Endo-Repro

Patients with MEN-2B syndrome have Marfanoid habitus and develop aggressive medullary carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, neuromas or ganglioneuromas of the skin, oral mucosa, eyes and respiratory and GI tracts is characteristic of what

MEDULLARY CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID

Patients with _________ syndrome have Marfanoid habitus (makes the person look like an alien) and develop aggressive medullary carcinomas, pheochromocytoma, neuromas or ganglioneuromas of the skin, oral mucosa, eyes & respiratory and GI tracts

MEN-2B

What is common secondary to BPH?

Megabladder (megalocystitis)

Hypothyroidism developing in older childhood or adults - leads to slowing of physical and mental activity

Myxedema (Gull Disease)

Which signal is the fastest form of chemical communication?

Neurotransmitters

Three kinds of chemical signals

Neurotransmitters Hormones Local Signals

What is a nicotinic receptor with transmemiranous protein that serves as an ionophore for sodium and potassium?

Nicotinic Cholinergic receptor

Common; affects 90% of men by age 80 Hyperplasia of epithelial and stromal elements Enlargement Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Nodular Hyperplasia / Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)

Hyperplasia of epithelial and stromal elements; dihydrotestosterone; enlargement and very common- affecting 90% of men by age 80

Nodular hyperplasia/ BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy)

Inflammation of the testes themselves

Orchitis

Name the 2 posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) hormones

Oxytocin and ADH

Paroxysmal release of catecholamines may be associated with fits of severe hypertension, headache, anxiety, sweating, tremor, visual disturbances, abdominal pain and nausea is characteristic of ____

PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA

Hypothalamus and endocrine functions that can alter emotions

PMS, Menopause, midlife crisis, hypothyroid depression

what is an important cause of hypercalcemia

PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM

Elevated levels of ______ may occur in pts with prostatitis, nodular hyperplasia, and/or carcinoma

PSA (>4ng/L)

Acts on neighboring cells

Paracrine (prostaglandins, histamine, kinins)

Name the hormone the parathyroid gland produces and its function?

Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to increase blood Ca levels

What are the nerves that grow down from the hypothalamus, which engage in production of hormones?

Pars nervousa

Paroxysmal release of catecholamines may be assoc w/ fits of severe hypertension, headache, anxiety, sweating, tremor, visual disturbances, abdominal pain and nausea

Pheochromocytoma (neoplasms of adrenal medulla)

Inability to easily retract the prepuce over the glans penis. Can be congenital or acquired

Phimosis

Inability to easily retract the prepuce over the glans penis; can be congenital or acquired

Phimosis

Where is the growth hormone produced?

Pituitary

How does a goiter develop?

Pituitary senses there isn't enough iodine so it puts out thyroid stimulating hormone constantly and the thyroid continues to grow but it can't produce the thyroid hormone because there is no iodine. So that thing gets Big AF

2 major subclasses of hormones

Polypeptide and Steroid Also Neither group

Which type of hormone alters specific activity to get faster onset and shorter duration and is ideal for moment to moment regulation?

Polypeptides

A level of AFP > _________ and of HCG >________ indicates a poor prognosis in a non-seminoma

Poor Prognosis: AFP > 10,000 HCG > 50,000

What is an important cause of hypercalcemia?

Primary hyperparathyroidism (spontaneous overproduction of PTH)

the Zona glomerulosa (outermost layer) produces what

Produces mineralocorticoids (hormones) - Involved in metabolism and regulation of sodium, potassium, (and calcium) levels in the body

What hormones do the adrenal medulla produce?

Produces the catecholamines Epinephrine Dopamine Norepinephrine

zona reticularis produces ____

Produces weak sex hormones - Androgens in females (end up with the "bearded lady" if there is a tumor/problem with zona reticularis - Estrogens in males (breasts and softened facial features in males with zona reticularis problems - Suppress the menstrual cycle in young girls (small amount of hormone produced is enough to prevent ovulation until the ovary becomes less sensitive to these hormones)

What hormones prepares the mammary glands for production of milk?

Prolactin

**Most common visceral cancer in men in the USA

Prostate Carcinoma

Most common visceral cancer in men in the USA Second most common cause of cancer death in men 50+ in USA Peak incidence between 65-75 years Occurs in <1% men under 50; 50-60% of men 80+ years; 67-94% are latent carcinomas

Prostate Carcinoma

Proteolytic enzyme secreted by prostate acing cells that increases sperm motility by maintaining liquidity of seminal fluid

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

proteolytic enzyme secreted by prostate acinar cells that increases sperm motility by maintaining liquidity of seminal fluid. Elevation in this (>4ng/L) occur in many conditions Prostatitis Nodular hyperplasia Carcinoma

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

Inflammation of the prostate gland. Acute bacterial (associated with UTI) Chronic bacterial Chronic abacterial (Chlamydia, ureaplasma)

Prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate gland

Prostatitis -can be acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, or chronic abacterial

What does cAMP bind to?

Protein kinases which phosphorylate other proteins

Phospholipase C cascade

Receptor binds, G protein activated, but this time, phospholipase C is the effector PIP2 gets clipped by phospholipase C to get IP3 and DAG IP3 and DAG are second messenger

Hormones the kidney produce

Renin Erythropoetin

Once GnRH stimulates FSH and LH, FSH stimulates __________ cells in the testes to become more active

Sertoli

___ cells are the barrier between semen and blood

Sertoli

Benign tumors account for 5% of testicular neoplasms and arise from ________ or _________ cells

Sertoli or Leydig cells

What is another name for Growth Hormone?

