Endo-Repro
Patients with MEN-2B syndrome have Marfanoid habitus and develop aggressive medullary carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, neuromas or ganglioneuromas of the skin, oral mucosa, eyes and respiratory and GI tracts is characteristic of what
MEDULLARY CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID
Patients with _________ syndrome have Marfanoid habitus (makes the person look like an alien) and develop aggressive medullary carcinomas, pheochromocytoma, neuromas or ganglioneuromas of the skin, oral mucosa, eyes & respiratory and GI tracts
MEN-2B
What is common secondary to BPH?
Megabladder (megalocystitis)
Hypothyroidism developing in older childhood or adults - leads to slowing of physical and mental activity
Myxedema (Gull Disease)
Which signal is the fastest form of chemical communication?
Neurotransmitters
Three kinds of chemical signals
Neurotransmitters Hormones Local Signals
What is a nicotinic receptor with transmemiranous protein that serves as an ionophore for sodium and potassium?
Nicotinic Cholinergic receptor
Common; affects 90% of men by age 80 Hyperplasia of epithelial and stromal elements Enlargement Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Nodular Hyperplasia / Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
Hyperplasia of epithelial and stromal elements; dihydrotestosterone; enlargement and very common- affecting 90% of men by age 80
Nodular hyperplasia/ BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy)
Inflammation of the testes themselves
Orchitis
Name the 2 posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) hormones
Oxytocin and ADH
Paroxysmal release of catecholamines may be associated with fits of severe hypertension, headache, anxiety, sweating, tremor, visual disturbances, abdominal pain and nausea is characteristic of ____
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
Hypothalamus and endocrine functions that can alter emotions
PMS, Menopause, midlife crisis, hypothyroid depression
what is an important cause of hypercalcemia
PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Elevated levels of ______ may occur in pts with prostatitis, nodular hyperplasia, and/or carcinoma
PSA (>4ng/L)
Acts on neighboring cells
Paracrine (prostaglandins, histamine, kinins)
Name the hormone the parathyroid gland produces and its function?
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoclasts to increase blood Ca levels
What are the nerves that grow down from the hypothalamus, which engage in production of hormones?
Pars nervousa
Paroxysmal release of catecholamines may be assoc w/ fits of severe hypertension, headache, anxiety, sweating, tremor, visual disturbances, abdominal pain and nausea
Pheochromocytoma (neoplasms of adrenal medulla)
Inability to easily retract the prepuce over the glans penis. Can be congenital or acquired
Phimosis
Inability to easily retract the prepuce over the glans penis; can be congenital or acquired
Phimosis
Where is the growth hormone produced?
Pituitary
How does a goiter develop?
Pituitary senses there isn't enough iodine so it puts out thyroid stimulating hormone constantly and the thyroid continues to grow but it can't produce the thyroid hormone because there is no iodine. So that thing gets Big AF
2 major subclasses of hormones
Polypeptide and Steroid Also Neither group
Which type of hormone alters specific activity to get faster onset and shorter duration and is ideal for moment to moment regulation?
Polypeptides
A level of AFP > _________ and of HCG >________ indicates a poor prognosis in a non-seminoma
Poor Prognosis: AFP > 10,000 HCG > 50,000
What is an important cause of hypercalcemia?
Primary hyperparathyroidism (spontaneous overproduction of PTH)
the Zona glomerulosa (outermost layer) produces what
Produces mineralocorticoids (hormones) - Involved in metabolism and regulation of sodium, potassium, (and calcium) levels in the body
What hormones do the adrenal medulla produce?
Produces the catecholamines Epinephrine Dopamine Norepinephrine
zona reticularis produces ____
Produces weak sex hormones - Androgens in females (end up with the "bearded lady" if there is a tumor/problem with zona reticularis - Estrogens in males (breasts and softened facial features in males with zona reticularis problems - Suppress the menstrual cycle in young girls (small amount of hormone produced is enough to prevent ovulation until the ovary becomes less sensitive to these hormones)
What hormones prepares the mammary glands for production of milk?
Prolactin
**Most common visceral cancer in men in the USA
Prostate Carcinoma
Most common visceral cancer in men in the USA Second most common cause of cancer death in men 50+ in USA Peak incidence between 65-75 years Occurs in <1% men under 50; 50-60% of men 80+ years; 67-94% are latent carcinomas
Prostate Carcinoma
Proteolytic enzyme secreted by prostate acing cells that increases sperm motility by maintaining liquidity of seminal fluid
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
proteolytic enzyme secreted by prostate acinar cells that increases sperm motility by maintaining liquidity of seminal fluid. Elevation in this (>4ng/L) occur in many conditions Prostatitis Nodular hyperplasia Carcinoma
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
Inflammation of the prostate gland. Acute bacterial (associated with UTI) Chronic bacterial Chronic abacterial (Chlamydia, ureaplasma)
Prostatitis
Inflammation of the prostate gland
Prostatitis -can be acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, or chronic abacterial
What does cAMP bind to?
Protein kinases which phosphorylate other proteins
Phospholipase C cascade
Receptor binds, G protein activated, but this time, phospholipase C is the effector PIP2 gets clipped by phospholipase C to get IP3 and DAG IP3 and DAG are second messenger
Hormones the kidney produce
Renin Erythropoetin
Once GnRH stimulates FSH and LH, FSH stimulates __________ cells in the testes to become more active
Sertoli
___ cells are the barrier between semen and blood
Sertoli
Benign tumors account for 5% of testicular neoplasms and arise from ________ or _________ cells
Sertoli or Leydig cells
What is another name for Growth Hormone?
