostasis
What is a consideration of agonal change
Hypostasis
A solution having a lesser concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared.
Hypotonic
Low moisture content in a body may be treated successfully with an arterial solution that is
Hypotonic to cell hydration
Absorption of the fluid portion of blood by the tissues after death, resulting in postmortem edema
Imbibition
Signs of decomposition may include all of the following except
Imbibition
After the embalming process is complete, you attempt to terminally disinfect your work environment. You are planning to sanitize the area with a solution containing hypochlorite (as found in laundry bleach). However, you first notice a volume of cavity fluid (containing formaldehyde) has spilled on the floor, what step would be most prudent
Immediately rinse the area with water. Contact between the formaldehyde and hypochlorite may result in the formation of bischloramethyl ether (BCME), a known carcinogen
The brachial artery is found
In the bicipital groove
A person who has died while inter treatment of chemotherapeutic, the embalmer would want to
Increase the index of the solution
The strength of embalming fluids indicated by the number of grams of pure formaldehyde gas dissolved in 100 ml of water
Index
The period from birth to 18 months is referred to as the
Infant
Which method of drainage would you continue injecting and periodically close the drainage
Intermittent
A method of drainage in which drainage is stopped at intervals while the injection continues
Intermittent (Restricted)
This suture is used to gather in and turn under excess tissue. The pattern is the same as the single intradermal suture, except that the stitches are made parallel to the incision edges and do not pierce the margins of the incision.
Inversion (Worm) Suture
A condition characterized by excessive concentrations of bilirubin in the skin and tissues
Jaundice
The axillary artery begins as the continuation of the subclavian artery at the
Lateral border of the first rib
The common carotid artery lies
Lateral to the trachea
The left common carotid artery begins at the
Level of the second costal cartilage
Which of the following will decompose first under normal conditions
Lining membranes of the trachea and larynx
A red-blue intravascular discoloration which may be removed by normal arterial injection and venous drainage is
Livor mortis
Hypostasis contributes to the formation of
Livor mortis
The axillary artery terminates at the
Lower border of teres major muscles
One method of mouth closure is the hypodermic injection of embalming fluid into the
Masseter muscle
Musculature Suture
Method of mouth closure in which a suture is passed through the septum of the nose and through the mentalis muscle of the chin.
To achieve arterial embalming success for the situation in question #50, you are most likely to use which of the injection techniques
Multipoint (six point) injection
A method of mouth closure in which the suture is passed through the septum of the nose and through the mentalis muscle of the chin
Muscular suture
A pathological death of body dells as the result of disease processes
Necrosis
An example of ante-mortem cellular death
Necrosis
Cellular death of a pathological origin
Necrosis
Metabolic by-products such as urea acid containing nitrogen, and have a propensity to neutralize formaldehyde
Nitrogenous waste
All of the following are characteristics of ecchymosis except A. raised above surrounding skin B. flow of effused blood C. a bruise D. no blood will flow
No blood will flow
Which of the following is considered a fixed factor in embalming A. The body B. The embalming solution (arterial fluid mixed with water from your faucet) C. The operator D. The instruments and equipment E. None of the Above
None of the above
The hazard communication standard that requires employers to provide employees with information and training on hazardous chemicals in the work area is promulgated and enforced by which of the following
OSHA
The femoral artery ends at the
Opening in the adductor longus muscle
The eye of the aneurysm hook is used to
Pass ligature around the vessel
Pinpoint, extravascular stain visible as purplish hemorrhages on the skin
Petechia
Subcutaneous emphysema originates from a tear or cut located in which body cavity
Pleural
The femoral artery begins at the
Point behind the center of the inguinal (pouparts) ligament
If one made a longitudinal incision on the posteriormedial aspect of the thigh just superior to the popliteal space, the person would be attempting to find which artery
Popliteal
Considering the contents of the abdomen, the nine-region method, which is located in the Epigastric Region
Portion of the liver
The femoral vein is found
Posterior to the femoral artery
The increase in body temperature after death due to continued cellular metabolism
Postmortem caloricity
The rise in body temperature after death is
Postmortem caloricity
Imbibition causes
Postmortem edema
What is not a sign of decomposition
Postmortem hypostasis
During arterial injection of the body, you notice that areas of blood discoloration do not flush clear, via displacement. Rather, the dark - redness appears only to bleach in the presence of formaldehyde. The discoloration you noticed before "bleaching" is likely to be
Postmortem stain
Extravascular discoloration resulting from heme seeping through the vessel walls and into the body tissues
Postmortem stain
You are preparing to embalm the body of an obese female decedent. Death resulted from a ruptured aortic aneurysm. Areas of the face and hands exhibit an abundance of moister (edema) The post mortem interval is three hours. You are now ready to inject the arterial solution. First, you must properly set the pressure and rate of flow. The embalming machines power switch is set to "on" and the electrical motor is in operation. The rate of flow valve is set in a "closed" position. The pressure valve is set to a partially "open" position. The reading indicated by the machines pressure gauge is "10 pounds per square inch." Given the above facts, the ________ is indicated by the pressure gauge reading of 10 pounds per square inch.