Somatotropin

Dilated efferent ductule of epididymus

Spermatocele

____ is the change from the stem cell to a mature sperm cell

Spermatogenesis

____ (gonial cells) lie next to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules (outermost part)

Spermatogonia (and produce sperm)

Staging of Testicular Neoplasms

Stage I - primary tumor confined to the testis Stage II - metastasis confined to retroperitoneal nodes below level of diaphragm Stage III - metastasis beyond retroperitoneal lymph nodes

thyroid follicle cells produce what two hormones

T3 & T4 control metabolism (mitochondria)

Which is the active form of thyroid hormone?

T3 and also most potent

What are the 2 thyroid stimulating hormones and which one is active?

T3-triiodothyronine*** ACTIVE FORM T4- thyroxin

Stage ____ reflects direct invasion of contiguous organs. Any spread of tumor to the lymph nodes, regardless of the extent, is eventually assoc w. a fatality. Accts for 10-40%

T4

What staging is used for prostatic cancers?

TNM staging

Name 8 hormones that the hypothalamus is associated with and what kind are they?

TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) DA (dopamine) GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) Somatostatin GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone) Oxytocin (released in posterior pituitary) ADH CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone) The Drunk Girl Said Get Out And Cried All polypeptide hormones

T/F When aldosterone is present you increase potassium loss from the body

TRUE

GRAVES DISEASE is an autoimmune disorder Antibodies to the ____

TSH receptor (central to disease pathogenesis), thyroid peroxisomes and thyroglobulin

Epididymitis caused by extension of UTI or specific infections to the epididymis (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Orchitis caused by extension of UTI, mumps, or TB to the testis

Testicular Inflammation

_________ is the main hormone involved in sexual attraction bc it stimulates secondary sexual characteristics such as hair, voice, and body AND it has behavioral affects

Testosterone

Hormones the testes produce

Testosterone --> steroid Inhibin --> polypeptide

Where do we fine iodide in the body?

The thyroid gland

Cortical structures

Things you are aware of, Conscious thought prefrontal cortex, parietal, and temporal

-behaves like steroids -comes from follicles of thyroid glands -Helps with metabolic control

Thyroid hormone (t3 and t4)

Name the 2 hormones that the follicle cells of they thyroid produce?

Thyroxin (T4) Tri-iodothryonine (T3) Not a polypeptide or steroid, behaves like a steroid

What are the 2 amino acids that make up the thyroid hormone

Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyrozine (T3)

T/FAcromegaly can be caused by hyper secretion of GH in adults

Tru

T or F: Hashimoto Thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in areas of the world where iodine levels are sufficient

True

T or F: Hypospadias & Epispadias can lead to urinary tract obstruction and infection

True

T or F: Hypospadias and Epispadias can interfere w/ insemination and be a cause of sterility

True

T or F: No elective health care procedures should be performed on a pt w/ hyperthyroidism until they're in a euthyroid state

True

T or F: Prostate carcinoma is the 2nd most common cause of cancer death in men 50+ in the USA

True

T/F When you think thyroid gland, think Thyroid Hormone (TH). Produced by follicles of thyroid gland. T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxin). Number tells about number of iodines.

True

T/F Steroids (hydrophobic) can pass through cell membrane

True

T/F Tyrosine kinase has the receptor and effector on the same molecule

True

T/F neurotransmitters are usually hydrophilic

True

T/F Stress is the most potent stimulus of neuroendocrine cells of the paraventricular nucleus

True

T/F cortisol aids in the effectiveness of glucagon and epinephrine

True

T/f Polypeptid hormones are synthesized ahead of time and stored in vesicles

True

T/F Most commonly, receptors and effectors are 2 different proteins

True But can be subunits on same protein

T/f Polypeptide hormones act on cell surface receptor

True -- cannot enter the cell

T or F: Seminomas are among the most frequent morphologic patterns of testicular cancers AND they have a very good prognosis at all stages

True and true

T or F: Bowen disease and Erythroplasia of Queyrat are histologically identical

True-- they're only distinguished by location and behavior

T/F Growth hormone elicits direct effects on the body from the anterior pituitary

True. Most of the other hormones from the anterior pituitary do not

the Zona fasciculata cells were called spongiocytes (gland cells making up the zone fasciculata) with ___ ____ present within the mitochondria in these cells

Tubular cristae **Characteristic of mitochondria involved in steroid production (ovaries & testes)

Which amino acid makes up the neither group of hormones?

Tyrosine

What happens to urine volume in the presence of ADH?

Urine volume goes down

the pituitary (hyphophysis) has dual embryonic origins - neural component = ____ - non-nervous part = ____

neural component = neuohypophysis non-nervous part = adenohypophysis

Medulla comes from ___ ___ Acts like members of the nervous system ◊ Reacts like nerves do

neural crest

What is another name for the posterior pituitary?

neurohypophysis

the pituitary gland that is a down growth from the floor of the brain is known as ______, aka: posterior pituitary; pars nervosa

neurohypophysis

Neoplasms of the penis have a 70% five-yr survival rate without ________ spread

nodal

Sertoli cells job =

nurture developing sperm

which hormone stimulates osteoclasts (and therefore an increase in serum calcium)

parathyroid hormone

What joins the adenophypophysis and neurohypophysis?

pars intermedia

what is formed when the anterior and posterior pituitary meet

pars intermedia

what is a continuation of the anterior pituitary, which continues as a "sleeve" around the stalk of a nervous tissue

pars tuberalis

Cell content of Prokaryotic Cell

Working on its own, a lot of proteins/ribosomes which allows them to rapidly change they protein content

Emotion altering consciousness

Worrying causing loss of sleep, depression producing sleepiness, worrying causing inability to focus

