Endocrine System Ch. 17
Saturated
A cell that has receptors on the plasma membrane that are all occupied is _______.
Endocrine
A ductless gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream; for example the thyroid and adrenal glands; opposite of exocrine gland
large, cascade
A few molecules of hormone can have a ___ effect on a cell due to enzyme amplification, or ______.
Exocrine
A gland that secretes its products (usually whole cells) into another organ or onto the body surface, usually by the way of a duct; for example, salivary and gastric glands; Example Ovary secretion of eggs
many, cytoplasm
A single hormone molecule binds to a receptor, sending ____ "second messenger" molecules into the ______; part of cascade effect
Paracrines
Allow local chemical communication; released by one cell, end up in tissue fluid, and another cells responds; Range of effect: shorter than that of Nervous System; longer than that of Gap Junctions
Gap Junction
Allows direct cell-to cell communication by means of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters); specifically communicating junctions subdivision
pituitary gland
Anterior/ inferior to hypothalamus; controls many functions of the hypothalamus (hypophysis); suspended form the hypothalamus by a stalk (infundibulum) and net of cappilaries; bilobed (has two lobes)
negative, inhibition
Both lobes of the pituitary gland are regulated by ____ feedback _____ Ex: Hypothalamus and pituitary regulate the thyroid, and are in turn regulated by thyroid hormone
Calcitonin, rise, osteoclast
C cells of the Thyroid gland make ______ when blood calcium levels _____. which is important in children _____ suppression
receptors, saturated, lack
Cells have specific _____ in membranes that attach to specific hormones ; These are specific and can become _____ (fully occupied by hormones);when there is a ____ of these ,or faulty versions, disease can result
C Cells (Parafollicular-around follicle cells)
Clear (parafollicular) cells of the Thyroid
Neurohypophysis
Connects to the hypothalamus by neurons of the Hypothalomo-Hypophyseal Tract: Neurons make and store hormones at axon end until signals depolarize them to this structure; KNOW- hormones are NOT made in this structure but are stored; posterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Controls primitive functions (water balance, temp, sex drive, child-birth); AKA Hypophysis (Below Growth); many functions of controlled through the pituitary gland
adrenal, 25, 5, cholesterol, 3
Cortex of the _____ gland produces at least ___ corticosteroid hormones, but only __ are physiologically significant. However, they are all derived from ________. There are ____ categories of these hormones
hyposecretion, hypersecretion, distant
Damage and tumors can cause _____ of hormones; tumors can also cause ______ of hormones. The tumors can be very ____ from the glands they affect.
alarm reaction, glycogen, blood pressure, sodium
During the ____ ____, Norepinephrine (SNS) and epinephrine (adrenal medulla) release _____ while Aldosterone and angiotensin raise ____ ___ and conserve ___ and water; has two stages- the stage of resistance and the stage of exhaustion
second, product
Each ___ messenger triggers many third messengers, which triggers many ____molecules; part of cascade effect
Nerve, Axon, Capillaries, Adenohypophysis (ONLY-Not Posterior Lobe)
Endocrine System rough pathway: Brain ---> ________ cells -----> ________ Terminals-----> _____------>_______------> Blood Stream
sex
Endocrine secretions of Gonads are steroid ___ hormones
eggs, sperm
Exocrine secretions of Gonads are ___ or ____ (cytogenic)
Gap Junction, Paracrine, Nervous System
Fill in the blanks for range (distance) of effect from shortest to longest: *paracrine *Nervous System *Gap Junction _______, _________, _______
Blood Stream, Kidneys, Bloodstream, Mammary, Uterine
Fill in the blanks for the following Hormone pathways: **ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone): Neurohypophysis----->_____------->_____ **OT (Oxtytocin): Neurohypophysis----->_____------> _____ Glands or _____ muscles (controls contractions of)
Iodine, Thyroglobulin, Tyrosines, Thyroglobulin, hydrolysis, blood
Fill in the blanks for the pathways of the Synthesis of thyroid hormone (thyroxine - T3): ***_____ absorption and oxidation-----> ______ synthesis and secretion------->Iodine added to ______ of thyroglobulin---> _____ uptake and ____-----> release of T3 (Tri-iodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) into the ____
Thyroid, T3, T4
Fluid in follicles of the _____ gland is mostly ___ (triiodothyronine) and ___ (tetraiodothyronine - 98% - the inactive form); the two make up _______ hormone (TH).