Somatotropin
Dilated efferent ductule of epididymus
Spermatocele
____ is the change from the stem cell to a mature sperm cell
Spermatogenesis
____ (gonial cells) lie next to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules (outermost part)
Spermatogonia (and produce sperm)
Staging of Testicular Neoplasms
Stage I - primary tumor confined to the testis Stage II - metastasis confined to retroperitoneal nodes below level of diaphragm Stage III - metastasis beyond retroperitoneal lymph nodes
thyroid follicle cells produce what two hormones
T3 & T4 control metabolism (mitochondria)
Which is the active form of thyroid hormone?
T3 and also most potent
What are the 2 thyroid stimulating hormones and which one is active?
T3-triiodothyronine*** ACTIVE FORM T4- thyroxin
Stage ____ reflects direct invasion of contiguous organs. Any spread of tumor to the lymph nodes, regardless of the extent, is eventually assoc w. a fatality. Accts for 10-40%
T4
What staging is used for prostatic cancers?
TNM staging
Name 8 hormones that the hypothalamus is associated with and what kind are they?
TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) DA (dopamine) GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) Somatostatin GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone) Oxytocin (released in posterior pituitary) ADH CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone) The Drunk Girl Said Get Out And Cried All polypeptide hormones
T/F When aldosterone is present you increase potassium loss from the body
TRUE
GRAVES DISEASE is an autoimmune disorder Antibodies to the ____
TSH receptor (central to disease pathogenesis), thyroid peroxisomes and thyroglobulin
Epididymitis caused by extension of UTI or specific infections to the epididymis (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Orchitis caused by extension of UTI, mumps, or TB to the testis
Testicular Inflammation
_________ is the main hormone involved in sexual attraction bc it stimulates secondary sexual characteristics such as hair, voice, and body AND it has behavioral affects
Testosterone
Hormones the testes produce
Testosterone --> steroid Inhibin --> polypeptide
Where do we fine iodide in the body?
The thyroid gland
Cortical structures
Things you are aware of, Conscious thought prefrontal cortex, parietal, and temporal
-behaves like steroids -comes from follicles of thyroid glands -Helps with metabolic control
Thyroid hormone (t3 and t4)
Name the 2 hormones that the follicle cells of they thyroid produce?
Thyroxin (T4) Tri-iodothryonine (T3) Not a polypeptide or steroid, behaves like a steroid
What are the 2 amino acids that make up the thyroid hormone
Thyroxine (T4) Triiodothyrozine (T3)
T/FAcromegaly can be caused by hyper secretion of GH in adults
Tru
T or F: Hashimoto Thyroiditis is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in areas of the world where iodine levels are sufficient
True
T or F: Hypospadias & Epispadias can lead to urinary tract obstruction and infection
True
T or F: Hypospadias and Epispadias can interfere w/ insemination and be a cause of sterility
True
T or F: No elective health care procedures should be performed on a pt w/ hyperthyroidism until they're in a euthyroid state
True
T or F: Prostate carcinoma is the 2nd most common cause of cancer death in men 50+ in the USA
True
T/F When you think thyroid gland, think Thyroid Hormone (TH). Produced by follicles of thyroid gland. T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxin). Number tells about number of iodines.
True
T/F Steroids (hydrophobic) can pass through cell membrane
True
T/F Tyrosine kinase has the receptor and effector on the same molecule
True
T/F neurotransmitters are usually hydrophilic
True
T/F Stress is the most potent stimulus of neuroendocrine cells of the paraventricular nucleus
True
T/F cortisol aids in the effectiveness of glucagon and epinephrine
True
T/f Polypeptid hormones are synthesized ahead of time and stored in vesicles
True
T/F Most commonly, receptors and effectors are 2 different proteins
True But can be subunits on same protein
T/f Polypeptide hormones act on cell surface receptor
True -- cannot enter the cell
T or F: Seminomas are among the most frequent morphologic patterns of testicular cancers AND they have a very good prognosis at all stages
True and true
T or F: Bowen disease and Erythroplasia of Queyrat are histologically identical
True-- they're only distinguished by location and behavior
T/F Growth hormone elicits direct effects on the body from the anterior pituitary
True. Most of the other hormones from the anterior pituitary do not
the Zona fasciculata cells were called spongiocytes (gland cells making up the zone fasciculata) with ___ ____ present within the mitochondria in these cells
Tubular cristae **Characteristic of mitochondria involved in steroid production (ovaries & testes)
Which amino acid makes up the neither group of hormones?
Tyrosine
What happens to urine volume in the presence of ADH?
Urine volume goes down
the pituitary (hyphophysis) has dual embryonic origins - neural component = ____ - non-nervous part = ____
neural component = neuohypophysis non-nervous part = adenohypophysis
Medulla comes from ___ ___ Acts like members of the nervous system ◊ Reacts like nerves do
neural crest
What is another name for the posterior pituitary?
neurohypophysis
the pituitary gland that is a down growth from the floor of the brain is known as ______, aka: posterior pituitary; pars nervosa
neurohypophysis
Neoplasms of the penis have a 70% five-yr survival rate without ________ spread
nodal
Sertoli cells job =
nurture developing sperm
which hormone stimulates osteoclasts (and therefore an increase in serum calcium)
parathyroid hormone
What joins the adenophypophysis and neurohypophysis?