Exocrine glands secrete their product into ___

a duct system

Which has higher incidence of ovarian cancer? a. BRCA1 b. BRCA 2 c. they have the same incidence

a. BRCA1

Which carcinoma in situ is 80% HPV related? a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above

a. Bowen disease

which gland is known as the "master gland" due to its many endocrine functions

pituitary gland

FSH and LH are both ________ hormones -- they are fast, short acting

polypeptide hormones

parathyroid are found on ____ aspect of the thyroid

posterior

After desmolase converts cholesterol to ___________, the __________ (same answer for both blanks) goes to 2 pathways -some goes to progesterone and into the blood -the other goes to androstenedione and testosterone

pregnonolone

the alpha cells of the islet of langerhans are primarily responsible for what?

produce glucagon - Insulin antagonist

the F cells of the islet of langerhans are primarily responsible for what?

produce hormones involved in digestive tract - Can inhibit enzymes released from the pancreas - Can control the rate of nutrient absorption from the gut

Which carcinoma in situ is described as a grayish-white solitary, scaly plaque-like lesion of the shaft a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above

a. Bowen disease

Which is a CIS (carcinoma in situ) of the skin and has a 10% progression to invasive SCC? a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above

a. Bowen disease

Which is the most common cause of scrotal enlargement? a. hydrocele b. hematocele c. chylocele d. varicocele e. spermatocele

a. hydrocele

Which stage is defined as the primary tumor is confined to the testis? a. stage I b. stage II c. stage III d. stage IV

a. stage I

If you have a Gleason score of 2-4 you have a. well-differentiated cancer b. intermediate-grade cancer c. moderate to poorly differentiated cancer d. high-grade cancer

a. well-differentiated

Sitting at the front of the sperm cell nucleus is the ___

acrosome **This is an extremely important structure because it contains a group of proteolytic enzymes, the most important being acrosin

the pituitary gland that is an up-growth from the stomodeum is known as _____ aka: anterior pituitary

adenohypophysis

Most common cause of Cushing Syndrome is...?

administration of exogenous glucocorticoids (steroids)

Tumors with Gleason scores 8-10 tend to be ....?

advanced cancers that are unlikely to be curable

name the g protein subunits and what is bound to it when it is inactive

alpha, beta, gamma and GDP is bound GTP makes it active

seminal vesicles empty into the ___

ampulla

adenohypophysis is another name for?

anterior pituitary

Directly below the hypothalamus. The releasing factors regulate the release of the ___ ___ hormones. Low concentrations are effective due to the portal system which delivers RF to the ____ directly.

anterior pituitary adenohypophysis

What molecules are inserted into the luminal membranes to increase water permeability?

aquaporin-2- ionophores.

What specific type of blood vessel does ADH target?

arterioles

Essentially, you should think that the thecal cell is the source of __________ and the transferring androstenedione and testosterone to granulosm cell

progesterone

Which is a CIS of the glans? a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above

b. Erythoplasia of Queyrat

Which carcinoma in situ is described as erythematous patches on the glans of the penis a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above

b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Secondary hyperparathyroidism = a. hypercalcemia b. hypocalcemia

b. hypocalcemia (chronic depression in serum calcium level)

95% of testicular neoplasms are a. benign b. malignant

b. malignant (YIKES!)

Male reproductive endocrinology exhibits long and short loop ________ feedback. At puberty, levels go up and stay flat due to the feedback cycle a. positive b. negative

b. negative

Which is worse? a. seminoma b. non-seminoma

b. non-seminoma

Which stage is defined as metastasis confined to retroperitoneal nodes below level of diaphragm? a. stage I b. stage II c. stage III d. stage IV

b. stage II

Hashimoto Thyroiditis is more prevalent in a. men b. women

b. women

Islets of Langerhans (Pancreas from any mammal has these patches of cells mixed in) What are the 5 different cells types make up the Islets

beta cell alpha cell delta cell F cells VIP alpha and beta are easier to identify, the other 3 you need radiography and fluorescent dye to ID

The ___ ____ prevents the destruction of sperm cells by the body's defenses  Consists of cells that are built into the walls of the seminiferous tubules  There are ____ cells which extend the lengh of the tubules, and have extending side branches

blood-semen barrier Sertoli

Which stage is defined as metastasis beyond retoperitoneal lymph nodes? a. stage I b. stage II c. stage III d. stage IV

c. stage III

What is the second messenger for glycogen metabolism?

cAMP

cells undergo ____ which is the process whereby spem cells acquire the ability to "swim"

capacitation

parathyroid have what type of cells

chief cells with oxyphil (oncocytes) cell scattered between the chief cells

desmolase converts __________ to ___________

cholesterol to pregnonolone

Color loving cells (cells that stained)

chromophils

What are the cells that comprise the thyroid follicles able to do?

concentrate iodide from the blood to then convert to iodine

Fewer gap junctions between AV nodal cells, means what?

conduction through the AV node is slowed down

What is a major function of oxytocin?

controls contraction of certain smooth muscle -uterine walls during birth

What are the 2 distinct levels of organization within the adrenal gland

cortex & medulla

Another name for Adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) is called:

corticotrophin

The adrenal cortex produces which 3 steroid hormones?

cortisol, aldosterone, androstenediol

Hypospadias & Epispadias Commonly associated with _____ or other anomalies (inguinal hernias, undescended testes) Restricted urethral orifice can lead to urinary tract obstruction & infection Can interfere with insemination and be a cause of sterility (opening near shaft base

cryptorchidism

Which carcinoma in situ is a venereally transmitted viral lesion of the shaft with reddish-brown papules? a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above

d. Bowenoid papulosis

Which of the carcinoma(s) in situ lead to carcinomas? a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above

d. a and b Bowenoid papulosis does NOT progress to cancer

If you have a Gleason score of 8-10 you have a. well-differentiated cancer b. intermediate-grade cancer c. moderate to poorly differentiated cancer d. high-grade cancer

d. high-grade cancer

Which invasive carcinoma has excellent prognosis? a. ductal b. lobular c. medullary d. tubular e. metaplastic

d. tubular

steroid hormones are regulated by what enzyme?