Potential Pressure
Which suture method is described by the text as a "suture commonly used to close the trocar opening
Purse string
Positive intravascular pressure causing passage of embalming solution through the capillary wall to diffuse with the interstitial fluids; causing passage of embalming fluid from an intravascular to an extravascular position
Pressure filtration
What is an extrinsic factor as it relates to the permanence of biological preservation of human remains
Protective vault
Preservation primarily acts on body
Proteins
One advantage in the use of the femoral artery as a point of injection in arterial embalming is
Provides for an incision that will not be seen
Any of a group of nitrogenous compounds found by the action of putrefactive bacteria on protiens
Ptomaine
Any one of a group of nitrogenous organic compounds formed by the action of putrefactive bacteria on proteins; indole, skatole, cadaverine, and putrescine
Ptomaines
The artery just lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis muscle
Radial
A line drawn down the surface of the body from the center of the bend of the elbow to the base of the index finger is the linear guide for the
Radial artery
Cross linked proteins (Proteins + formaldehyde)
Resist decomposition
Dyes that are incorporated in embalming fluids are used to
Restore tissue to a natural color
A procedure whereby one raises both common carotids
Restricted cervical
Different pressure can be used to inject the head and trunk. Different rates of flow can be used to inject the trunk and head. These statements describe the advantages of using the ________ injection method
Restricted cervical
A method of injection wherein both common carotid arteries are raised to control the flow of arterial solution into the head
Restricted cervical injection
Massage cream applied to the face before embalming will
Retard dehydration
The center of venous drainage is the
Right atrium of the heart
The trocar is directed along the line from the left anterior-superior iliac spine to the lobe of the right ear; keep the trocar point up against the cavity wall until it has pierced the diaphragm. This statement describes the trocar guide for the
Right side of the heart
What are the three main considerations when embalming a body exposed to radiation
Rubber apron & gloves, time of exposure, running water
What is S.D.S.
Safety Data Sheet
Which of the following must the employer obtain for all hazardous chemicals in the work place and also maintain in a place where the employee will have access to them while in the work area
Safety Data Sheets
The conversion of fatty tissues of the body into a soapy substance called adipocere
Saponification
What is NOT an area directly impacted by OSHA with respect to the funeral industry
Securing authorization for embalming
Embalming solution has a tendency to find direct routs from arterioles to the venules or through only portions of the capillaries in the region around the injection site and thus spills into the drainage. This can account for over embalming of the area near the injection site and loss of great amounts of arterial solution through drainage. This reality is known as
Short-Circuiting
The body you are preparing to embalm is wrapped in bedding (sheets). You have noticed that both the clothing and bedding are soiled with body fluids and feces. You have decided to remove both items from the body. What will you do with these items?
