ENC 1102 Final

Ch.5 Fallacies Fallacies of Emotional Argument

Argumentative moves flawed by their very nature or structure. Scare tactics, either/or choices, slippery slope, overly sentimental appeals, and bandwagon appeals.

Evaluation quantitative qualitative criteria

Arguments determining whether something meets certain criteria. Arguments having to do with measurements and numbers. Opinionated arguments about sentiments such as "good" and "bad." The particular standards we establish for judging anything.

Artistic proof a,b,c

Arguments the writer speaker creates Constructed arguments Appeals to reason; common sense

Inartistic proof a,b,c

Arguments the writer/speaker is given and not created by the speaker (applied rather than invented) Hard evidence Uses facts, statistics, testimony, witness, contracts, documents

Ethos Humor

Get an audience to "like you", which can be an important part in getting the audience to trust you or give you credit. It can put the audience (or reader) at ease so they are more willing to listen to your argument and identify with you.

What emotion appeals mean

Getting the audience to identity with your experiences; these often soften up the audience and allow the writer to argue for/against controversial issues

Values

Relative worth, merit, or importance.

vocabulary

Rogerian To solve a problem by compromise. "we don't all have to win". Agree to disagree Invitational Address both sides, invite others into the discourse. Civil Discourse Agree to argue, not to get angry. Persuasive Principle Prove an opinion, must take a stand. Persuade the reader that you are right. No bias Forensic referring to legal proceedings or formal debate or rhetoric Deliberative speaking that focuses on the future and is usually concerned with what should be done Epideictic or ceremonial ... Perception the process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. Stasis Theory How to approach an argument. Did something happen, what is its nature, what is its quality or cause ? Arguments of Facts ... Arguments of Definition an argument in which the claim specifies that something does or does not meet the conditions or features set forth in a representation; within stasis theory: What is the nature of the thing? Arguments of Evaluation present criteria and then measure individual people, ideas, or things against those standards Proposal Arguments Present an issue or problem so vividly that readers say "What can we do?" Ambiguity doubtful, unclear, indefinite Primary certitude a strong, even irrational, belief that you know the truth about a given topic. Rhetorical Analysis a close reading of a text to find out how or if it persuades. Propaganda Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause. Name calling attacking the person rather than the issues. (i.e.: poisoning the well, labeling) Glittering generality Uses attractive, but vague, words that embody ideals such as: freedom, fame, justice, respect. This technique seeks to evoke emotions without making any commitments. ("virtue word") Transfer person in power (expert, authority) = respect Testimonial attempts to persuade the reader by using a famous person to endorse a product or idea Plain folks Attempting to convince the public that one's views reflect those of the common person "I am one of the people" BandWagon A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. Flattery (n.) - compliments, sycophancy Snob Appeal The suggestion that the use of the product makes the customer part of an elite group with a luxurious and glamorous lifestyle. Pseudoscientific Jardon the propagandist uses confusing (and sometimes false) terminology to convince Fallacy An error in reasoning

Statistics

A fact or piece of data from a study of a large quantity of numerical data.

Slippery slope definition

Portrays today's tiny misstep as tomorrow's slide into disaster. Ex: Parents scolding kids for misbehaving today so that they won't be out of control when they're older.

Logos ch.4

The process of facts and reasoning.

Survey

To view in detail, especially to inspect, examine, or appraise formally.

Empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

Study guide

unspoken the clothes you wear, the foods you eat, and the groups you join often make nuanced, sometimes __________ arguments about who you are and what you value contractions ____________ are often too informal for academic writing. e.g. can't, won't, don't credibility, authority, motives ___________, ___________, and unselfish or clear __________ are element(s) that often add up to a strong argument based on character or ethos antithesis a(n) _________ is a statement that asserts the opposite position of the claim Michelle Obama in 2014, ____________ _________'s use of Twitter and an accompanying photograph on the kidnapping of girls in Nigeria acknowledged social media as a powerful tool for rallying audiences around the globe three follow the rule of ______ to help you scrutinize news sources claim, thesis the _______ or _______ is a debatable and/or controversial statement or assertion to prove circular reportivy people need to be careful of ___________ __________, a situation where a piece of information appears to come from multiple independent sources, but in fact is coming from only one source pathos emotional appeals (appeals to _______) are powerful tools for influencing what people think and believe fallicies __________ are argumentative moves flawed by their very nature or structure: scare tactics, false dilemmas, slippery slopes, bandwagon appeals, dogmatism, appeals to false authorities, faulty causality, etc. false confirmation another name for circular reporting is _______ __________ Aristotle in a fifth-century BCE textbook of rhetoric (the art of persuasion), the philosopher ___________ classifies arguments based on the perceptions of time: past, present, and future previewing when ________, look for bulleted lists. Also look at any visuals (graphs, charts, tables, photographs, etc.), information boxes, information that is in color and for verbal signals (repeated words, transitional words, etc.) civil discourse rather than heatedly- or even violently- arguing over controversial issues, people need to engage in _______ __________, conversation intended to enhance understanding point of view an argument can be any text- written, spoken, aural, or visual- that expresses a ______ ____ ________ smiling according to the text, a human face ________ or showing honest emotion can sell just about any product- that's why indicated political figures now routinely smile for mugshots seminal important documents and speeches that are _________ keep citizens aware of great thoughts and history kairos when it comes to life, try to grab _________ by the lock of his hair. This will give you new opportunities indoctrination many societies will teach imbalanced (or even false) facts and information through an often- subtle version of conditioning or __________, dictating cultural values (academic knowledge, popular culture, etc.) context false news stories often contain manipulated images or videos. Sometimes the photo may be authentic, but taken out of _________ ... essay writing and research are both types of scholarly writings status quo arguments to make decisions often begin as choices between opposing positions already set up in stone within the mainstream society or reflecting the ______ ___ digital footprint be carful of not leaving a major, traceable _______ ___________ or digital shadow fact a claim of ____ will focus on empirically verifiable phenomena claim, evidence more obvious arguments are those that make a direct _____ based on or drawn from __________ invitational the _____________ argument (Floss, Griffen, and Makau) asks others to join in a mutual exploration based on respect predisposition another name for bias is _______________ attractiveness "if the person is cute, MUST BE TRUE!" this is known as ___________ bias perception the process of _________ allows individuals to organize and to interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment direct primary sources are _________ sources circular reporting people need to be careful of ___________ ____________, or false confirmation, a situation where a piece of information appears to come from multiple independent sources, but in fact is coming from only one source public service announcement the _________ __________ ________________ is a type of advertisement used to encourage the audience to take action rogerian the ___________ argument (Rogers) asks others to find common ground and agree to disagree about the issue deliberative the ___________ argument is a debate about what will or should happen in the future policy a claim of ______ will advocate courses of action that should be undertaken rhetoric the art of persuasion is known as __________ quantitive _____________ arguments of evaluation relies on criteria that must be explained through language and media evaluation arguments of ____________ presents criteria and then measure individual people, ideas, or things against those standards defintion a claim of ________/classification indicates what criteria are being used to define a term or what category something falls into forensic the ___________ argument is a debate about what happened in the past judgement a claim of _____________/value: involving opinions, attitudes, and subjective evaluations of things dictionary dangle according to Webster's dictionary, the word love is defined as... this is the use of the _________________ _______ message, presentation, hook, action a public service announcement should have a clear ____________, follow a logical ___________ (arrangement of the ideas to support the message), contains an emotional ______, provide critical information (such as the name of the organization or important statistics) and call the audience to an _________ epideictic the ____________ argument is a debate about what is happening in the present factual error a(n) __________ _______ is being wrong about the facts policy a claim of ________: advocating courses of action that should be undertaken pseudoscientific jargon the propagandist uses confusing (and sometimes false) terminology to convince the audiences that he is believable. This is known as using _______________ ________ perception _____________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment precedent a(n) ___________ is a past action or decision that influences present policies or decisions deliberative the _____________ argument is about what or should happen in the future often establishes policies for the future deliberative, speculations the _____________ argument is often based on __________, advancing by means of projections and reasoned guesses WIKI _______: an web-based site for writers to collaborate on a single project or database connotative words have ___________ meanings, emotional references/ subtle shades of meaning inferences argumentation is about making, intelligent guesses (__________) epideictic ____________ arguments are often made in eulogies, inaugural addresses, sermons, graduation speeches, and civic remarks opposing viewpoints ___________ _____________ in context is the "premier online resource covering today's hottest social issues, from offshore drilling to climate change, health care to immigration." civil discourse _______ ____________ is our ability to have a conversation about topics which we disagree and our ability to listen to each other's perspectives kairos the suitable time and place for making an argument is called ______ evaluation an argument of ____________ presents criteria and then measure individual people, ideas or things against those standards proposal the _________ argument presents an issue or problem so vividly that readers say WHAT CAN WE DO? logos appeals to ________, or logic, are often given prominence and authority in US culture Kairos _________, the youngest son of Zeus, was the god of opportunity dogmatically when people write _________________, they imply that no arguments are necessary because the truth is self-evident humor using ________ as a tool can often help readers examine controversial issues or sensitive topics ad hominem an ___ _____________ is an attack against a person's character, rather than the issues legitimate authority people tend to believe arguments made by those who are expert authorities and/or those voted into office (______________ ______________) false dichotomy the _______ ____________ is over simplification that provides only two choices: EITHER/OR slippery slope the ________ _____ fallacy portrays a series of worsening events artistic appeals to reason and common sense (_________ proofs) are often constructed arguments, rather than using hard evidence bandwagon the ________________ appeal urges people to follow the same path everyone else is taking stack the deck writers _______ ____ _______ when they show only one side of the story (the one in their favor) enthymeme read the statement "We'd better cancel the picnic because it is going to rain." This is an __________, an ordinary kind of sentence that includes both a claim and a reason but depends on an audience's agreement with an assumption that is left implicit rather that spelled out toulmin the ___________ Model or Logical Structure includes a claim or the position being argued for; the conclusion of the argument primary certitude avoid _______ __________: a strong, even irrational, belief that you know the truth about a given topic humor sometimes _______ can deflate controversial topics distraction the straw man fallacy is a ____________, also known as a red herring psychology proving that the twentieth century was a time of understanding humanity, the three main sciences of the age were ___________, anthropology and sociology positionality one's personal opinions are also called ___________ communication effectivness a teacher can know his or her material but not effectively communicate those ideas (_____________ _____________) rhetorical analysis knowing who is claiming what is key to any ____________ ____________ warrant the Toulmin Model or Logical Structure includes a ________ or the principle, provision or chain of reasoning that connects the grounds/reason to the claim first, to begin with, lastly, addition, however, finally avoid using transitions: _______, or ___ _____ ____, or ________. Use advanced choices: in __________, or ___________, or ___________ humanity the human race, man kind, human kind different types of claims claim of fact, claim of value, claim of definition, claim of cause, claim of policy counterargument an argument set forward to oppose an idea or theory developed by another argument rebuttal a contradiction, negotiation negation the contradiction or denial of something