desmolase

the second structure sperm passes through is the ___ ___  Highly muscular structure; given it's lumen size it's the most muscular tubular structure in the male body  Muscle is about 1 mm thick  Sperm gain the ability to move independently here

ductus deferens (vas deferens)

Which are among the most frequent morphologic patterns of testicular cancers a. seminoma b. teratoma c. choriocarcinoma d. embryonal carcimona e. a,c,d f. all of the above

e. a, c, d

Which is an example of carcinoma in situ of the penis? a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Semen travels from the ampulla and enters the ___ ___

ejaculatory duct

The first "and really important" structure that the sperm pass through is the ____

epididymis

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and the dopamine

FSH stimulates thecal cells and granulosm cells. When it stimulates the granules cells, we get conversion of androstenedione and testosterone to ___________ which then gets into the blood

estrogen

SCC of the ______ or _____ is most common type of neoplasm of penis accounting for 0.25% of cancers in men

glans or prepuce

the Zona fasciculata Produces ___

glucocorticoids

______ regulate the change of protein to sugar which can affect HGH and entire immune response - This is why steroid are used for medications in allergies (can turn off immune response via injection of these steroids) - Growth can be interfered with

glucocorticoids - If child receives transplant kidney, child will be administered glucocorticoids to suppress immune system so rejection doesn't occur  Also suppresses growth so these children don't grow much - Cushing's disease, Addison's disease

acromegaly is increased levels of ___ ___ after ___

growth hormone closure of the epiphyses

What are two tumor markers secreted by germ-cell neoplasms? High amts of these are indicative of a neoplasm

hCG and AFP - human chorionic gonadotropin -Alpha-fetoprotein

If a patient is very hyper, has a large recent weight loss, bulging eyes, and sensitive to heat they have?

hyperthyroidism

pituitary is synonymous with ___ (same structure)

hypophysis

Function of vasopressin

increase water retention in kidneys and causes constriction of smooth muscle in blood vessels.

What does T3 do?

increases transcription of many genes

the delta cells of the islet of langerhans are primarily responsible for what?

inhibit HGH so that it doesn't get out of balance - Control release of glucagon

What does somatostatin do

inhibits secretion of Hgh by anterior pituitary

a lack of ____ cause the thyroid to NOT produce TH

iodine

adipocytes which hormone

leptin

the Zona glomerulosa (outermost layer) have Cells are arranged in ___ with Lots of ____ & ____

little balls mitochondria & smooth ER

Which hormone is related to the menstrual cycle of females and the production of testosterone in males?

lutenizing hormone

the Beta cell of the islet of langerhans are primarily responsible for what?

makes insulin □ Insulin involved in the uptake of sugar by the cells (Energy metabolism)

what hormone is produced in the pars intermedia

melanocyte stimulating hormone

the adrenal gland Cortex arises from _____, which is Surrounded by a simple connective tissue capsule with what 3 distinct layers making up the cortex:

mesenchyme zona glomerulosa (outermost) zona fasiculata zona reticularis (boders medulla)

prolactin-inhibiting (PIH, dopamine, DA) inhibits what

released by the hypothalamus and inhibits the release of prolactin by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary

Why do hormones have a longer duration response?

released into the blood to find target cells

Zona fasciculata have cells arranged in ___

rows - Radiating lines

Environmentally, there is increased risk for prostate carcinoma is you have a diet rich in ___________

saturated fat

gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH or GnRF) stimulate

secretion of LH and FSH by gonadotrophs of anterior pituitary

thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH or TRF) stimulate

secretion of TSH by thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary. TRF is stimulated by prolonged cold

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin) inhibit whats

secretion of hGH by somatrotrophs of the anterior pituitary

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH or GHRF) stimulate whats

secretion of hGH by somatrotrophs of the anterior pituitary

In between the connective tissue chords that lobate the testes, are tubules called ____ ____

seminiferous tubules

thyroid is what type of epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

the Zona fasciculata has ___ between the rows of cells - Lined by epithelial cells - Rows of capillaries between the rows of cells

sinusoids

is cortisol slow or fast onset?

slow

What cells make growth hormone and where?

somatotrophs! In the anterior pituitary

Total activity of a protein =

specific activity x total amount

Dihydrotestosterone is necessary for change from primary to secondary _________

spermatocyte

production of sperm

spermatogenesis

As the cells approach the lumen of the tubule, they undergo a change in morphology from cuboidal epithelial-looking cells that are joined to their neighbors via special types of desmosomes to a torpedo-like cell that contains a tail and is capable of self-propulsion • Unique cell structure within the human body • This change is morphology is called ____

spermiogenesis

adrenal glands of the cortex produce ___ hormones

steroid

Main functions of GH are:

stimulates an increase in cell size and cell number. Stimulates protein synthesis Metabolizes fat ( increases FFA in the plasma) INHIBITS GLUCOSE UTILIZATION.

what does FSH do?

stimulates developments of follicles in the ovaries and sperm in men

What does prolactin do?

stimulates milk synthesis but NOT RELEASE

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH or CRF) stimulates what and is released when

stimulates release of ACTH by corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary. CRF is released in response to stress and also peaks around 8am

What does GnRH do?

stimulates secretion of LH and FSH by anterior pituitary

What does TRH do?