Pineal, sexual
Function of the _____ gland is unclear but damage or tumors may cause premature ____ maturation
Hypothalamus
Funnel shaped area of brain that forms the floor and walls of the 3rd ventricle; nuclei in wall; major organ of endocrine system
Pineal
Gland located in the roof of the 3rd ventricle/ posterior to hypothalamus
Pituitary
Gland through which many of the functions of the hypothalamus are controlled; consists of two lobes-Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and the Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
Adenohypophysis
Gonadotropins (Follocle-stimulate hormone and lutenizing hormone), Thyrotropins (Thyroid stimulating), Adenocorticotropic (to adrenal cortex), Prolactin (reproductive hormone), Growth Hormone (Muscle/ bone size hormone) are released from this part of the pituitary gland
endocrine, exocrine
Gonads are mixed gland meaning that they are both ____ and ____
liver, target, bile, urine, rate of removal
Hormones are removed by ____ , kidneys and ____ cells; most excreted in ____ or ____ **** _____ __ ____: is the metabolic clearance rate (MCR), measured in half-life (time for 50% removal).
blood stream, Synergistic, permissive, antagonistic
Hormones can interact;This is because not alone in _____: 1. ______- e.g., FSH and testosterone must act together for sperm production 2. _______- e.g., estrogen prepares the uterus cells causing them to make progesterone receptors 3. _______- e.g., insulin (decreases blood sugar) and glucagon (increases blood sugar) have opposite effects
second messenger
Hormones that cascade (amplify) usually act through the ____ ____ system
Neurohypophysis
Lobe of the pituitary gland that is directly connected to the brain; derived form nervous tissue; posterior portion; 1/4 of mass of pituitary gland
nerve
Medulla - Arises from ___ tissue; postganglionic sympathetic neurons (no axons or dendrites)
Thyroid
Most iodine intake collects in the ______ gland
monoamines
One of 3 major classes of hormones; Small, made from amino acids with --COOH removed. Most are very hydrophilic, some are also neurotransmitters;Used prominently by nervous system as well as endocrine e.g.: Dopamine, Thyroid Hormone
Peptides
One of 3 major classes of hormones; made of chains of amino acids (protein). Usually very hydrophilic; e.g. Oxytocin, Antidiuretic Hormone; Proteins that are often synthesized as a preprohormone, processed to a prohormone and a hormone
steroids
One of 3 major classes of hormones; very hydrophobic; derived from cholesterol; 4 rings; e.g.: Progersterone, Estradiol
Sex Steroids (S)
One of the 3 categories of corticosteroid hormones that regulate some reproductive functions
Mineralocorticoids (M)
One of the 3 categories of corticosteroid hormones; regulates electrolyte balance
Glucocortocoids (G)
One of the 3 categories of corticosteroid hormones; regulates use of glucose and other fuels
Glomerulosa (contains tiny spheres)
One of the 3 zones of the cortex; responsible for Aldosterone (M), Sodium retention, and Potassium excretion by kidneys
Fasciculata (possessing small bundles)
One of the 3 zones of the cortex; secretes Cortisol (G) which promotes fat and protein usage for stress adaptation. Anti-inflammatory; secretes sex hormones (S)
Reticularis (containing small network)
One of the 3 zones of the cortex; secretes androgens, estrogens, and DHEA (converted to testosterone in tissues)-Dehydroepiandrosterone (S)
digestion
PP and G cells help moderate ______.
Insulin (BETA cells)
Pancreas islet hormones that stimulate cells to take up glucose and store it as fat and glycogen immediately after a meal; 70% of of pancreas islet secretions
Glucagon (ALPHA cells)
Pancreas islet hormones that stimulates glycogenolysis, fat breakdown, gluconegoenesis, release of glucose between meals; 20% of pancreas islet secretions
somatostatin (Epsilon cells- maintains same level)
Pancreas islet hormones; inhibit alpha and Beta cells and digestion; 5 % of pancreas islet secretions
glucose, muscle, electrolyte, nerve, coma
Results of Diabetes: Cells cannot absorb ___, and instead uses fat and protein; ___ waste, _____ imbalance, ___ disfunction; Exhaustion, ketones on breath, gasping; ___, death
paracrines, endocrines, neurotransmitters
Some substances, such as norepinephrine, can act as _____, _____, or ______ depending upon circumstances
resistance, protein, exhaustion, cortex, aldosterone, starvation
Stress Response, AKA "Alarm Reaction": Stage 1: During the stage of ____, Cortisol (adrenal cortex) is released and breaks down fats for liver gluconeogenesis; inhibits ___ synthesis, glucose uptake, sex hormone secretion, immune system Stage 2: During the stage of ____ (weeks or months, as fat is depleted), Adrenal ___ cannot make hormones, glucose levels fluctuate and fall (due to gluconeogenesis in Liver); Protein used as energy source, muscles waste; ______ promotes excess water and Sodium retention, K+ loss (osmotic disruption), causing alkalosis, death; Effects of this stage occur more rapidly during _______.