Polls

A sampling or collection of opinions on a subject, taken from either a selected or a random group of persons, as for the purpose of analysis.

Enthymeme

An ordinary kind of sentence that includes both a claim and a reason buy depends on the audience's agreement with an assumption that is left implicit rather than spelled out.

when reading an argument one has every right to wonder about the writers

Authority

Scare tactics definition

Can be used to stereotype legitimate fears into panic or prejudice. Ex: Campaign against smoking or campaign against illegal drugs

anaphora

Effective repetition.

Either/or choices definition

Either/or choices definition Well-intentioned strategies to get something accomplished. Ex: Parents telling kids eat broccoli or you won't get dessert.

Logical claims

Emotional appeals often make what stronger/more memorable; photographs are used in this ways because they intensify an argument

Hard evidence

Evidence that cannot be disputed. (Presented with facts and pictures)

Fallacies of Ethical Argument

False authority, dogmatism, ad hominem arguments, stack the deck.

Out and Out lies

Is straight out lie. No truth is involved.

Stereotypes and cliches

Stereotypes and clichés are made up of "exaggeration, omission and ignorance" says Ericsson.

Deflecting

Switches the focus from communicator's problem to one selected by the listener. Appropriate if reassurance is needed. Imply that the communicator's issues are not important.

omission

The act of leaving out or neglecting the truth

Dismissal

This is a form of denial or making a decision not to say something or do something about the truth

Bandwagon appeals definition

Urging people to follow the same path everyone else is taking. EX.Well all my other friends go to the movies n without a parent." parent said if everyone jumps off a cliff would you as well. "

Rage, pity, or shame

What emotions can make people feel uncomfortable

White Lie

When someone lies to you to protect you

False authority definition

When writers offer themselves or other authorities as sufficient warrant for believing a claim.

