Embryology

In which of the following do the final stages of meiosis occur during prenatal development? a) Ovum b) Yolk sac c) Placenta d) Sperm

a) Ovum

Which tooth designation system is most commonly used during orthodontic therapy? a) Palmer Notation Method b) Universal Numbering System c) International Numbering System d) Either Palmer Notation Method or Universal Numbering System

a) Palmer Notation Method

Which of the following tissue types provides nutrition for the underlying compact bone? a) Periosteum b) Cancellous bone c) Compact bone d) Cartilage

a) Periosteum

Which of the following involves the engulfing and then digesting of solid waste and foreign material ( or pathogens such as bacteria) by the cell through enzymatic breakdown of the material? a) Phagocytosis b) Intermediate filaments c) Exocytosis d) Endoplasmic reticulum

a) Phagocytosis

Which of the following structures initially forms during the third week of prenatal development? a) Primitive streak b) Embryoblast layer c) Bilaminar embryonic disc d) Trophoblast layer

a) Primitive streak

Which of the following is an imaginary line representing the long axis of a tooth? a) Root axis line b) Ridge c) Midline d) Sextant

a) Root axis line

Which of the following usually signals the end of the mixed dentition period? a) Shedding of last primary tooth b) Eruption of first primary tooth c) Shedding of first primary tooth d) Eruption of first permanent tooth

a) Shedding of last primary tooth

During which week of prenatal development does the neural plate differentiate? a) Third week b) Fifth week c) Fourth week d) Second week

a) Third week

Root concavities are linked to treatment failures due to calculus deposits remaining on their surfaces BUT these depressions also produce a root shape more resistant to occlusal forces a) True b) False

a) True

The head of the mandibular condyle is formed by endochondral ossification that has a multidirectional growth capacity a) True b) False

a) True

Using the Universal Tooth Numbering system, Primary 2nd molars would be designated as: #3, #14, #19, #30 a) True b) False

a) True

What is the term used to describe the amount of time it takes for newly divided cells to be completely replaced throughout a tissue? a) Turnover b) Meiosis c) Fusion d) Mitosis

a) Turnover

The folding of the embryo during prenatal development causes _____ to be on the _____. a) endoderm; inside of embryo b) ectoderm; inside of endoderm c) endoderm; outside of mesoderm d) mesoderm; outside of ectoderm

a) endoderm; inside of embryo

The active transport of material from a vesicle within the cell out into the extracellular environment is termed a) exocytosis. b) interphase. c) phagocytosis. d) endocytosis.

a) exocytosis

The mandibular arch during the embryonic period of prenatal development is the a) fusion of two paired mandibular processes. b) structure that gives rise to lateral nasal process. c) posterior part of hard palate. d) swelling found superior to stomodeum.

a) fusion of two paired mandibular processes

Anchoring collagen fibers are found a) in the connective tissue adjacent to lamina densa. b) between epithelial cell surface and lamina lucida. c) in the epithelium adjacent to lamina densa. d) between lamina densa and lamina lucida.

a) in the connective tissue adjacent to lamina dura.

The tooth surface that is toward the midline of the oral cavity is the a) mesial. b) buccal. c) lingual. d) distal.

a) mesial.

The macrophages found in the connective tissue are derived from a) monocytes. b) neutrophils. c) mast cells. d) basophils.

a) monocytes.

The fluid part within the nucleus of the cell is called: a) nucleoplasm. b) nuclear envelope. c) tissue fluid. d) cytoplasm.

a) nucleoplasm

The nervous system has two main divisions, which include the central nervous system and the _____ nervous system. a) peripheral b) autonomic c) somatic d) parasympathetic

a) peripheral

Similar to connective tissue, most muscles are derived during prenatal development from a) somites of mesoderm. b) neural crest cells. c) ectoderm. d) endoderm.

a) somites of mesoderm.

A collection of similarly specialized cells in the body is termed a(n) a) tissue. b) system. c) cell. d) organ.