pars intermedia
what is formed when the anterior and posterior pituitary meet
pars intermedia
what is a continuation of the anterior pituitary, which continues as a "sleeve" around the stalk of a nervous tissue
pars tuberalis
Cell content of Prokaryotic Cell
Working on its own, a lot of proteins/ribosomes which allows them to rapidly change they protein content
Emotion altering consciousness
Worrying causing loss of sleep, depression producing sleepiness, worrying causing inability to focus
Exocrine glands secrete their product into ___
a duct system
Which has higher incidence of ovarian cancer? a. BRCA1 b. BRCA 2 c. they have the same incidence
a. BRCA1
Which carcinoma in situ is 80% HPV related? a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above
a. Bowen disease
which gland is known as the "master gland" due to its many endocrine functions
pituitary gland
FSH and LH are both ________ hormones -- they are fast, short acting
polypeptide hormones
parathyroid are found on ____ aspect of the thyroid
posterior
After desmolase converts cholesterol to ___________, the __________ (same answer for both blanks) goes to 2 pathways -some goes to progesterone and into the blood -the other goes to androstenedione and testosterone
pregnonolone
the alpha cells of the islet of langerhans are primarily responsible for what?
produce glucagon - Insulin antagonist
the F cells of the islet of langerhans are primarily responsible for what?
produce hormones involved in digestive tract - Can inhibit enzymes released from the pancreas - Can control the rate of nutrient absorption from the gut
Which carcinoma in situ is described as a grayish-white solitary, scaly plaque-like lesion of the shaft a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above
a. Bowen disease
Which is a CIS (carcinoma in situ) of the skin and has a 10% progression to invasive SCC? a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above
a. Bowen disease
Which is the most common cause of scrotal enlargement? a. hydrocele b. hematocele c. chylocele d. varicocele e. spermatocele
a. hydrocele
Which stage is defined as the primary tumor is confined to the testis? a. stage I b. stage II c. stage III d. stage IV
a. stage I
If you have a Gleason score of 2-4 you have a. well-differentiated cancer b. intermediate-grade cancer c. moderate to poorly differentiated cancer d. high-grade cancer
a. well-differentiated
Sitting at the front of the sperm cell nucleus is the ___
acrosome **This is an extremely important structure because it contains a group of proteolytic enzymes, the most important being acrosin
the pituitary gland that is an up-growth from the stomodeum is known as _____ aka: anterior pituitary
adenohypophysis
Most common cause of Cushing Syndrome is...?
administration of exogenous glucocorticoids (steroids)
Tumors with Gleason scores 8-10 tend to be ....?
advanced cancers that are unlikely to be curable
name the g protein subunits and what is bound to it when it is inactive
alpha, beta, gamma and GDP is bound GTP makes it active
seminal vesicles empty into the ___
ampulla
adenohypophysis is another name for?
anterior pituitary
Directly below the hypothalamus. The releasing factors regulate the release of the ___ ___ hormones. Low concentrations are effective due to the portal system which delivers RF to the ____ directly.
anterior pituitary adenohypophysis
What molecules are inserted into the luminal membranes to increase water permeability?
aquaporin-2- ionophores.
What specific type of blood vessel does ADH target?
arterioles
Essentially, you should think that the thecal cell is the source of __________ and the transferring androstenedione and testosterone to granulosm cell
progesterone
Which is a CIS of the glans? a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above
b. Erythoplasia of Queyrat
Which carcinoma in situ is described as erythematous patches on the glans of the penis a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above
b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat
Secondary hyperparathyroidism = a. hypercalcemia b. hypocalcemia
b. hypocalcemia (chronic depression in serum calcium level)
95% of testicular neoplasms are a. benign b. malignant
b. malignant (YIKES!)
Male reproductive endocrinology exhibits long and short loop ________ feedback. At puberty, levels go up and stay flat due to the feedback cycle a. positive b. negative
b. negative
Which is worse? a. seminoma b. non-seminoma
b. non-seminoma
Which stage is defined as metastasis confined to retroperitoneal nodes below level of diaphragm? a. stage I b. stage II c. stage III d. stage IV
b. stage II
Hashimoto Thyroiditis is more prevalent in a. men b. women
b. women
Islets of Langerhans (Pancreas from any mammal has these patches of cells mixed in) What are the 5 different cells types make up the Islets
beta cell alpha cell delta cell F cells VIP alpha and beta are easier to identify, the other 3 you need radiography and fluorescent dye to ID
The ___ ____ prevents the destruction of sperm cells by the body's defenses Consists of cells that are built into the walls of the seminiferous tubules There are ____ cells which extend the lengh of the tubules, and have extending side branches
blood-semen barrier Sertoli
Which stage is defined as metastasis beyond retoperitoneal lymph nodes? a. stage I b. stage II c. stage III d. stage IV
c. stage III
What is the second messenger for glycogen metabolism?
cAMP
cells undergo ____ which is the process whereby spem cells acquire the ability to "swim"
capacitation
parathyroid have what type of cells
chief cells with oxyphil (oncocytes) cell scattered between the chief cells
desmolase converts __________ to ___________
cholesterol to pregnonolone
Color loving cells (cells that stained)
chromophils
What are the cells that comprise the thyroid follicles able to do?
concentrate iodide from the blood to then convert to iodine
Fewer gap junctions between AV nodal cells, means what?
conduction through the AV node is slowed down
What is a major function of oxytocin?
controls contraction of certain smooth muscle -uterine walls during birth
What are the 2 distinct levels of organization within the adrenal gland
cortex & medulla
Another name for Adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) is called:
corticotrophin
The adrenal cortex produces which 3 steroid hormones?
cortisol, aldosterone, androstenediol
Hypospadias & Epispadias Commonly associated with _____ or other anomalies (inguinal hernias, undescended testes) Restricted urethral orifice can lead to urinary tract obstruction & infection Can interfere with insemination and be a cause of sterility (opening near shaft base
cryptorchidism
Which carcinoma in situ is a venereally transmitted viral lesion of the shaft with reddish-brown papules? a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above
d. Bowenoid papulosis
Which of the carcinoma(s) in situ lead to carcinomas? a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above
d. a and b Bowenoid papulosis does NOT progress to cancer
If you have a Gleason score of 8-10 you have a. well-differentiated cancer b. intermediate-grade cancer c. moderate to poorly differentiated cancer d. high-grade cancer
d. high-grade cancer
Which invasive carcinoma has excellent prognosis? a. ductal b. lobular c. medullary d. tubular e. metaplastic
d. tubular
steroid hormones are regulated by what enzyme?
