Psych Ch. 5

A person (such as H.M.) who receives damage to the hippocampus and suffers from anterograde amnesia will show considerable difficulty: a) performing implicit memory tasks, such as word-guessing games and word completion tasks b) encoding new events into long-term memory so that they can be explicitly recalled later c) retrieving information from long-term memory that was encoded prior to the hippocampal damage d) learning new motor skills, such as skiing, and automatic behaviors, such as classical conditioning

B

According to the encoding specificity principle: a) recall usually depends on implicit memory concerning details such as spellings of words b) recall is better if the context during retrieval is similar to the context during encoding c) unpleasant material is better remembered than pleasant material because it is more emotional d) it is better to encode material during learning than to decode material during recall

B

Experiments on eyewitness testimony reveal that the accuracy of a person who is questioned about details of a previously experienced event may be heavily influenced by: a) whether or not a flashbulb memory was created at the time of encoding b) the specific wording of the questions asked c) prospective memory for the consequences of the event d) whether or not the person asking the questions is a psychologist

B

Research on emotions and memory suggests that ______ stimuli are better-remembered and slower to fade than other types of stimuli. a) unpleasant b) pleasant c) shocking d) neutral

B

Suppose that you are in the top floor of a library, and you suddenly think about some information you need on the main floor. You return to the main floor and find that you can't recall what you needed. After returning to the top floor, you recall instantly. This is an example of: a) a deep level of processing b) the encoding-specificity principle c) meta-analysis d) semantic memory

B

involves retrieving something without conscious recollection of having seen it earlier

implicit memory

A typical ______ memory test. Study a list of words. Later, you receive a stem/fragment completion task. P_ _ _ T. Priming from earlier study makes you fill it with "print". What is this test called?

implicit, word-stem completion

explicit memory systems take place in the:

medial temporal lobe

Long-term memory for information is usually extremely good if a person had encoded the information in terms of: a) rhyming schemes b) negative emotions c) self-reference d) physical features

C

Loss of memory for events that a person experienced prior to some traumatic injury to the brain is called: a) proactive interference b) retroactive interference c) retrograde amnesia d) anterograde amnesia

C

Elaborative encoding can be idiosyncratic but one of the best meaning-based techniques is to relate the information to one's own ________ ______.

personal life

Types of contexts in encoding specificity principle:

physical environment semantic context (JAM when studied in with STRAWBERRY vs. TRAFFIC) internal state (e.g., mood, psychoactive state)

Memory can be systematically distorted by the way ______ are phrased.

questions

type of source monitoring attributes mental experiences to either external (perceived) or internal (thought, imagined, or dreamed) sources

reality monitoring

People cannot remember whether they have actually seen the critical word (e.g., window) or merely thought about during learning

reality monitoring failure

Refers to schema-guided construction of episodic memories that alter and distort encoded memory representations

reconstructive retrieval

Simple _________ of learning material is not sufficient for learning

repetition

Studied the recall of complex material (e.g. folk tales) Examined recall errors to understand encoding and storing processes recall errors and distortions are often caused by schemas intruding on reality

Frederick Bartlett

Test that recalls the words you have studied

Free Recall Test (explicit)

Test that says, from the words below, select the ones you have studied earlier.

Recognition Test (explicit)

Remembering the context in which you first learned the item

Source monitoring

How can we overcome context dependence?

Studying information in multiple rooms versus same room improves memory Imagining the original learning environment while being tested in a new place improves memory

Deficits in memory as a function of brain damage (usually implicating hippocampal damage)

amnesia

is highly flexible, involving the association of multiple pieces of information into a unified memory representation; thus, we may have different routes to retrieval of a given memory.

declarative memory

analysis of information based on meaning

deep processing

Involves creating additional information that relates and expands on what it is that needs to be remembered

elaborative processing

Memory a byproduct of level of processing performed at ______.