a) tissue

Which of the following basic tissue types is usually composed of fewer cells spaced farther apart and containing larger amounts of matrix between the cells? a) Epithelium b) Connective tissue c) Muscle tissue d) Nerve tissue

b) Connective tissue

Which of the following can occur that mainly involves the abnormal development of one or more structures from ectoderm within the embryonic period? a) Fetal alcohol syndrome b) Ectodermal dysplasia c) Congenital syphilis d) Treacher Collins syndrome

b) Ectodermal dysplasia

Which of the following organelles in a cell can appear microscopically either smooth or rough? a) Golgi complex b) Endoplasmic reticulum c) Cytoskeleton d) Lysosomes

b) Endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following surfaces of a tooth are not difficult to access during dental procedures as well as homecare? a) Line angles b) Facial or lingual surfaces c) Proximal surfaces d) Interproximal space

b) Facial or lingual surfaces

Erythrocytes and thrombocytes both have large, kidney bean-shaped nuclei. a) True b) False

b) False

The International Tooth Numbering System is the most commonly used numbering system in the United States a) True b) False

b) False

When does the blastocyst stop traveling and undergo implantation during prenatal development? a) Fourth week b) First week c) Second week d) Third week

b) First week

Which of the following is the main hydrolytic enzyme found in lysosomes? a) Lysozyme b) Hyaluronidase c) Intercellular substance d) Tissue fluid

b) Hyaluronidase

Which of the following statements concerning prenatal development is correct? a) Most congenital malformations occur during last prenatal week. b) Initiation of embryonic layers occurs during first week. c) Structure present during embryonic period is the fetus. d) Maturation of existing structures occurs during second to eighth week.

b) Initiation of embryonic layers occurs during first week.

During which dentition period may homecare become difficult due to crowding that promotes dental biofilm retention? a) Primary dentition period b) Mixed dentition period c) Permanent dentition period d) Both primary and permanent dentition periods

b) Mixed dentition period

What is the exact term for the process that affords the development of specific tissue structure or differing form due to embryonic cell migration and inductive interactions? a) Folding b) Morphogenesis c) Proliferation d) Appositional or interstitial growth

b) Morphogenesis

The neural crest cells migrate from which embryonic structures during prenatal development? a) Frontonasal process b) Neural folds c) First branchial arch d) Stomodeum

b) Neural folds

Which period of prenatal development is characterized by increased cellular differentiation? a) Fetal period b) Preimplantation period c) Embryonic period d) Unattached conceptus

b) Preimplantation period

Epithelium, unlike connective tissue, is _____, which means that it never has a blood supply of its own. a) stratified b) avascular c) simple d) keratinized

b) avasvular

Tooth roots surfaces are covered by which substance? a) enamel b) cementum c) dentin d) alveolus

b) cementum

The semifluid material contained within cell membrane boundary is the: a) nuclear envelope. b) cytoplasm. c) nucleoplasm. d) tissue fluid.

b) cytoplasm

Implantation of the zygote may also occur outside the uterus during prenatal development with a(n) a) case of ectodermal dysplasia. b) ectopic pregnancy. c) infection with rubella. d) infection with syphilis.

b) ectopic pregnancy

Which of following are metabolically inert substances in the cell that are also considered transient? a) Intermediate filaments b) Inclusions c) Vacuoles d) Lysosomes

b) inclusions

The philtrum of the upper lip forms during sixth week of prenatal development from the a) mandibular processes. b) medial nasal processes. c) lateral nasal processes. d) nasal placodes.

b) medial nasal processes.

The division of each dental arch into three parts is based on the relationship to the a) lips. b) midline. c) tongue. d) most posterior tooth.

b) midline.

The period of time that occurs between 6 and 12 years of age is the ____ dentition period. a) primary b) mixed c) secondary d) permanent

b) mixed

After they are shed, primary molars are replaced by permanent _________________ (tooth type) a) molars b) premolars c) molars d) cuspids

b) premolars

All of the following types of epithelial cells may be stratified EXCEPT: a) cuboidal b) pseudostratified c) columnar d) squamous

b) pseudostratified

The extensions or interdigitations of epithelium into connective tissue as appear on histologic section are the a) basement membrane. b) rete ridges. c) squames. d) connective tissue papillae.

b) rete ridges.

Most epithelium in the body consists of _____, which includes the superficial layer of the skin and oral mucosa. a) pseudostratified columnar epithelium b) stratified squamous epithelium c) simple squamous epithelium d) endothelium

b) stratified squamous epithelium

How many X-type chromosomes are necessary for the embryo to become of the female gender when present during prenatal development? a) Four b) Two c) Three d) One

b) two

How many pairs of somites form the cuboidal segments of mesoderm within the embryo during the third week of prenatal development? a) 18 b) 12 c) 38 d) 42

c) 38

Which of the following structures separates the epithelium from the connective tissue? a) Endosteum b) Periosteum c) Basement membrane d) Submucosa

c) Basement membrane

The crystalline formation of mature bone consists of mainly of which of the following? a) Osteoid b) Osteocytes c) Calcium hydroxyapatite d) Canaliculi

c) Calcium hydroxyapatite

Which are considered transitional teeth between anterior and posterior teeth in the permanent dentition? a) Incisors b) Second molars c) Canines d) First molars