desmolase
the second structure sperm passes through is the ___ ___ Highly muscular structure; given it's lumen size it's the most muscular tubular structure in the male body Muscle is about 1 mm thick Sperm gain the ability to move independently here
ductus deferens (vas deferens)
Which are among the most frequent morphologic patterns of testicular cancers a. seminoma b. teratoma c. choriocarcinoma d. embryonal carcimona e. a,c,d f. all of the above
e. a, c, d
Which is an example of carcinoma in situ of the penis? a. Bowen disease b. Erythroplasia of Queyrat c. Bowenoid papulosis d. a and b e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Semen travels from the ampulla and enters the ___ ___
ejaculatory duct
The first "and really important" structure that the sperm pass through is the ____
epididymis
What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and the dopamine
FSH stimulates thecal cells and granulosm cells. When it stimulates the granules cells, we get conversion of androstenedione and testosterone to ___________ which then gets into the blood
estrogen
SCC of the ______ or _____ is most common type of neoplasm of penis accounting for 0.25% of cancers in men
glans or prepuce
the Zona fasciculata Produces ___
glucocorticoids
______ regulate the change of protein to sugar which can affect HGH and entire immune response - This is why steroid are used for medications in allergies (can turn off immune response via injection of these steroids) - Growth can be interfered with
glucocorticoids - If child receives transplant kidney, child will be administered glucocorticoids to suppress immune system so rejection doesn't occur Also suppresses growth so these children don't grow much - Cushing's disease, Addison's disease
acromegaly is increased levels of ___ ___ after ___
growth hormone closure of the epiphyses
What are two tumor markers secreted by germ-cell neoplasms? High amts of these are indicative of a neoplasm
hCG and AFP - human chorionic gonadotropin -Alpha-fetoprotein
If a patient is very hyper, has a large recent weight loss, bulging eyes, and sensitive to heat they have?
hyperthyroidism
pituitary is synonymous with ___ (same structure)
hypophysis
Function of vasopressin
increase water retention in kidneys and causes constriction of smooth muscle in blood vessels.
What does T3 do?
increases transcription of many genes
the delta cells of the islet of langerhans are primarily responsible for what?
inhibit HGH so that it doesn't get out of balance - Control release of glucagon
What does somatostatin do
inhibits secretion of Hgh by anterior pituitary
a lack of ____ cause the thyroid to NOT produce TH
iodine
adipocytes which hormone
leptin
the Zona glomerulosa (outermost layer) have Cells are arranged in ___ with Lots of ____ & ____
little balls mitochondria & smooth ER
Which hormone is related to the menstrual cycle of females and the production of testosterone in males?
lutenizing hormone
the Beta cell of the islet of langerhans are primarily responsible for what?
makes insulin □ Insulin involved in the uptake of sugar by the cells (Energy metabolism)
what hormone is produced in the pars intermedia
melanocyte stimulating hormone
the adrenal gland Cortex arises from _____, which is Surrounded by a simple connective tissue capsule with what 3 distinct layers making up the cortex:
mesenchyme zona glomerulosa (outermost) zona fasiculata zona reticularis (boders medulla)
prolactin-inhibiting (PIH, dopamine, DA) inhibits what
released by the hypothalamus and inhibits the release of prolactin by lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary
Why do hormones have a longer duration response?
released into the blood to find target cells
Zona fasciculata have cells arranged in ___
rows - Radiating lines
Environmentally, there is increased risk for prostate carcinoma is you have a diet rich in ___________
saturated fat
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH or GnRF) stimulate
secretion of LH and FSH by gonadotrophs of anterior pituitary
thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH or TRF) stimulate
secretion of TSH by thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary. TRF is stimulated by prolonged cold
growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH or somatostatin) inhibit whats
secretion of hGH by somatrotrophs of the anterior pituitary
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH or GHRF) stimulate whats
secretion of hGH by somatrotrophs of the anterior pituitary
In between the connective tissue chords that lobate the testes, are tubules called ____ ____
seminiferous tubules
thyroid is what type of epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
the Zona fasciculata has ___ between the rows of cells - Lined by epithelial cells - Rows of capillaries between the rows of cells
sinusoids
is cortisol slow or fast onset?
slow
What cells make growth hormone and where?
somatotrophs! In the anterior pituitary
Total activity of a protein =
specific activity x total amount
Dihydrotestosterone is necessary for change from primary to secondary _________
spermatocyte
production of sperm
spermatogenesis
As the cells approach the lumen of the tubule, they undergo a change in morphology from cuboidal epithelial-looking cells that are joined to their neighbors via special types of desmosomes to a torpedo-like cell that contains a tail and is capable of self-propulsion • Unique cell structure within the human body • This change is morphology is called ____
spermiogenesis
adrenal glands of the cortex produce ___ hormones
steroid
Main functions of GH are:
stimulates an increase in cell size and cell number. Stimulates protein synthesis Metabolizes fat ( increases FFA in the plasma) INHIBITS GLUCOSE UTILIZATION.
what does FSH do?
stimulates developments of follicles in the ovaries and sperm in men
What does prolactin do?
stimulates milk synthesis but NOT RELEASE
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH or CRF) stimulates what and is released when
stimulates release of ACTH by corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary. CRF is released in response to stress and also peaks around 8am
What does GnRH do?
stimulates secretion of LH and FSH by anterior pituitary
What does TRH do?