encoding

Memory depends on interaction between the how the items were studied and how they are tested Memory is worse when tested in a context different from the one in which it was originally encoded

encoding specificity principle

two forms of declarative memory

episodic and semantic

the memory of events in our own personal past, explicit

episodic memory

requires conscious recollection of past events

explicit memory

refers to forms of long-term memory that can ordinarily be consciously recollected and "declared," or described to other people, such as memory for facts, ideas, and events.

explicit memory (declarative)

Tests that require the retrieval of an explicit description or report of knowledge from memory.

explicit memory tests

In amnesia, ______ memory is impaired and _____ memory is spared.

explicit, implicit

Talarico and Rubin suggested that flashbulb memories are strong only because:

they are retold. otherwise they're like any other memory

Two key processes in memory:

- encoding process - retrieval process

Label influenced people's drawings bc it biased the _______ and _______ of the objects.

- perception - storage

Level of processing leads to different memories: - Shallow: ____ memory - Deep: _____ memory

- poor - better

Brown and Kulik proposed that flashbulb memories should be:

- very surprising - high in emotional content

A major focus of experiments on autobiographical memory is on the: a) correspondence between an actual event and an individual's memory for that event b) number of items recalled or recognized in a laboratory study of long-term memory c) way in which people displaying amnesia fail to encode personally relevant information d) all of the above are correct

A

What subtype of long-term memory is associated with remembering personal experiences: a) episodic memory b) implicit memory c) prospective memory d) semantic memory

A

An example of a failure of source monitoring was: a) the decision of the Supreme Court to end the seemingly endless ballot recounting in the state of Florida in November, 2004. b) government agencies discounting the possibility that commercial aircraft could be used in an attack such as the one on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. c) President Bush stating in 2003 that Iraq was negotiating with an African country to buy uranium d) all of the above are correct

C

In contrast to shallow (structural) processing, deep (semantic) processing of information produces: a) more effects of interference on memory processes b) rapid forgetting as a result of the lack of distinctive processing c) better memory for the information d) semantic confusion similar to that experienced by amnesic patients

C

Sometimes an adult seems to remember something previously forgotten, such as incidents of childhood sexual abuse. What is now known about so-called recovered memories? a) Recovered memories are usually accurate because people remember traumatic events exceptionally well b) Recovered memories are almost always erroneous, a phenomenon called the false-memory effect. c) Some people may accurately recover memories of traumatic events, but others may falsely recover memories of such events. d) All recovered memories are false memories that are created under the influence of hypnosis, an extremely suggestible state.

C

Your friend claims that she always retains a very clear and accurate memory of surprising, important, and emotional events (such as when she heard about 9/11). How should you respond? a) "research strongly supports your claim in that people invariably show very clear and accurate memories of such events" b) "actually, memories of such events are usually worse than memories of uneventful, unimportant, and emotionless events." c) "such memories may seem too clear and accurate, but people may nevertheless report inaccurate details" d) "although your claim is an interesting one, the topic is one that memory researchers have not yet investigated"

C

Who performed tests of Bartlett's theory by presenting participants with a series of ambiguous objects (e.g. could either be a hat or a beehive) along with one of those labels. Later, ask them to draw the objects?

Carmichael, Hogan, and Walter (1932)

According to one popular categorization system, three subdivisions of long-term memory are: a) iconic, episodic, and conceptual memory b) working, episodic, and abstract memory c) iconic, semantic, and conceptual memory d) episodic, semantic, and procedural memory

D

People with an anxiety disorder are ________ people without such a disorder to remember threatening, anxiety-arousing words. a) significantly less likely than b) slightly less likely than c) equally likely as d) more likely than

D

Research indicates that people who are experts in one area (ex: chess or music): a) do not show any better memory than do novices, even when they are tested in their area of expertise b) have a larger working-memory capacity than do novices, even when they are tested outside their area of expertise c) display outstanding memory skills, even when they are tested outside their area of expertise d) have well-organized, carefully learned knowledge structures in their area of expertise

D

The distinction between explicit memory tasks and implicit memory tasks involves whether or not people: a) know about the finding that mnemonics provide an effective way to improve memory for facts b) have received training in an approved Metacognitive Awareness Course or Memory Training Program c) have received some contextual cues that facilitate their memory retrieval d) are aware that memory is being tested and intentionally try to recall or recognize previously presented information

