Emotion

Do expressions have functional purposes? Explain the Adam Anderson experiment with fear and disgust expressions.

Fear - need to get more information from environment -Eyes open wider -Nostrils open further -Mouth open for more oxygen Disgust - want to get less information from environment -Eyes scrunch and close -Nose scrunches to get less smell Found higher air velocity through nose in fearful expression than in disgust expression

What is the insula associated with?

feelings of disgust

Scenario: You wake up in the morning and a bear jumps out of the closet. The common sense path suggests...

"My heart is pounding because I feel afraid"

Recall - cortical blindness, caused by lesion to ____ ____ (blindsight). In these patients, though, the ____ is still able to discriminate fear in blind field. This mean the danger/fear system must be quick, faster than ____ ____.

Recall - cortical blindness, caused by lesion to VISUAL CORTEX (blindsight). In these patients, though, the AMYGDALA is still able to discriminate fear in blind field. This mean the danger/fear system must be quick, faster than VISUAL CORTEX.

Scenario: You wake up in the morning and a bear jumps out of the closet. James-Lange path suggests... What is the experiment to back this up?

"I feel afraid because my heart is pounding" -Idea that emotions come due to body response interpreted by the brain as feelings -Brain interprets body's physiology as emotions Experiment: -Person holds pencil between teeth (forces smiling expression) or between lisp (prevents smiling) while watching funny movie -Smiling expression led to more enjoyment -Person poses facial muscles (into smile or frown) and then were shown pictures; frown expression reported more anger and less happiness

Scenario: You wake up in the morning and a bear jumps out of the closet. Cannon-Bard path suggests... What is the experiment to back this up?

"The bear makes me feel afraid and my heart pounds" -Mix of common sense path and James-Lange path -Sensory feedback influences intensity of emotion -Perception/ thought influences type of emotion

Are emotions universal? This conversation started with Darwin who thought emotions were ____. This is supported by the early displays of emotion in ____ - similar to facial displays among adults without much ____. Additionally, when studying emotions in the deaf and blind: One study looked at Olympics - Paralympic blind athletes. Expressions after winning or losing are the same whether ____ or ____. Across cultures, though, smiling might not mean the same thing emotionally. Many psychologist argue that there are six basic universal emotions: ____, ____, ____, ____, ____, and ____. Are they really universal? In a study, Westerners recognized six universal emotions way above chance. Non-westerners recognized six universal emotions way above chance, but ___. This means that emotions are not completely universal - _____ overlay that affects how emotions are expressed. Main Model: - ___ ____ in association with six universal emotions are the same genetically - ___ rules differ based on culture

Are emotions universal? This conversation started with Darwin who thought emotions were INBORN. This is supported by the early displays of emotion in INFANTS - similar to facial displays among adults without much LEARNING. Additionally, when studying emotions in the deaf and blind: One study looked at Olympics - Paralympic blind athletes. Expressions after winning or losing are the same whether BLIND or OR NOT BLIND. Across cultures, though, smiling might not mean the same thing emotionally. Many psychologist argue that there are six basic universal emotions: HAPPY, SAD, ANGER, FEAR, SURPRISE, and DISGUST. Are they really universal? In a study, Westerners recognized six universal emotions way above chance. Non-westerners recognized six universal emotions way above chance, but NOT AS WELL AS THE WESTERNERS. This means that emotions are not completely universal - CULTURAL overlay that affects how emotions are expressed. Main Model: - FACIAL MUSCLES in association with six universal emotions are the same genetically - DISPLAY rules differ based on culture

Emotions are biologically-based responses to ____ that are seen as personally relevant. They are shaped by ______ and usually involve changes in peripheral ____ (hands shaking, sweating, etc.), expressive ____, and ___ experience. The difference between emotion and mood: ____ is diffuse, long-lasting emotional states, while _____ is immediate responses to a specific object or situation, which is our focus. One model of emotion is that of a two-dimensional map: ____ and ____. ___ can be high (excited, tense) or low (calm, lethargic). ____ can be positive (elated, contented) or negative (sad).