stimulates secretion of TSH by anterior pituitary, stimulated by prolonged cold
What does ACTH do?
stimulates secretion of cortisol
What does TSH do?
stimulates synthesis and release of thyroid hormone by thyroid follicles
In males, the organ that produces gametes is the ____
testis (pl. testes)
interstitial cells (Leydig cells) o Steroid-secreting cells; produce ___ o Under the control of the ____ gland (which produces FSH and LH) o Interstitial cells have pronounced ___, which have tubular christae, which look like little vesicles
testosterone pituitary mitochondria
The gonads produce which 3 steroid hormones?
testosterone, estrogen and progesterone
Endocrine glands' secretory products enter _____
the surrounding areolar connective tissue Then diffuse into the blood stream at capillaries **"Ductless Gland"; No ducts
What are thyroid hormones made from?
thyroxin
hypokalemia is caused by what
too much aldosterone present. This causes to much potassium to be excreted
95% of cortisol is bound to what to transport cortisol
transcortin and albumin
What does oxytocin do?
triggers RELEASE of milk from breast, and smooth muscle contraction
What does LH do?
triggers ovulation and formation of corpus luteum also stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone
T or F: Keratinizing type carcinoma (70%) is NOT due to HPV
true
Testes are surrounded by a thick connective tissue capsule called the ___ ___
tunica albuginia
Testes are surrounded by a thick connective tissue capsule called the tunica albuginia and the outside of this connective tissue capsule is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelium called the ___ ___
tunica vaginalis
Patients who develop neoplasms of the penis are most often __________, _____, have poor hygiene, ________ for HPV 16 & 18
uncircumcised, 40+, positive
the VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) cells of the islet of langerhans are primarily responsible for what?
- Participates in the regulation of muscle tone in the gut - Regulates secretory activity in the GI tract
What 2 behavioral effects does testosterone have?
Increased aggression and increased libido (sex drive)
Cortisol has 4 effects on the body what are they?
Increases gluconeogenesis Increases protein mobilization Increases fat break down Stabilizes lysosomes to start slowing down. ***We need all these to happen in times of stress because we need energy!
What does aldosterone do?
Increases sodium and potassium retention in the kidney
What do Sertoli cells create?
Inhibin hormone
What does Dopamine do
Inhibits release of prolactin by lactotrophs in anterior pituitary
List at least 3 clinical features of prostatitis
-Dysuria (pain upon urination) -Increased urinary freq -Lower back pain -Pelvic pain -Enlarged & tender prostate gland -Fever and leukocytosis if acute -Reservoir for UTI
List at least 3 clinical features of BPH
-Urinary tract obstruction -Hesitancy and interruption in urinary stream -Bladder irritation leads to increased freq, urgency and nocturia -Inc risk of UTI -Complete obstruction can cause painful bladder distension and hydronephrosis
Testosterone stimulates 3 things
-growth -maintenance -functional development of repro structures
What is a group of cortical and subcortical structures that provide us with electrophysiological link between emotion, learning and memory and hormonal function
LImbic System
Aldosterone is released in the presence of high or low blood pressure.
LOW blood pressure.
There are layers of connective tissue that divide the testes up into lobes and sitting on these strands, are cells called interstitial cells or ___ cells
Leydig
2 organs in the body that easily receive polypeptide hormones
Liver and kidney
Together, the 5 male reproductive hormones accomplish what 3 tasks?
-spermatogenesis -maturation of reproductive tract -sexual attraction
Review slide 6 CHART
...
heart synthesizes which hormone
1. Atrial natiuretic polypeptide (ANP)
GI tract which 8 hormones
1. Cholecystokinin (CCK) 2. Gastrin 3. Secretin 4. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) 5. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) 6. Somatomedin Polypeptide 7. Ghrelin 8. Substance P
5 hormones with placenta
1. Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) *ppt 2. Placental lactogen (PL or chorionic somatomammotropin) *ppt 3. Estriol (a form of estrogen) **steroid 4. Progesterone **steroid 5. Relaxin **ppt
Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) synthesize which 6 hormones
1. Corticotrophin (Adrenocorticotrophic hormone or ACTH) 2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 3. Luteinizing hormone (LH) Polypeptide 4. Prolactin 5. Thyrotrophin (Thyroid-stimulating hormone or TSH) 6. Growth hormone (Somatotrophin, GH or HGH) "FLAT PEG" E is empty, but the other 6 letters work
List of 8 hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus.
1. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH or CRF) 2. Dopamine (DA) (Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone) 3. Growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH or GHRF) 4. Somatostatin (GHIH - growth hormone inhibiting hormone) 5. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH or GnRF) 6. Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH or TRF) 7. Oxytocin (NOTE: Released in the posterior pituitary) 8. Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone or ADH) (NOTE: Released in the posterior pituitary)
what are the 3 hormones synthesized but the cortex of tyne adrenal gland
1. Cortisol (glucocorticoid) 2. Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) 3. Androgens (testosterone, androstenedione and hydroxyprogesterone)
macrophages synthesize which hormone
1. Cytokines
4 hormones with ovaries
1. Estrogens (estradiol) *Steroid 2. Progesterone *Steroid 3. Relaxin *polypeptide 4. Inhibin *polypeptide
8 hormones involved in female reproductive endocrinology
1. GnRH 2. FSH 3. LH 4. Estrogen 5. Progesterone 6. HCG 7. Prolactin 8. Oxytocin
5 hormones involved in male reproductive endocrinology
1. GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone 2. FSH - follicle stim hormone 3. LH 4. Testosterone 5. Inhibin
What triggers the release of ADH (3 things)
1. Increase in blood osmolarity 2. Decrease in blood pressure 3. decrease in blood volume
pancreas which 3 hormones
1. Insulin 2. Glucagon 3. Somatostatin
pineal gland synthesizes which hormone
1. Melatonin
Posterior (Neurohypophysis) synthesize which 2 hormones
1. Oxytocin 2. Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone or ADH)
PARATHYROID GLANDS (embedded in thyroids) synthesize which hormone
1. Parathyroid hormone (Parathormone or PTH) **Comes from parathyroid gland, and secreted when calcium levels are low.
Together, the 8 female repro hormones accomplish 5 tasks...what are they?