stimulates secretion of TSH by anterior pituitary, stimulated by prolonged cold

What does ACTH do?

stimulates secretion of cortisol

What does TSH do?

stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormone by thyroid follicles

In males, the organ that produces gametes is the ____

testis (pl. testes)

interstitial cells (Leydig cells) o Steroid-secreting cells; produce ___ o Under the control of the ____ gland (which produces FSH and LH) o Interstitial cells have pronounced ___, which have tubular christae, which look like little vesicles

testosterone pituitary mitochondria

The gonads produce which 3 steroid hormones?

testosterone, estrogen and progesterone

Endocrine glands' secretory products enter _____

the surrounding areolar connective tissue Then diffuse into the blood stream at capillaries **"Ductless Gland"; No ducts

What are thyroid hormones made from?

thyroxin

hypokalemia is caused by what

too much aldosterone present. This causes to much potassium to be excreted

95% of cortisol is bound to what to transport cortisol

transcortin and albumin

What does oxytocin do?

triggers RELEASE of milk from breast, and smooth muscle contraction

What does LH do?

triggers ovulation and formation of corpus luteum also stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone

T or F: Keratinizing type carcinoma (70%) is NOT due to HPV

true

Testes are surrounded by a thick connective tissue capsule called the ___ ___

tunica albuginia

Testes are surrounded by a thick connective tissue capsule called the tunica albuginia and the outside of this connective tissue capsule is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium called the ___ ___

tunica vaginalis

Patients who develop neoplasms of the penis are most often __________, _____, have poor hygiene, ________ for HPV 16 & 18

uncircumcised, 40+, positive

the VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) cells of the islet of langerhans are primarily responsible for what?

- Participates in the regulation of muscle tone in the gut - Regulates secretory activity in the GI tract

What 2 behavioral effects does testosterone have?

Increased aggression and increased libido (sex drive)

Cortisol has 4 effects on the body what are they?

Increases gluconeogenesis Increases protein mobilization Increases fat break down Stabilizes lysosomes to start slowing down. ***We need all these to happen in times of stress because we need energy!

What does aldosterone do?

Increases sodium and potassium retention in the kidney

What do Sertoli cells create?

Inhibin hormone

What does Dopamine do

Inhibits release of prolactin by lactotrophs in anterior pituitary

List at least 3 clinical features of prostatitis

-Dysuria (pain upon urination) -Increased urinary freq -Lower back pain -Pelvic pain -Enlarged & tender prostate gland -Fever and leukocytosis if acute -Reservoir for UTI

List at least 3 clinical features of BPH

-Urinary tract obstruction -Hesitancy and interruption in urinary stream -Bladder irritation leads to increased freq, urgency and nocturia -Inc risk of UTI -Complete obstruction can cause painful bladder distension and hydronephrosis

Testosterone stimulates 3 things

-growth -maintenance -functional development of repro structures

What is a group of cortical and subcortical structures that provide us with electrophysiological link between emotion, learning and memory and hormonal function

LImbic System

Aldosterone is released in the presence of high or low blood pressure.

LOW blood pressure.

There are layers of connective tissue that divide the testes up into lobes and sitting on these strands, are cells called interstitial cells or ___ cells

Leydig

2 organs in the body that easily receive polypeptide hormones

Liver and kidney

Together, the 5 male reproductive hormones accomplish what 3 tasks?

-spermatogenesis -maturation of reproductive tract -sexual attraction

Review slide 6 CHART

...

heart synthesizes which hormone

1. Atrial natiuretic polypeptide (ANP)

GI tract which 8 hormones

1. Cholecystokinin (CCK) 2. Gastrin 3. Secretin 4. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) 5. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) 6. Somatomedin Polypeptide 7. Ghrelin 8. Substance P

5 hormones with placenta

1. Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) *ppt 2. Placental lactogen (PL or chorionic somatomammotropin) *ppt 3. Estriol (a form of estrogen) **steroid 4. Progesterone **steroid 5. Relaxin **ppt

Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) synthesize which 6 hormones

1. Corticotrophin (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone or ACTH) 2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 3. Luteinizing hormone (LH) Polypeptide 4. Prolactin 5. Thyrotrophin (Thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH) 6. Growth hormone (Somatotrophin, GH or HGH) "FLAT PEG" E is empty, but the other 6 letters work

List of 8 hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus.

1. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH or CRF) 2. Dopamine (DA) (Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone) 3. Growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH or GHRF) 4. Somatostatin (GHIH - growth hormone inhibiting hormone) 5. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH or GnRF) 6. Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH or TRF) 7. Oxytocin (NOTE: Released in the posterior pituitary) 8. Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone or ADH) (NOTE: Released in the posterior pituitary)

what are the 3 hormones synthesized but the cortex of tyne adrenal gland

1. Cortisol (glucocorticoid) 2. Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) 3. Androgens (testosterone, androstenedione and hydroxyprogesterone)

macrophages synthesize which hormone

1. Cytokines

4 hormones with ovaries

1. Estrogens (estradiol) *Steroid 2. Progesterone *Steroid 3. Relaxin *polypeptide 4. Inhibin *polypeptide

8 hormones involved in female reproductive endocrinology

1. GnRH 2. FSH 3. LH 4. Estrogen 5. Progesterone 6. HCG 7. Prolactin 8. Oxytocin

5 hormones involved in male reproductive endocrinology

1. GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone 2. FSH - follicle stim hormone 3. LH 4. Testosterone 5. Inhibin

What triggers the release of ADH (3 things)

1. Increase in blood osmolarity 2. Decrease in blood pressure 3. decrease in blood volume

pancreas which 3 hormones

1. Insulin 2. Glucagon 3. Somatostatin

pineal gland synthesizes which hormone

1. Melatonin

Posterior (Neurohypophysis) synthesize which 2 hormones

1. Oxytocin 2. Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone or ADH)

PARATHYROID GLANDS (embedded in thyroids) synthesize which hormone

1. Parathyroid hormone (Parathormone or PTH) **Comes from parathyroid gland, and secreted when calcium levels are low.

Together, the 8 female repro hormones accomplish 5 tasks...what are they?