Soiled clothing should either be destroyed (with proper authorization) or laundered and returned to the family. All contaminated bedding should be destroyed (with proper authorization) or properly laundered and returned to the family
A substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution, the component of a solution present in a lesser amount
Solute
A hemogeneous mixture of one or more substances (solutes) dissolved in a sufficient quantity of solvent
Solution
A substance holding another substance in a solution; the component of a solution present in a greater amount
Solvent
What should be done when arterial embalming has been delayed
Start with mild solution and strengthen as you proceed
What agency issues a license for embalming
State occupational licensing board
A delicate instrument, used for detecting almost inaudible sounds is
Stethoscope
What would be used for a test of death
Stethoscope
The trocar point is directed toward the intersection of the fifth intercostal space and left mid-axillary line. This statement describes the trocar guide for the
Stomach
What type of purge will have a coffee grind appearance
Stomach
When the trocar point is directed toward the intersection of the fifth intercostal space and the left midaxillary line, one would be attempting to insert the trocar into which of the following organs
Stomach
The axillary vein is
Superficial to the axillary artery
You have completed the arterial injection of the body via the common carotid artery. You notice areas of incomplete distribution of preservative solution. You attempt to raise a second artery to embalm these areas. Upon completion of this task, distribution of arterial solution is still lacking. What is the most reasonable and prudent next step
Supplement arterial embalming by using hypodermic injection of preservative and a surface compress of preservative
Preservation of body tissues by direct contact with embalming chemicals is called ________ embalming
Surface
When analyzing another case you grow concerned with your arterial fluids ability to diffuse adequately. You elect to add a modifying agent to aid in the diffusion, you add a ________ which contains ________
Surfactant; Sodium lauryl sulfate
A chemical that reduces the molecular cohesion and surface tension of a liquid, allowing it to flow through smaller spaces
Surfectant
What would be used to hypodermically embalm a finger
Syringe and needle
What is true regarding problems with rigor mortis
The condition affects only muscles, and usually all the muscles of the body are affected
Algor Mortis
The cooling of the body after death
Continuous drainage is
The drainage taken without interruption
Which of the following is NOT considered an intrinsic factor regarding embalming analysis A. Cause and/or manner of death B. Conditions of the body C. Livor Mortis D. The embalmer E. None of these are correct
The embalmer
Lysosomes
The enzyme responsible for autolysis originate in the cells
One disadvantage in the use of the common carotid arteries as points of injection in embalming is
The face may be over-injected
It is required to receive authorization prior to the executing the embalming procedure. With respect to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), receiving or not receiving impacts
The funeral homes legal ability to charge consumers for this service
Alternate drainage is the drainage taken during embalming in which
The injection and drainage are not allowed to run concurrently
What is acceptable preparation of the body prior to injection
The neck must be aligned in such a way that there is not interference with distribution of solution and drainage
Conditions determining the choice of a primary dilution include all of the following except A. cause or manner of death B. age of the deceased C. pathological considerations D. the pH balance of the concentrated fluid
The pH balance of the concentrated fluid
What is the amount of time an embalmed body will remain preserved
There is no way to determine the degree or length of time preservation can be maintained
One advantage in the use of the common carotid arteries as a point of injection in arterial embalming is
They are close to the center of circulation
Saprophytic bacteria complicate the embalming process because
They are responsible for putrification
Perfuming materials such as spice oils are used in embalming fluids because
They mask formaldehyde odor
What is the purpose of embalming
To temporarily preserve the body - Embalming is an invasive procedure that involves the injection of chemical solutions into the arteries, tissues and sometimes organs and draining of the deceased's fluids to slow decomposition and restore the physical appearance of the deceased for cosmetic purposes.
What instrument is used for cavity embalming
Trocar
Employers must provide employees with information and training on hazardous chemicals in their work area at the time of their initial assignment and whenever a new hazard is introduced into the work area
True
In areas where formaldehyde concentrations exceed any exposure limits (OEL, TWA or STEL) the employer must post signs reading danger, formaldehyde irritant and potential cancer hazard; authorized personnel only
True
Initial monitoring is required of all employees who might be exposed to the hazard.
True
The hand pump develops the pressure by means of a piston and exerts the pressure on a fluid which is delivered to the body by an arrangement of tubes
True
Treating all human remains as though they are infectious
Universal precautions
The trocar point is directed toward the intersection of the median line of the pubic bone, keeping it well up toward the abdominal wall until it touches the bone; then withdraw about one-half inch, dip the point slightly and insert into the
Urinary Bladder
Considering the contents of the abdomen, the nine-region method, which is located in the Hypogastric Region
Uterus during pregnancy
What procedure should be employed when embalming a body with vascular difficulties
Utilize a restricted cervical injection
The liquid that serves as a solvent for embalming fluids
Vehicle
One of the products that result from cross linking protein with formaldehyde
Water
The chief solvent of most arterial fluid is
Water
Anatomical Guide
a descriptive reference for locating arteries and veins by means of anatomical structures which are known