Facades

is like wearing a mask, You create an image for someone or something else

Establishing trustworthiness and credibility

speak to writers honesty

Ignoring the plain facts

Is being dismissive of the facts and convincing your self there is nothing wrong.

Overly sentimental appeals definition

Using tender emotions excessively to distract readers from facts. EX.Documenting many hardships of one single mom to paint a picture of all single mom struggles.

Delusion

A false belief or opinion

Syllogism

A deductive inference consisting of two premises and a conclusion, all of which are categorial propositions. The subject of the conclusion is the minor term and its predicate the major term; the middle term occurs in both premises but not the conclusion.

formal definition operational definition definition by example .

A dictionary definition; often placing a term in its proper genus and species. Identifies an object or idea by what it does or by what conditions create it. definition by example Defining a class by listing its individual members.

Analogies

A similarity between like features of two things, on which a comparison may be based.

Ad hominem argument definition Ad hominem Stack the deck definition Stack the deck Fallacies of Logical Argument Hasty generalization definition Hasty generalization Faulty causality definition Faulty causality Begging the question definition Begging the question Equivocations definition Equivocations Non sequitur defintion Non sequitur Straw man definition Straw man . Red herring defintion Red herring Faulty analogy definition Faulty analogy

Attack the character of a person rather than the claims he or she makes. Ad hominem Ex: Don't trust that person because of their religion. Showing only one side of the story- the one in the author's favor. Stack the deck Ex: Only showing bad side effects of a product. Hasty generalization, faulty causality, begging the question, equivocations, non sequitur, straw man, red herring, faulty analogy. inference drawn from insufficient evidence. Hasty generalization Ex: Since my fiat broke down, then all Fiats must be junk. Includes stereotypes! When someone argues that because of one event or action follows another, the first causes the second. Faulty causality Ex: An injury causing a fall and not vice versa. Making a claim on the grounds that can't be accepted as true because those grounds themselves are in question. Begging the question Ex: You can't give me a C, because I'm an A student. Half truths or arguments that give lies an honest appearance. Equivocations Ex: I wrote this all myself except the person uses the word write instead of copy. Argument whose claims, reasons, or warrants don't connect logically. Non sequitur Ex: Kids saying you don't love me! after not getting a toy. Fallacy that attacks arguments that no one is really making or portray opponents' positions as more extreme or far less coherent than they actually are. Straw man Ex: War on women, war on christmas. Fallacy that changes the subject abruptly or introduces an irrelevant claim or fact to throw readers or listeners off the trail. Red herring Ex: saying weather is always changing and then saying Vikings moved away due to bad weather. Inaccurate or inconsequential comparisons between objects or concepts. Faulty analogy Ex: Politicians and diapers must be changed often for the same reason.

arguments based on ethos depend on

Trust

Dogmatism definition

Undermines the trust that must exist between those who make and listen to arguments. Ex: Nazi Anti-Smoking Ad that says Hitler forbids smoking.

Humor

What can put your audience at ease, enabling them to be more open to argument Well intentioned; used to deal with a serious issue; provokes laughter

Groupthink

is when people lie as a group and make the decision to not tell the truth when questioned.

whose interests are being served? how will they benefit from the claim being made?

motives

Ch.17

perspective a particular attitude toward or way of regarding something; a point of view. Positionality 1. The fact or quality of having a position in relation to other things. 2. (Sociology) The occupation or adoption of a particular position in relation to others, usually with reference to issues of culture, ethnicity, or gender. Core Values Core values are the fundamental beliefs of a person or organization. These guiding principles dictate behavior and can help people understand the difference between right and wrong. Indoctrination the process of teaching a person or group to accept a set of beliefs uncritically. Perspective Consciousness the awareness that other people's viewpoints are different than your own Cultural Analysis cultural analysis is based on using qualitative research methods of the arts, humanities, social sciences, in particular ethnography and anthropology, to collect data on cultural phenomena and to interpret cultural representations and practices Dogma a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true. Inference A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning Why argue? to avoid being manipulated: understand how persuasion works (merchandise advertising, political advertising)

inductive reasoning deductive reasoning

process of generalizing on the basis of a number of specific examples reaches a conclusion by assuming a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case

Kairos

suitable time and place for making an argument