1. Produce eggs (oogenesis) 2. Sexual maturation 3. Sexual attraction 4. Gestation 5. Milk production (lactation) Notice the first 3 are equivalent to males' tasks

kidney synthesizes which 3 hormones

1. Renin 2. Erythropoietin 3. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol ***Steroid

2 hormones with testes

1. Testosterone *Steroid 2. Inhibin *polypeptide

Follicles of thyroid gland synthesize

1. Thyroxin (T4) 2. Tri-iodothyronine (T3) both are TH

1. scrotal enlargement with lymph fluid 2. enlarged spermatic cord veins

1. chylocele 2. varicocele

1. scrotal enlargement of accumulation with serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis 2. scrotal enlargement with blood

1. hydrocele 2. hematocele

Gleason System of Grading Grading is importance in prostatic cancer because it is the best marker, along with the stage, for predicting prognosis 2 to 4 = ____ 5 to 6 = ____ 7 = ____ 8 to10 = ____

2 to 4 = well-differentiated cancer, 5 to 6 = intermediate-grade cancer, 7 = moderate to poorly differentiated cancer 8 to10 = high-grade cancer

of the hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus, which is NOT a polypeptide

2. Dopamine (DA) (Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone)

Neoplasms of the penis have a _____% five-yr survival rate WITH nodal spread

27%

what are the 3 hormones synthesized but the medulla of tyne adrenal gland

4. Epinephrine (made from tyrosine) 5. Norepinephrine 6. Dopamine

What percentage of aldosterone is unbound?

40% FOURSS

The majority of potentially treatable cancers that are detected on needle biopsy have Gleason scores of ____. Tumors with Gleason scores ___ tend to be advanced cancers that are unlikely to be curable.

5 to 7 8 to 10

The majority of potentially treatable cancers that are detected on needle biopsy have Gleason scores of ___ to ____

5-7

Seminoma accounts for nearly _____%

50%

Proliferative disease without atypic hyperplasia sclerosing adenois papilloma complex sclreosifn lesion

= 1.5 - 2.0 (5-7%)

Nitric Oxide Cascade

A gas, only exists 6-10 seconds Implicated in preventing platelet aggregation

What makes up the thyroid gland and what kind of tissue is it?

A series of follicles made up of simple epithelium that ranges from simple cuboidal to very flat

ACTH deals with stress. So what does it release? A. Cortisol B. Epinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Dopamine

A. Cortisol

Hyperpigmentation of the skin and oral mucosa and Decreased mineralocorticoid activity results in electrolyte disturbances which manifest as hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, volume depletion and hypotenison; occasionally hypoglycemia (secondary to decreased glucocorticoids) may occur... are clinical features of what disease

ADDISON DISEASE

the neurohypophysis produces which hormones

ADH (vasopressin) —> think Diabetes insipidis Oxytoxin

What 2 hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted in the posterior pituitary?

ADH- Vasopressin Oxytocin

Increased levels of growth hormone after closure of the epiphyses

Acromegaly

___ is essential for fertilization of the female egg to occur

Acrosin

Hyper pigmentation of the skin and oral mucosa; decreased mineralocorticoid activity results in electrolyte disturbances which manifest as hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, volume depletion and hypotension; occasionally hypoglycemia (secondary to decreased glucocorticoids may occur)

Addison Disease

Over 90% of adrenal insufficiency cases are caused by Addison disease, tuberculosis, AIDS and metastatic cancers. Which is the most common?

Addison Disease

The 2 major parts of the pituitary

Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

What do steroid hormones bind to in the blood?

Albumin

Increased risk for prostate carcinoma if 1st degree relative; earlier age in ___________ because of gene differences

American blacks

Which part of the pituitary is where most hormones are produced?

Anterior (adenohypophysis)

Subcortical structures

Anterior thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, maxillary bodies, hypothalamus, reticular formation

Which 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) produce?

Antidiuretic Hormone, oxytocin

Hormones the heart produces

Atrial natriuretic polypeptide

Signals released and act on cell that released them

Autocrine (adenosine)

What is the most important prognostic factor for invasive carcinoma in the absence of distant metastases?

Axillary lymph node status

grayish-white solitary, scaly plaque-like lesion of the shaft -CIS of skin -10% progression to invasive SSC; additional risk (33%) of GI or other GU malignancy -80% HPV related

Bowen disease

venereally transmitted viral lesions of the shaft; reddish-brown papules -Multiple lesions -Affects younger men (20's) -Does NOT progress to cancer

Bowenoid papulosis

Thyroid hormones are: A. Steroid hormones B. Polypeptide hormones C. Neither

C. Neither but they behave like steroid!

The most common cause of ___ ____ is administration of exogenous glucocorticoids (steroids)

CUSHING SYNDROME

In amongst the follicles of the thyroid, Parafollicular Cells synthesize

Calcitonin Calcitonin "tones down" blood calcium levels

Name the hormone that parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce and its function?

Calcitonin, peptide, and involved in regulation of plasma calcium levels to tone down levels in blood

The kidneys produce which steroid hormone?

Calcitriol

Main calcium binding protein and what does it do?

Calmodulin binds 4 calcium molecules and binds to other proteins to influence cell behavior

What is the main way to change protein function?