1. Produce eggs (oogenesis) 2. Sexual maturation 3. Sexual attraction 4. Gestation 5. Milk production (lactation) Notice the first 3 are equivalent to males' tasks
kidney synthesizes which 3 hormones
1. Renin 2. Erythropoietin 3. 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol ***Steroid
2 hormones with testes
1. Testosterone *Steroid 2. Inhibin *polypeptide
Follicles of thyroid gland synthesize
1. Thyroxin (T4) 2. Tri-iodothyronine (T3) both are TH
1. scrotal enlargement with lymph fluid 2. enlarged spermatic cord veins
1. chylocele 2. varicocele
1. scrotal enlargement of accumulation with serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis 2. scrotal enlargement with blood
1. hydrocele 2. hematocele
Gleason System of Grading Grading is importance in prostatic cancer because it is the best marker, along with the stage, for predicting prognosis 2 to 4 = ____ 5 to 6 = ____ 7 = ____ 8 to10 = ____
2 to 4 = well-differentiated cancer, 5 to 6 = intermediate-grade cancer, 7 = moderate to poorly differentiated cancer 8 to10 = high-grade cancer
of the hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus, which is NOT a polypeptide
2. Dopamine (DA) (Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone)
Neoplasms of the penis have a _____% five-yr survival rate WITH nodal spread
27%
what are the 3 hormones synthesized but the medulla of tyne adrenal gland
4. Epinephrine (made from tyrosine) 5. Norepinephrine 6. Dopamine
What percentage of aldosterone is unbound?
40% FOURSS
The majority of potentially treatable cancers that are detected on needle biopsy have Gleason scores of ____. Tumors with Gleason scores ___ tend to be advanced cancers that are unlikely to be curable.
5 to 7 8 to 10
The majority of potentially treatable cancers that are detected on needle biopsy have Gleason scores of ___ to ____
5-7
Seminoma accounts for nearly _____%
50%
Proliferative disease without atypic hyperplasia sclerosing adenois papilloma complex sclreosifn lesion
= 1.5 - 2.0 (5-7%)
Nitric Oxide Cascade
A gas, only exists 6-10 seconds Implicated in preventing platelet aggregation
What makes up the thyroid gland and what kind of tissue is it?
A series of follicles made up of simple epithelium that ranges from simple cuboidal to very flat
ACTH deals with stress. So what does it release? A. Cortisol B. Epinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Dopamine
A. Cortisol
Hyperpigmentation of the skin and oral mucosa and Decreased mineralocorticoid activity results in electrolyte disturbances which manifest as hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, volume depletion and hypotenison; occasionally hypoglycemia (secondary to decreased glucocorticoids) may occur... are clinical features of what disease
ADDISON DISEASE
the neurohypophysis produces which hormones
ADH (vasopressin) —> think Diabetes insipidis Oxytoxin
What 2 hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted in the posterior pituitary?
ADH- Vasopressin Oxytocin
Increased levels of growth hormone after closure of the epiphyses
Acromegaly
___ is essential for fertilization of the female egg to occur
Acrosin
Hyper pigmentation of the skin and oral mucosa; decreased mineralocorticoid activity results in electrolyte disturbances which manifest as hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, volume depletion and hypotension; occasionally hypoglycemia (secondary to decreased glucocorticoids may occur)
Addison Disease
Over 90% of adrenal insufficiency cases are caused by Addison disease, tuberculosis, AIDS and metastatic cancers. Which is the most common?
Addison Disease
The 2 major parts of the pituitary
Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
What do steroid hormones bind to in the blood?
Albumin
Increased risk for prostate carcinoma if 1st degree relative; earlier age in ___________ because of gene differences
American blacks
Which part of the pituitary is where most hormones are produced?
Anterior (adenohypophysis)
Subcortical structures
Anterior thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, maxillary bodies, hypothalamus, reticular formation
Which 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) produce?
Antidiuretic Hormone, oxytocin
Hormones the heart produces
Atrial natriuretic polypeptide
Signals released and act on cell that released them
Autocrine (adenosine)
What is the most important prognostic factor for invasive carcinoma in the absence of distant metastases?
Axillary lymph node status
grayish-white solitary, scaly plaque-like lesion of the shaft -CIS of skin -10% progression to invasive SSC; additional risk (33%) of GI or other GU malignancy -80% HPV related
Bowen disease
venereally transmitted viral lesions of the shaft; reddish-brown papules -Multiple lesions -Affects younger men (20's) -Does NOT progress to cancer
Bowenoid papulosis
Thyroid hormones are: A. Steroid hormones B. Polypeptide hormones C. Neither
C. Neither but they behave like steroid!
The most common cause of ___ ____ is administration of exogenous glucocorticoids (steroids)
CUSHING SYNDROME
In amongst the follicles of the thyroid, Parafollicular Cells synthesize
Calcitonin Calcitonin "tones down" blood calcium levels
Name the hormone that parafollicular cells of the thyroid produce and its function?
Calcitonin, peptide, and involved in regulation of plasma calcium levels to tone down levels in blood
The kidneys produce which steroid hormone?
Calcitriol
Main calcium binding protein and what does it do?
Calmodulin binds 4 calcium molecules and binds to other proteins to influence cell behavior
What is the main way to change protein function?