D

What subtype of long-term memory is associated with remembering facts? a) episodic memory b) implicit memory c) prospective memory d) semantic memory

D

Which of the following sentences describes an example of procedural memory? a) "there are 7 days in a week" b) "this professor always includes multiple-choice questions on her exams" c) "the earthquake occurred prior to the fire in that city" d) "to make a capital letter on this keyboard, press shift key"

D

Semantically related words give rise to a false recall of a highly associated word that was never presented

DRM Effect

DRM effect named after the researchers who discovered it: D, R, M

Deese, Roediger, McDermott

Expert behind misinformation effect:

Elizabeth Loftus

We recall more if the retrieval context is similar to the encoding context Any encoded aspect of the event could can be considered a context

Encoding specificity principle

Ran carefully controlled experiments in the laboratory Went to lengths to strip study materials of any pre-existing meaning Largely ignored how memory works in the real world

Hermann Ebbinghaus

temporally graded retrograde amnesia

Inability to retrieve memories from just prior to the onset of amnesia with better memory for further back (remote) events.

Who: Presented people with the same story about a dictator, whose name was either: Gerald Martin (an unknown) or Adolf Hitler (someone with semantic baggage) Asked people whether they remembered reading a statement that the dictator "hated Jews," which did not appear in the story at two delays (5 min vs. one week later)

Sulin and Dooling, 1974, influence of schemas

Who performed this experiment: Sept. 12, 2001, subjects had to report their memory for 9/11 (FM = flashbulb memory) along with a memory for an ordinary event from their life. (EM = every day). Initial session - all subjects were tested. Delayed session - some were tested in 7 days, 224 days, 42 days.

Talarico and Rubin

Which of the following was often most accurate? free recall cued recall completion

cued recall

Objects that weren't present in the room but were falsely "recognized" with high confidence were uniformly schema-_______

consistent

implicit memory systems take place in:

cortex, striatum, and amygdala/cerebellum

memory for for the situation when you first learned of a highly arousing, surprising, or emotional event

flashbulb memory

Criticisms of levels of processing:

focuses only on encoding process, says nothing about retrieval

What part of the brain is instrumental in the encoding of memories?

hippocampus

Information can be processed on a variety of levels, from the most basic (visual form), to phonology, to the deepest level (semantic meaning)

levels of processing framework (Craik and Lockhart 1972)

Schema-driven errors are more likely at ______ delays because schematic information is more durable than rote recall

long

Internal repository of stored information Information that is acquired in the course of an experience and that persists so that it can be consciously retrieved, so that we can use our remembrance of past things to guide present thought and action

long-term memory

errors in an eyewitness account if they were given misleading info after the event

misinformation effect

When learning new information, use elaborative or meaning-based encoding techniques.

mnemonic hint

skill-based memories. They involve knowledge of "how to" do things. begin as explicit, but with practice and experience, become implicit.

procedural memory

Flashbulb memories follow the _____ forgetting function as everyday memories.

same

Flashbulb memories follow the ______ same forgetting function as everyday memories.

same

Participants remembered more ______________ than -inconsistent items

schema-consistent

________ guide memory encoding and retrieval.

schemas

long-term structured knowledge used to make sense of new material and subsequently store and recall it

schemas

general knowledge. memories are memories for facts; meaning-based memory. They are explicit, and thus declarative. For instance, you may be able to state, "I know the first president of the United States was George Washington."

semantic memory

our general knowledge about things in the world and their meaning, a distinction proposed by Endel Tulving in 1972.

semantic memory

________ lineups are more accurate than simultaneous lineups.

sequential

analysis of information based on physical or sensory characteristics

shallow processing

First test for retrograde amnesia, performed by Sanders and Warrington

showed people famous people at different points in time. Amnesics remembered people further back in time

memory for skills, implicit memory, semantic memory

spared functions (typical)

Confidence for flashbulb memories goes ____ over time, while confidence for the accuracy for everyday events goes _____.

up, down