Change the total activity of a protein or group of proteins

Type of signals we use in our bodies most of the time?

Chemical Slower but much more diverse

What do T3 and T4 do?

Control the rate of metabolism by influencing mitochondria

What are the 2 sections of the adrenal gland

Cortex --> outer Medulla --> middle

What are the 3 hormones the adrenal cortex produces and what kind of hormones are they?

Cortisol Aldosterone Androgens (tesosterone) All Steroids

Hypothyroidism in infants or early childhood which leads to impaired development of the skeletal and central nervous systems

Cretinism

Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum; increased risk of infertility and testicular cancer (4x)!!

Cryptorchidism

Failure of the testis to descend into the scrotum. Incidence 0.07-0.08% of males. Increased risk of infertility and testicular cancer (4x) Surgically corrected by 2 years old

Cryptorchidism

Hypospadias & Epispadias are commonly assoc w. ______________ which means testes not descending

Cryptorchidism (testes not descending)

Hyperadrenal clinical syndrome where you have excess steroid production (EXCESS CORTISOL)

Cushing Syndrome

main hyperadrenal (ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION) clinical syndrome

Cushing syndrome (excess cortisol)

Examples of second messengers

Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, IP3, Calcium

Unlike males, _________ of reproductive structures + hormones takes place

Cycling Ex: Tissues which cycle - ovary (follicles, endometrium)

A patient comes in that is sensitive to cold. They tell you they feel lethargic, they have recently had a large weight gain, they don't have a lot of energy you would say they had: A. Hyperthyroidism B Acromegaly C. Diabetes D. Hypothyroidism

D. Hypothyroidism

LH stimulates the developmt of follicular structure which stimulates theca cells and specifically _________ which converts cholesterol to pregnonelone

Desmolase

What is the key regulatory enzyme for 6 of the 7 steroid hormones?

Desmolase

What is the condition called in which you have a shortage of ADH and you produce "phenomenal" amounts of urine?

Diabetes insipidus

Testosterone once in blood gets converted to more active form called

Dihydrotestosterone

Fastest form of cell to cell communication

Direct electrical communication through gap junctions

What is the primary target of aldosterone?

Distal convoluted tubule and early collecting duct

Cell content of Eukaryotic Cell

Does not have as much space dedicated to ribosomes Much greater variety of proteins than prokaryotic

Implantation of fetus in site other than normal intrauterine

Ectopic pregnancy

Which chemical signal.... -short life span -no circulating in blood

Local Signals

-Uses adrenergic receptors -Behaves like a polypeptide, water soluble -produced by adrenal medulla -response to stress

Epinephrine

2 examples of neither group of hormones

Epinephrine and Thyroid Hormone

What part of long bones do growth hormones control?

Epiphyseal plates, where growth actually occurs

Abnormal location of the urethra along the dorsal aspect of the penis. Often associated with other urogenital tract malformations

Epispadias

Abnormal location of the urethra along the dorsal aspect of the penis; often assoc w. other urogenital tract malformations

Epispadias

erythematous patches on the glans -CIS of glans -Limited to glans and prepuce -Histologically identical to Bowen's - distinguished by location and behavior -10% progress to invasive cancer.

Erythroplasia of Queyrat

Hormones the ovaries produce

Estrogen --> steroid Progesterone --> steroid Relaxin --> polypeptide Inhibin --> polypeptide

Castration (removal of the testes) yields ________ body which causes pear shaped body, higher voice, increased fat %, sterility

Eunich's

T/F Does the nervous system use direct electrical communication?

FALSE There is no diversity in responses with this system, can't use it

T/f Steroids can have cystolic, nuclear receptors, and cell surface

FALSE ---Only systolic and nuclear remember, steroids can pass through the membrane

T/F Diabetes causes you to be be dehydrated and have high blood pressure

FALSE. It does cause you to be dehydrated but you would also have LOW blood pressure

What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary? (6)

FLAT PeG FSH- follicle stimulating hormone LH-Leutinizing Hormone ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone TSH-throid-stimulating hormone Prolactin GH- Growth Hormone

The Sertoli cells create Inhibin hormone whose job is to INHIBIT cells of pituitary that secrete _____

FSH

The conversion of spermatids to sperm requires what hormone?

FSH

FLATPeG hormones... What are they and where are they released

FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin GH Anterior pituritary

Name the 7 anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) hormones

FSH LH ACTH Thyroptrophin Prolactin GH FLAT PG

Ectopic pregnancy is a disorder of early pregnancy. 90% occur where?

Fallopian tubes

T/F Endocrine glands have ducts

False

T/F Hydrophilic signals can pass through cell membrane (polypeptides)

False

T/F T3 decreases the basal metabolic rate

False, increases BMR

T/F Androgens cannot be converted into testosterone

False. They can be

Neurotransmitters... Fast or slow onset? Long or short duration?

Fast onset and short duration

Emotions that can alter endocrine function and hypothalamus

Fear of pregnancy, fear of impotence, depression altering feeding behavior

What are the three levels of the adrenal cortex? Think margaritas

G- Zona glomerulosa Salt (aldosterone) F- Zona fasiculata Sugar (cortisol) R- Zona reticularis SEX (Them androgens BRUH)

Gigantism is caused from a hyper secretion of what anterior pituitary hormone

GH

which hormones result from anterior pituitary

GH FSH TSH ACTH

What does the growth hormone do if there are no epiphyseal plates?

GH can become neoplastic and form a tumor which can lead to acromegaly

HPV vaccine __________ recently approved by FDA to prevent against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18

Gardasil

Most important risk factor for carcinoma of breast

Gender only 1% of cases are in men

___________ system of grading is used for prostatic cancer. Grading is the BEST marker along with stage, for predicting _____________.