Emotions are biologically-based responses to SITUATIONS that are seen as personally relevant. They are shaped by LEARNING and usually involve changes in peripheral PHYSIOLOGY (hands shaking, sweating, etc.), expressive BEHAVIOR, and SUBJECTIVE experience. The difference between emotion and mood: MOOD is diffuse, long-lasting emotional states, while EMOTION is immediate responses to a specific object or situation, which is our focus. One model of emotion is that of a two-dimensional map: AROUSAL and VALENCE. AROUSAL can be high (excited, tense) or low (calm, lethargic). VALENCE can be positive (elated, contented) or negative (sad).

Fear conditioning in humans: A study was done with patients whose amygdala and/or hippocampus intact or removed. They were tested with ____ ____ - associating blue light with loud noise. The amygdala lesion - impaired ____ response (galvanic skin response) but intact ____ learning. The hippocampal lesion - intact ____ response, but impaired ____ learning. Amygdala damage can also lead to inability to recognize ____ ____ ___ - impairment is selective for fear.

Fear conditioning in humans: A study was done with patients whose amygdala and/or hippocampus intact or removed. They were tested with FACTUAL LEARNING - associating blue light with loud noise. The amygdala lesion - impaired AUTONOMIC response (galvanic skin response) but intact FACTUAL learning. The hippocampal lesion - intact AUTONOMIC response, but impaired FACTUAL learning. Amygdala damage can also lead to inability to recognize FEARFUL FACIAL EXPRESSIONS - impairment is selective for fear.

Do emotions have unique physiological signatures?

Intuition holds that emotions differ from one another in their bodily manifestations Language examples - "hot and bothered," "you make my blood boil" Most studies have found that the same physiological responses occur in response to different emotions, so NOO

The ______ is the structure related to fear in the brain, as well the ____ ___ of memory. It stores memory about ___ and ___ conditioning. For example, when the amygdala is removed from a rat, the rat is able to approach a cat without fear. The amygdala is shown to be related to social fitness - the loss of ____ ____ impairs social fitness. With monkeys in a lab, they establish ____ ___. A lesion to the dominant male's amygdala causes the monkey to fall to _____ status. In the wild, a lesioned monkey returned to the wild experiences ___ rejection and early ____ without social support.

The AMGYDALA is the structure related to fear in the brain, as well the EMOTIONAL ENHANCEMENT of memory. It stores memory about FEAR and FEAR conditioning. For example, when the amygdala is removed from a rat, the rat is able to approach a cat without fear. The amygdala is shown to be related to social fitness - the loss of THREAT APPRECIATION impairs social fitness. With monkeys in a lab, they establish SOCIAL HIERARCHY. A lesion to the dominant male's amygdala causes the monkey to fall to SUBORDINATE status. In the wild, a lesioned monkey returned to the wild experiences SOCIAL rejection and early DEATH without social support.

The creaky bridge experiment led us to the modern interpretation of emotion/fear: ___ ____ ____. In reference to the bear scenario, this would mean a response of: "my pounding heart means _____ because I interpret the situation as ____ ____." It is a combination of ____ response and our _____ of a situation which leads to emotion.

The creaky bridge experiment led us to the modern interpretation of emotion/fear: TWO FACTOR ANALYSIS. In reference to the bear scenario, this would mean a response of: "my pounding heart means IM AFRAID because I interpret the situation as BEING DANGEROUS." It is a combination of BODILY response and our INTERPRETATION of a situation which leads to emotion.

Why do we have emotions? They are necessary for _____ functions (within a person), such as _____, the affect as information about situation to make decisions about behavior, and _____, doing the right thing at the right time. They are also necessary for ______ functions (between person). For example, the emotional communication experiment with babies - explain!

They are necessary for INTRAPERSONAL functions (within a person), such as FEELING, the affect as information about situation to make decisions about behavior, and BEHAVIOR, doing the right thing at the right time. They are also necessary for INTERPERSONAL functions (between person). For example, the emotional communication experiment with babies - explain! Emotional communication experiment: -Baby crawling toward mother at edge of table -Big drop off table - should inspire fear (actually Plexiglas) -Mother either beckons to baby and smiles or waves baby away and shows fear -When mother smiles, 75% of babies crawl out onto glass (facing danger) -When mother shows fear, none of the babies crawl out