c) Canines

Which type of bone tissue has a Haversian system with osteons? a) Osteoid b) Immature bone c) Compact bone d) Cancellous bone

c) Compact bone

By weight, which of the following is considered the most abundant type of basic tissue in body? a) Epithelial tissue b) Muscle tissue c) Connective tissue d) Nerve tissue

c) Connective tissue

What is the special term used for the simple squamous epithelium that lines the vessels and serious cavities of the body? a) Reticular b) Epidermis c) Endothelium d) Pseudostratified columnar

c) Endothelium

In which week of prenatal development does facial development begin in the embryo? a) Second b) Fifth c) Fourth d) Eighth

c) Fourth

Which type of cellular junction attaches the junctional epithelium to the tooth surface? a) Cemental b) Lysosomal c) Hemidesmosomal d) Desmosomal

c) Hemidesmosomal

Which of the following are not skeletal muscles? a) Tongue muscles b) Muscles of upper esophagus c) Linings of blood vessels d) Muscles of facial expression

c) Linings of blood vessels

Which of the following organelles are produced by the Golgi complex and function as well in both intracellular and extracellular digestion by the cell? a) Endoplasmic reticulum b) Nucleus c) Lysosomes d) Ribosomes

c) Lysosomes

Which of the following teeth is the first permanent tooth to erupt into the oral cavity, usually signaling the end of the primary dentition period? a) Maxillary central incisor b) Maxillary first molar c) Mandibular first molar d) Mandibular central incisor

c) Mandibular first molar

Which of the following divides each dental arch into quadrants? a) Line angle b) Cervical line c) Midline d) Point angle

c) Midline

What best characterizes the first week of prenatal development so that the blastocyst splits into smaller and more numerous cells? a) Meiosis b) Fertilization c) Mitotic cleavage d) Implantation

c) Mitotic cleavage

Which of the following functions are performed by the Golgi complex within the cell? a) Produces energy for cell. b) Produces ribosomes. c) Packages protein compounds. d) Metabolizes foreign compounds.

c) Packages protein compounds.

What is the prenatal organ that joins the pregnant female and the developing embryo during the second week of prenatal development? a) Yolk sac b) Amniotic cavity c) Placenta d) Primitive streak

c) Placenta

Which type of blood cell is directly responsible for immunoglobulin production? a) Neutrophils b) Basophils c) Plasma cells d) Mast cells

c) Plasma cells

Which of the following statements concerning the autonomic nervous system is correct? a) Only one division of the autonomic nervous system usually supplies most organs. b) The autonomic nerves are efferent processes, and they are always in one-neuron circuits. c) The autonomic nervous system includes the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system. d) The autonomic nervous system operates with conscious control.

c) The autonomic nervous system includes the sympathetic and the parasympathetic system.

When two teeth in the same arch come into contact, the curvatures next to the contact areas for spaces considered embrasures. There are apical, incisal, lingual, occlusal and hypoglossal embrasures. a) both statements are true b) both are false c) The first statement is true; the second statement is false d) the first statement is false; the second statement is true

c) The first statement is true, the second statement is false

A prenatal diagnostic procedure to detect chromosomal abnormalities is a) mitotic cleavage. b) folding. c) amniocentesis. d) bilateral symmetry.

c) amniocentesis

The main superficial layer of the basement membrane is the _____ and is produced by the epithelium. a) reticular lamina b) lamina lucida c) basal lamina d) lamina densa

c) basal lamina

The primitive streak forms in the embryonic disc during prenatal development, causing a) initiation of palatal development. b) fusion of the mandibular processes. c) bilateral symmetry. d) disintegration of the oropharyngeal membrane.

c) bilateral symmetry

The smallest living unit of organization in the body is a(n) a) tissue. b) organ. c) cell. d) system.

c) cell

By the end of the first week of prenatal development, the blastula stops traveling and undergoes a) amniocentesis. b) migration. c) implantation. d) disintegration.

c) implantation

During prenatal development, the oropharyngeal membrane of the embryo a) consists of three embryonic layers. b) is located superior to maxillary process. c) is located superior to first branchial arch. d) disintegrates during third week of prenatal development.

c) is located superior to first branchial arch.

A type of cleft lip can result during prenatal development from the lack of fusion between _____ processes. a) two lateral nasal b) mandibular and maxillary c) medial nasal and maxillary d) lateral nasal and medial nasal e) lateral nasal and maxillary

c) medial nasal and maxillary

The specialized, metabolically active structures within the cell are called: a) nuclear pores. b) vacuoles. c) organelles. d) chromosomes.

c) organelles

When comparing the arches of the two dentitions, one arch of the primary dentition usually contains a) four more total teeth. b) two more incisors. c) six fewer total teeth. d) four fewer molars.

c) six fewer total teeth.