Change the total activity of a protein or group of proteins
Type of signals we use in our bodies most of the time?
Chemical Slower but much more diverse
What do T3 and T4 do?
Control the rate of metabolism by influencing mitochondria
What are the 2 sections of the adrenal gland
Cortex --> outer Medulla --> middle
What are the 3 hormones the adrenal cortex produces and what kind of hormones are they?
Cortisol Aldosterone Androgens (tesosterone) All Steroids
Hypothyroidism in infants or early childhood which leads to impaired development of the skeletal and central nervous systems
Cretinism
Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum; increased risk of infertility and testicular cancer (4x)!!
Cryptorchidism
Failure of the testis to descend into the scrotum. Incidence 0.07-0.08% of males. Increased risk of infertility and testicular cancer (4x) Surgically corrected by 2 years old
Cryptorchidism
Hypospadias & Epispadias are commonly assoc w. ______________ which means testes not descending
Cryptorchidism (testes not descending)
Hyperadrenal clinical syndrome where you have excess steroid production (EXCESS CORTISOL)
Cushing Syndrome
main hyperadrenal (ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION) clinical syndrome
Cushing syndrome (excess cortisol)
Examples of second messengers
Cyclic AMP, Cyclic GMP, IP3, Calcium
Unlike males, _________ of reproductive structures + hormones takes place
Cycling Ex: Tissues which cycle - ovary (follicles, endometrium)
A patient comes in that is sensitive to cold. They tell you they feel lethargic, they have recently had a large weight gain, they don't have a lot of energy you would say they had: A. Hyperthyroidism B Acromegaly C. Diabetes D. Hypothyroidism
D. Hypothyroidism
LH stimulates the developmt of follicular structure which stimulates theca cells and specifically _________ which converts cholesterol to pregnonelone
Desmolase
What is the key regulatory enzyme for 6 of the 7 steroid hormones?
Desmolase
What is the condition called in which you have a shortage of ADH and you produce "phenomenal" amounts of urine?
Diabetes insipidus
Testosterone once in blood gets converted to more active form called
Dihydrotestosterone
Fastest form of cell to cell communication
Direct electrical communication through gap junctions
What is the primary target of aldosterone?
Distal convoluted tubule and early collecting duct
Cell content of Eukaryotic Cell
Does not have as much space dedicated to ribosomes Much greater variety of proteins than prokaryotic
Implantation of fetus in site other than normal intrauterine
Ectopic pregnancy
Which chemical signal.... -short life span -no circulating in blood
Local Signals
-Uses adrenergic receptors -Behaves like a polypeptide, water soluble -produced by adrenal medulla -response to stress
Epinephrine
2 examples of neither group of hormones
Epinephrine and Thyroid Hormone
What part of long bones do growth hormones control?
Epiphyseal plates, where growth actually occurs
Abnormal location of the urethra along the dorsal aspect of the penis. Often associated with other urogenital tract malformations
Epispadias
Abnormal location of the urethra along the dorsal aspect of the penis; often assoc w. other urogenital tract malformations
Epispadias
erythematous patches on the glans -CIS of glans -Limited to glans and prepuce -Histologically identical to Bowen's - distinguished by location and behavior -10% progress to invasive cancer.
Erythroplasia of Queyrat
Hormones the ovaries produce
Estrogen --> steroid Progesterone --> steroid Relaxin --> polypeptide Inhibin --> polypeptide
Castration (removal of the testes) yields ________ body which causes pear shaped body, higher voice, increased fat %, sterility
Eunich's
T/F Does the nervous system use direct electrical communication?
FALSE There is no diversity in responses with this system, can't use it
T/f Steroids can have cystolic, nuclear receptors, and cell surface
FALSE ---Only systolic and nuclear remember, steroids can pass through the membrane
T/F Diabetes causes you to be be dehydrated and have high blood pressure
FALSE. It does cause you to be dehydrated but you would also have LOW blood pressure
What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary? (6)
FLAT PeG FSH- follicle stimulating hormone LH-Leutinizing Hormone ACTH- adrenocorticotropic hormone TSH-throid-stimulating hormone Prolactin GH- Growth Hormone
The Sertoli cells create Inhibin hormone whose job is to INHIBIT cells of pituitary that secrete _____
FSH
The conversion of spermatids to sperm requires what hormone?
FSH
FLATPeG hormones... What are they and where are they released
FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin GH Anterior pituritary
Name the 7 anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) hormones
FSH LH ACTH Thyroptrophin Prolactin GH FLAT PG
Ectopic pregnancy is a disorder of early pregnancy. 90% occur where?
Fallopian tubes
T/F Endocrine glands have ducts
False
T/F Hydrophilic signals can pass through cell membrane (polypeptides)
False
T/F T3 decreases the basal metabolic rate
False, increases BMR
T/F Androgens cannot be converted into testosterone
False. They can be
Neurotransmitters... Fast or slow onset? Long or short duration?
Fast onset and short duration
Emotions that can alter endocrine function and hypothalamus
Fear of pregnancy, fear of impotence, depression altering feeding behavior
What are the three levels of the adrenal cortex? Think margaritas
G- Zona glomerulosa Salt (aldosterone) F- Zona fasiculata Sugar (cortisol) R- Zona reticularis SEX (Them androgens BRUH)
Gigantism is caused from a hyper secretion of what anterior pituitary hormone
GH
which hormones result from anterior pituitary
GH FSH TSH ACTH
What does the growth hormone do if there are no epiphyseal plates?
GH can become neoplastic and form a tumor which can lead to acromegaly
HPV vaccine __________ recently approved by FDA to prevent against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18
Gardasil
Most important risk factor for carcinoma of breast
Gender only 1% of cases are in men
___________ system of grading is used for prostatic cancer. Grading is the BEST marker along with stage, for predicting _____________.