Gleason system of grading + staging = predicting prognosis

In females, (as occurs in males), the first step is that during puberty, the hypothalamus causes secretion of ________

GnRH

When males go through puberty, the cells in the hypothalamus start to secrete ________ which stimulates the ant pituitary to release FSH and LH

GnRH

Enlargement of the thyroid; most common manifestation of thyroid disease in places where iodine levels are deficient

Goiter

#1 cause of hyperthyroidism

Graves Disease

Autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies to the TSH receptor, thyroid peroxisomes and thyroglobulin

Graves Disease

What does GH do?

Growth bruh, DUH! also related to somatomedin from liver

Panhypopituitarism is an adolescent hypo secretion of hormones that leads to dwarfism. Lack of what hormone specifically secreated by the anterior pituitary will cause this?

Growth hormone

what Clinically presents as a painless diffuse enlargement of the thyroid with some degree of hypothyroidism

HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS

The single most important factor in cervical oncogenesis is

HPV 16 or HPV 18

This clinically presents as a painless diffuse enlargement of they thyroid with some degree of hypothyroidism

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

What does cortisol do?

Helps body adapt to stress elevates blood glucose, mobilizes fats, and gluconeogenisis --> all to give energy

-Fertilization of an egg that has lost its chromosomes -46 XX from duplication of paternal DNA from sperm -enlarged, swollen villi -"field of snow" on ultrasound

Hydatidiform moles

An accumulation of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis. It is the most common cause of scrotal enlargement.

Hydrocele

Non-neoplastic Scrotal Enlargements (serous fluid) (blood) (lymph fluid) (enlarged spermatic cord veins) (dilated efferent ductule of epididymus)

Hydrocele (serous fluid) Hematocele (blood) Chylocele (lymph fluid) Varicocele (enlarged spermatic cord veins) Spermatocele (dilated efferent ductule of epididymus)

Abnormal location of the opening of the urethra along the ventral aspect of the penis. Congenital Repaired in infancy

Hypospadias

Abnormal location of the opening of the urethra along the ventral aspect of the penis; it is congenital and repaired in infancy

Hypospadias

What provides the releasing factors for the pituitary?

Hypothalamus

What happens to urine osmolarity in the presence of ADH?

IT GOES UP

what is that thing that everyone does on the weekends to inhibit ADH!!!!!

Consume ethanol. Note: other factors that prevent ADH release (nausea, morphine injection, nicotine.

Which is slower than neurotransmitter but has a longer response?

Hormones

Most common cause worldwide of hypothyroidism

Iodine deficiency

most common cause worldwide of HYPOTHYROIDISM

Iodine deficiency

Nodular hyperplasia is AKA

BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy)

An inflammation of the glans penis

Balanitis

An inflammation of the glans penis.

Balanitis

An inflammatino of the glans penis AND prepuce

Balanoposthitis

An inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce.

Balanoposthitis

in the medulla, _____ cells (have affinity for chromium salt) makes epinephrine and norepinephrine - Major effect: "fight or flight"

Chromaffin

Color hating cells (cells that didn't stain)

Chromophobes

the following are clinical features of what? Urinary tract obstruction (10% symptomatic) Characterized by hesitancy and interruption in urinary stream Bladder irritation leads to increased frequency, urgency & nocturia Increased risk of UTI Complete obstruction can cause painful bladder distention & hydronephrosis

Clinical Features of BPHq

the following are clinical features of what? Dysuria Increased urinary frequency Lower back pain Poorly localized suprapubic or pelvic pain Enlarged and tender prostate gland Fever and leukocytosis if acute Reservoir for UTI

Clinical Features of Prostatitis

ADH is stimulated from low or high blood osmolarity.

High

Name 2 signals that use tyrosine kinase

Insulin and growth factor

___ ___ is when the cilia don't function due to lack of dyeine arms on the outer doubles

Kartegener Syndrome

Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN) and Carcinoma-- _____________ carcinoma is 70% and develops in patients with long-standing lichen sclerosis or squamous hyperplasia; not HPV

Keratinizing type carcinoma

the secretion of GnRH causes the release of _______ and ________

LH and FSH

Which type of hormone is synthesized on demand?

Steroid

These alter gene expression, alters total amount of activity and has a slower onset and longer duration

Steroids

What does parathyroid hormone do?

Stimulates osteoclast stimulates kidneys to retain Ca Stimulates vitamin d3 to help absorb calcium from git Responds to a decrease in calcium

What does CRH do?

Stimulates release of ACTH in anterior pituitary released in response to stress

Every Cell has 3 functions...

Survive, Sense Environment and Respond to senses

T/F ADH increases blood pressure

T

T/F Panhypopituarism in adults causes low TSH

T

Stage ____ refers to cancer found incidentally either on trans-urethral resection done for BPH symptoms, accts for 90% and has a 10+ yr survival

T1

TNM Staging for Prostatic Cancer Stage __ refers to cancer found incidentally either on trans-urethral resection done for BPH symptoms (90% 10+ year survival) Stage __ is organ-confined cancer. (50-80% 10+ year survival) Stage __ tumors show extraprostatic extension. (45-60% 10+ year survival) Stage __ reflects direct invasion of contiguous organs. Any spread of tumor to the lymph nodes, regardless of extent, is eventually associated with a fatal outcome (10-40% 10+ year survival)

T1 T2 T3 T4

Stage ____ is organ-confined cancer; acts for 50-80% and has a 10+ yr survival

T2

Stage ____ tumors show extraprostatic extension and accts for 45-60% with a 10+ yr survival

T3