Which of the following can occur with aging to the disc of the temporomandibular joint? a) Removal of cartilage b) Removal of bone c) Deposition of bone d) Deposition of cartilage

d) Deposition of cartilage

From which embryonic layer is mesoderm derived during prenatal development? a) Hypoblast layer b) Neuroectoderm c) Endoderm d) Epiblast layer

d) Epiblast layer

Which of the following tissue types covers and lines both the external and internal body surfaces? a) Connective tissue b) Adipose c) Cartilage d) Epithelium

d) Epithelium

Which of the following appears as very red soft tissue that bleeds easily after injury or surgery and can be present after extraction of 3rd molars or with chronic periodontal disease ? a) Keratin b) Melanin c) Keratohyaline granules d) Granulation tissue

d) Granulation tissue

The area between two adjacent tooth surfaces is the________________surface. a) mesial b) distal c) height of contour d) interproximal

d) Interproximal

Which of the following characteristics is noted in a patient during the primary dentition period as compared with the permanent dentition period? a) Larger overall crowns b) Longer roots c) Greater number of teeth d) Lighter enamel color

d) Lighter enamel color

Which of the following facial structures is formed from the mandibular arch during prenatal development? a) Nose b) Philtrum c) Forehead d) Lower face

d) Lower face

From which structure during prenatal development is the palatine tonsillar tissue derived? a) First branchial arches b) First pharyngeal pouches c) Second branchial arches d) Second pharyngeal pouches

d) Second pharyngeal pouches

What is connective tissue directly derived from during prenatal development? a) Neural crest cells b) Ectoderm c) Endoderm d) Somites of mesoderm

d) Somites of mesoderm

Found in early prenatal development, the neural tube will form in the future which of the following structures? a) Digestive tract b) Heart c) Face d) Spinal cord

d) Spinal cord

If there is failure of migration of the neural crest cells to the facial region during prenatal development, _____ can develop in the embryo. a) ectodermal dysplasia b) fetal alcohol syndrome c) Down syndrome d) Treacher Collins syndrome

d) Treacher Collins syndrome

What is the most common type of collagen protein in the body? a) Type III b) Type II c) Type IV d) Type I

d) Type I

Which of the following is the tooth designation system that uses the digits 1 through 32? a) Palmer Notation Method b) International Numbering System c) Military Tooth Numbering System d) Universal Numbering System

d) Universal Numbering System

Which of the following is not considered a component of the cytoskeleton within a cell? a) Microtubules b) Intermediate filaments c) Microfilaments d) Vacuoles

d) Vacuoles

Attachment plaques and tonofiliments are both components of ____________________? a) intercellular substance b) endoplasmic reticulum c) intercellular junctions d) basement membrane

d) basement membrane

The basic shapes of tooth roots upon cervical cross-section include all of the following EXCEPT: a) triangular b) oval c) elliptical d) convex

d) convex

An older dental term for primary teeth is the _____ dentition. a) second b) mixed c) succedaneous d) deciduous

d) deciduous

The frontonasal process is a swelling that appears over the developing brain in the embryo during prenatal development and forms the future a) otic placodes. b) neck area. c) mandibular arch. d) forehead.

d) forehead

Which of the following is NOT a phase are within mitosis or cell division? a) prophase b) telophase c) anaphase d) metaphase e) repolarization

e) repolarization

Which of the following tissues listed will develop from the ectoderm layer of the embryo during prenatal development? a) Epidermis b) Liver c) Muscle d) Dermis

a) Epidermis

Where in the adult body does reticular connective tissue still predominate? a) Lymph nodes b) Soft palate c) Tendons and bone d) Dermis

a) Lymph nodes

What exact cells or structures develop from neuroectoderm and migrate from the neural folds to then join mesoderm to form mesenchyme during the third week of prenatal development? a) Neural crest cells b) Somites c) Mesoderm d) Yolk sac

a) Neural crest cells

What exact cells are localized to the neural plate of the embryo during the third week of prenatal development? a) Neuroectoderm b) Mesenchyme c) Somites d) Endoderm

a) Neuroectoderm

What is the main difference between the cell membrane and nuclear envelope within the cell? a) Nuclear envelope is double-layered. b) Nuclear envelope contains cytoplasm. c) Cell membrane contains nucleoplasm. d) Cell membrane has nuclear pores.

a) Nuclear envelope is double-layered.