Borax is used in embalming fluids to
adjust pH
Postmortem cooling of the body:
algor mortis
In ________, the arterial solution is never injected while drainage is being taken
alternate (injection and) drainage
methyl salicylate
an example of a perfuming agent often used in embalming fluid
What will decompose more slowly
arteries
What should you doe first when you are going to utilize refrigeration storage, identification, or viewing without embalming
attach and ID tag
Coma results from the arrested function of the
brain
A fractured ethmoid bone may cause the post embalmed purge of
brain matter
A temporary suture consisting of individual stitches employed to sustain in the appropriate postiion of tissues
bridge - interrupted suture
Not an extravascular discoloration
cadaveric lividity
The injection of a "too concentrated solution" (in a body exhibiting normal moisture content) will
cause the moisture in the interstitial fluid to move into the capillaries and bring about dehydration
A hemostat is most useful to the embalmer to
clamp a vessel
What procedure would be used when embalming an autopsy case
continuous aspiration of cavities
somatic death
death of the entire body or organism as a whole
A respiratory gurgling or rattling in the throat of a dying person, caused by the loss of the coughing reflex and accumulation of mucous
death rattle
Proteolysis
decomposition of proteins
Algonal Algor
decrease in body temperature immediately before death
The embalmer can differentiate between postmortem stain and cadaver
digital pressure on the skin
What pathological condition will cause a dark-red to black discoloration
dry gangrene
A condition governing the rate of algor mortis is
environmental temperature
Agonal Edema
escape of blood serum from an intravascular to an extravascular location immediately before death
A body will naturally decompose more slowly in what environment
exposed air
Algonal fever
increase in body immediately before death
How would edema affect an embalming
increase secondary dilution
what is a type of gaseous ptomaine
indole
In this process, the injection of the embalming solution continues throughout the embalming and the drainage is shut off for selected short periods
intermittent drainage
Which of the following will pass through the cell membrane 1. glycerol 2. isopropanol 3. ethanol 4. methanol
isopropanol, ethanol, methanol
What is the last organ to decompose in an adult male
large blood vessels
The decomposition of fats is called
lipolysis
The following discoloration usually can be removed by venous drainage
livor mortis
What is another name for cadaveric lividity
livor mortis
One method of stimulating drainage is
massage
Where does the accompanying artery of the internal jugular lie in relationship to is
medial and deep
Many times a drainage tube cannot be fully inserted into the vein. Which of the following is true A. The drainage tube should be pushed through the vein into the body cavity B. The drainage tube should be forced into the vein C. The drainage tube is lubricated, then forced into the vein D. The drainage tube is twisted as it is forced into the vein E. None of the above
none of the above
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
palpable bony protuberance located on the ilium
Anatomical Limits
points of origin and points of termination in relation to adjacent structures; used to designate the boundaries of arteries
What discoloration cannot be cleared with vascular embalming
post mortem stain
Livor mortis is synonymous with:
postmortem lividity
The science of treating the dead human body to temporarily inhibit decomposition is known as
preservation
In the heart tap procedure for drainage, what is the terget the embalmer is searching for with the trocar
right atrium
When embalming the autopsy case, which artery is clamp, in the base of the skull, to build up intravascular pressure and help with distribution of fluid in the face
right atrium
Postmortem Caloricity
rise in body temperature after death due to continued cellular metabolism.
Autolysis
self-destruction of cells; decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance
Decomposition is
separation of compounds into simpler substances by the action of microbial and/or autolytic enzymes
agonal hypostasis
settling of blood into dependent tissues
It is advised for cavity aspiration to take place
several hours after arterial injection or immediately following arterial injection Both are acceptable options
Now you are ready to treat the body cavities, according to the text, what is an acceptable time to begin aspiration of the body cavities
several hours after arterial injection or immediately following arterial injection Both are acceptable options
What are some variable factors contributing to the length of preservation of human remains
the embalmer the body instruments and equipment
Imbibition
the swelling and softening of tissues and organs as a result of absorbing moisture from adjacent sources
necrosis
tissue death
The embalmer identifies which of the following as signs of diffusion 1. Tissue fixation 2. Drying of tissues 3. Distention of superficial vessels 4. Reduction of intravascular blood discoloration
tissue fixation and drying of tissues
It is much easier to remove a mustache or beard before arterial embalming
true
What procedure would be used when arterial embalming a decomposed body
use continuous injection with intermittent drainage
What should be done when embalming an obese person
use firm massage
What procedure would be used when arterial embalming a trauma case
use high pressure and low rate of flow
What is considered an invasive procedure when preparing an un-embalmed body for viewing
using a suture for mouth closure
As the body gradually dehydrates after death, the
viscosity of blood increases and blood moves to dependent areas causing livor mortis
The uncontrolled (and premature) hardening of capillary walls because of the presence of strong unbalanced solutions containing formaldehyde. These "seared" capillaries become less permeable, hence solution diffusion becomes hindered. The net result is a lack of preparation of the preservative solution causing "under-embalming" of tissues. This fact pattern defines
walling-off action of formaldehyde
The conversion of bilrubin to biliverbin is similar to
yellow to green