Gleason system of grading + staging = predicting prognosis
In females, (as occurs in males), the first step is that during puberty, the hypothalamus causes secretion of ________
GnRH
When males go through puberty, the cells in the hypothalamus start to secrete ________ which stimulates the ant pituitary to release FSH and LH
GnRH
Enlargement of the thyroid; most common manifestation of thyroid disease in places where iodine levels are deficient
Goiter
#1 cause of hyperthyroidism
Graves Disease
Autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies to the TSH receptor, thyroid peroxisomes and thyroglobulin
Graves Disease
What does GH do?
Growth bruh, DUH! also related to somatomedin from liver
Panhypopituitarism is an adolescent hypo secretion of hormones that leads to dwarfism. Lack of what hormone specifically secreated by the anterior pituitary will cause this?
Growth hormone
what Clinically presents as a painless diffuse enlargement of the thyroid with some degree of hypothyroidism
HASHIMOTO THYROIDITIS
The single most important factor in cervical oncogenesis is
HPV 16 or HPV 18
This clinically presents as a painless diffuse enlargement of they thyroid with some degree of hypothyroidism
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
What does cortisol do?
Helps body adapt to stress elevates blood glucose, mobilizes fats, and gluconeogenisis --> all to give energy
-Fertilization of an egg that has lost its chromosomes -46 XX from duplication of paternal DNA from sperm -enlarged, swollen villi -"field of snow" on ultrasound
Hydatidiform moles
An accumulation of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis. It is the most common cause of scrotal enlargement.
Hydrocele
Non-neoplastic Scrotal Enlargements (serous fluid) (blood) (lymph fluid) (enlarged spermatic cord veins) (dilated efferent ductule of epididymus)
Hydrocele (serous fluid) Hematocele (blood) Chylocele (lymph fluid) Varicocele (enlarged spermatic cord veins) Spermatocele (dilated efferent ductule of epididymus)
Abnormal location of the opening of the urethra along the ventral aspect of the penis. Congenital Repaired in infancy
Hypospadias
Abnormal location of the opening of the urethra along the ventral aspect of the penis; it is congenital and repaired in infancy
Hypospadias
What provides the releasing factors for the pituitary?
Hypothalamus
What happens to urine osmolarity in the presence of ADH?
IT GOES UP
what is that thing that everyone does on the weekends to inhibit ADH!!!!!
Consume ethanol. Note: other factors that prevent ADH release (nausea, morphine injection, nicotine.
Which is slower than neurotransmitter but has a longer response?
Hormones
Most common cause worldwide of hypothyroidism
Iodine deficiency
most common cause worldwide of HYPOTHYROIDISM
Iodine deficiency
Nodular hyperplasia is AKA
BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy)
An inflammation of the glans penis
Balanitis
An inflammation of the glans penis.
Balanitis
An inflammatino of the glans penis AND prepuce
Balanoposthitis
An inflammation of the glans penis and prepuce.
Balanoposthitis
in the medulla, _____ cells (have affinity for chromium salt) makes epinephrine and norepinephrine - Major effect: "fight or flight"
Chromaffin
Color hating cells (cells that didn't stain)
Chromophobes
the following are clinical features of what? Urinary tract obstruction (10% symptomatic) Characterized by hesitancy and interruption in urinary stream Bladder irritation leads to increased frequency, urgency & nocturia Increased risk of UTI Complete obstruction can cause painful bladder distention & hydronephrosis
Clinical Features of BPHq
the following are clinical features of what? Dysuria Increased urinary frequency Lower back pain Poorly localized suprapubic or pelvic pain Enlarged and tender prostate gland Fever and leukocytosis if acute Reservoir for UTI
Clinical Features of Prostatitis
ADH is stimulated from low or high blood osmolarity.
High
Name 2 signals that use tyrosine kinase
Insulin and growth factor
___ ___ is when the cilia don't function due to lack of dyeine arms on the outer doubles
Kartegener Syndrome
Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN) and Carcinoma-- _____________ carcinoma is 70% and develops in patients with long-standing lichen sclerosis or squamous hyperplasia; not HPV
Keratinizing type carcinoma
the secretion of GnRH causes the release of _______ and ________
LH and FSH
Which type of hormone is synthesized on demand?
Steroid
These alter gene expression, alters total amount of activity and has a slower onset and longer duration
Steroids
What does parathyroid hormone do?
Stimulates osteoclast stimulates kidneys to retain Ca Stimulates vitamin d3 to help absorb calcium from git Responds to a decrease in calcium
What does CRH do?
Stimulates release of ACTH in anterior pituitary released in response to stress
Every Cell has 3 functions...
Survive, Sense Environment and Respond to senses
T/F ADH increases blood pressure
T
T/F Panhypopituarism in adults causes low TSH
T
Stage ____ refers to cancer found incidentally either on trans-urethral resection done for BPH symptoms, accts for 90% and has a 10+ yr survival
T1
TNM Staging for Prostatic Cancer Stage __ refers to cancer found incidentally either on trans-urethral resection done for BPH symptoms (90% 10+ year survival) Stage __ is organ-confined cancer. (50-80% 10+ year survival) Stage __ tumors show extraprostatic extension. (45-60% 10+ year survival) Stage __ reflects direct invasion of contiguous organs. Any spread of tumor to the lymph nodes, regardless of extent, is eventually associated with a fatal outcome (10-40% 10+ year survival)
T1 T2 T3 T4
Stage ____ is organ-confined cancer; acts for 50-80% and has a 10+ yr survival
T2
Stage ____ tumors show extraprostatic extension and accts for 45-60% with a 10+ yr survival
T3
