Embryology Study Guide
the length of a woman's period may change but almost all women ovulate ... days after the start of their last period
14-15
miscarriage
an involuntary ending of a pregnancy through the discharge of the fetus from the womb at too early a stage in its development for it to survive
IVF
assisted fertilization and implantation of an egg in the woman's uterus
what are the "practice contractions called that happen in the 3rd trimester?
braxton hicks contractions
d & c
dilation and curettage
what is a d&c and under what conditions would a doctor need to perform one?
dilation and curettage: a surgical procedure to remove the fetal tissue from the uterus if a woman miscarries but the body doesn't expel the fetal tissue
amniocentesis
done to test for genetic disorders in a fetus
oocyte
egg cell
zygote
fertilized ovum
which vitamin is the most critical during pregnancy and prior to pregnancy? (it is found in all prenatal vitamins)
folic acid
FSH
follicle stimulation hormone
preeclampsia
high blood pressure and excess protein in your urine after 20 weeks of pregnancy
what would be a sign of preeclampsia?
high blood pressure and excessive protein in the urine after 20 weeks
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin
an episiotomy would need to be performed under which circumstances?
if the doctor needs to use any tools to help deliver the baby or if the vaginal opening will not be big enough
under what circumstances would a doctor need to perform an amniocentesis?
if the patient is over 35 years old, has a history of genetic disorders, or has a child of genetic disorders
epidural
most popular means for pain relief during childbirth
what is an epidural?
most popular means for pain relief during childbirth
at the beginning of the second trimester the baby can now move in a jerky fashion, however can the mother feel this movement yet?
no
do females produce and oocytes after birth?
no
if a woman has a c-section by a classical incision would she be able to give birth naturally for a second child?
no
at the end of the proliferative phase what happens?
ovulation
vernix
pasty white coating that protects the fetus's skin
folic acid
prevents birth defects of the brain and spinal cord
days 6-14 of the 28 day cycle is called the
proliferative phase
days 15-28 is called the
secretory phase
lanugo
soft hair that covers the entire body
where does the urine go once the baby excretes it?
the amniotic fluid
the term natural childbirth refers to what?
the birth of a child without any drugs
infertility
the inability of a couple to become pregnant (regardless of cause) after 1 year of unprotected sexual intercourse
placenta previa
the placenta is lying unusually low in the uterus, next to or covering the cervix
surfactant
the substance that allows the air sacs in the lungs to inflate and keeps them from collapsing and sticking together when they deflate
during week 19 a pasty white coating called ... covers the baby and under the vernix is a layer of hair called the ...
vernix, lanugo
what are some of the changes to the mother in the second trimester?
weight gain 1/2 lb per week, dizziness, heartburn, constipation, shortness of breath
all oocytes have which sex chromosome?
x
what sex chromosomes do sperms carry?
x or y
once an egg has been fertilized it is now called a
zygote
typically how many embryos are implanted into the uterus during IVF?
1
if my baby is breech, what does that mean?
butt is down toward the cervix, not the head
cvs
chorionic villi sampling
what is the average cost of IVF?
$12,400 - $30,000
how long can sperm survive in the female reproductive tract?
2-5 days
how much should a baby weigh at birth?
7-10 lbs
halfway into the pregnancy the baby weighs about ...
1/2 lbs
where must the egg be fertilized?
1/3 of the way down the fallopian tube
what is the highest score a baby can get on the APGAR test?
10
the risk of miscarriage decreases after which week?
12 weeks
how long is the egg viable for fertilization?
12-24 hours
IVF was first used in the US in what year?
1981
how many sperm get released per ejaculation?
200 to 500 million
in weeks ... the baby's lungs are producing surfactant which allows the air sacs in the lungs to inflate
21-23
about what percentage of women will experience a miscarriage?
25%
at ... weeks if the baby is born it has about an 85% chance of surviving
27
at weeks ... the baby's bones are fully developed
28-31
at puberty how many oocytes are left?
300,000
during which weeks does the lanugo begin to fall off?
32-36 weeks
after the age of ... there is a much higher risk of having a baby with down's syndrome or other chromosomal disorders or birth defects
35
at which week is the baby considered full term?
37 weeks
babies born at week 24 have about a ... chance of surviving
50%
what is the assessment test that is done on the baby immediately following birth?
APGAR
explain how an epidural is administered
a catheter infuses pain medication into the epidural space
how do doctors test for gestational diabetes?
a glucose tolerance test
APGAR
a quick assessment of a newborn's overall well being
episiotomy
a surgical incision used to enlarge the vaginal opening
gestational diabetes
a type of diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy
what are the various things that are tested in APGAR?
activity pulse grimace appearance respiration
what happens during the secretory phase?
increase blood supply to the uterus, progesterone increases, menses begin again if implantation does not occur
why do people elect to give birth in water?
it helps to relax them during the pain of childbirth
why does a woman's fertility decrease with age?
less eggs are released, decrease in the health of the eggs, changes in hormones
which hormones increases during ovulation?
lh (luteinizing hormone) and fsh (follicle stimulating hormone) and estrogen
what is the most common cut for a c-section?
low transverse / bikini cut
LH
luteinizing hormone
days 1-5 of the 28 day cycle is called the
menstrual phase