increased, stronger, lower, diminished
Target cells can modulate sensitivity to hormones after long exposure or deficit. Ex 1: Uterus-Oxytocin Low receptor density (weak response)----->_______ receptor density (increased sensitivity)-----> _____ response Ex 2: Adiposites-Insulin/ Testes-LH High recptor density (strong response)----->______ receptor density and sensitivity------>_____ response
hypothalamus
The Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis) is regulated in part by the ______
Communication, coordination
The Nervous and Endocrine system control _____ and _____ in the body
exocrine, Islet (of Langerhans)
The Pancreas is 98% ______ tissue, making digestive enzymes; and 2% ____ cells, which secrete many hormones
glucagon, insulin, somatostatin
The Pancreas islet produces 3 main hormones ____ (Alpha cells),_____ (Beta cells), and ______ (Epsilon cells)
melatonin, serotonin, mood
The Pineal gland produces ______ (night) ______ (day) which may regulate ____.
estrogen, progesterone
The Placenta secretes _____ and _____
metabolism, fats, Growth Hormone, cold
The Thyroid Hormone (TH) INCREASES THE following.... Cellular ______ (calorigenic), Heart/respiration rates; Breakdown of ___, carbohydrates, and proteins; Appetite/ alertness; Bone, skin, hair, nail growth; Pituitary secretion of _______ (GH); secretions increase In response to ____ weather
Nervous
The ___ system responds relatively quickly to continual stimulation
Thymus, T Lymphocytes (Helper T Cells)
The ____ Secretes 2 hormones- thymopoietin and thymosin (supports lymphatic organs). Both of these hormones aid in development and activation of __ __________ (immune system).
Hypophyseal Portal System, adenohypophysis
The ____ _____ ____ (HPS) connects the Hypothalamus to the Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary lobe) and brings hormones to regulate ________ secretion
growth
The ____ hormone is a pituitary hormone that is low in the day and peaks at night
Lutenizing
The ____ hormone is a pituitary hormone that peaks in the mid-menstrual cycle
Endocrine, Nervous
The ____ system releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution throughout the body while the ____ system releases neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) at the synapse of specific target cells
Nervous, Endocrine
The ____ system stops quickly when stimulus stops while the ____ system may continue long after the stimulus stops
adrenal medulla
The _____ Secretes epinephrine and noreponephrine (catecholamines) in response to nerve signals
Thymus
The _____ is fibrous and fatty in elderly
Liver, IGF-I, hepcidin
The _____ processes vitamin D, makes ____ (by GH), erythropoietin (red blood cells),angiotensinogen (raises blood pressure), and ____ (iron)
Endocrine
The _____ system adapts relatively slowly to continual stimulation; may continue responding to stimulation for days to weeks
Nervous, Endocrine
The _____ system communicates electrically and chemically (via neurotransmitters) while the _____ system communicates via hormones (types of Neurotransmitters-chemical messenger)
adrenal
The ______ glands are Retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum-which is the sac-like lining of the abdominal cavity) along with the kidneys
medulla, cortex
The adrenal glands are Formed by fusion of _____ (nervous tissue) with ______
glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
The catecholamines (epinephrine/ norepinephrine) released by the adrenal medulla Stimulate _________ and _________.
insulin, digestion
The catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine) released by the medulla of the adrenal gland Inhibit ____ production, urine production, and _____.
nucleus, rough ER, golgi apparatus,
The formation of a polypeptide: ______----->cytoplasm----->____ __----->_____ _____----> vesicles-----> released from cell
calcidiol, calcitrol, angiotensinogen, angiotensin
The kidney converts _____ to _____ (calcium retention and bone deposition), produces EPO; converts ______ to _____ I
Adenohypophysis
The lobe of the pituitary gland that is derived form pharyngeal tissue (of pharnyx); anterior portion; 3/4 of mass of pituitary gland;
Calcitrol, Low
The parathyroid gland makes _____ when blood calcium is ____
parathyroid, osteoclast, kidneys, intestinal
The release of calcitrol by the ______ gland increases blood calcium levels by causing ______formation (release of calcium from bones), _____ to reabsorb more calcium from urine, and _____ calcium absorption
positive
The release of oxytocin during pregnancy is regulated by _____ feedback
follicular
The thyroid hormone is secreted by _____ cells
pre-estrodiol, granulosa
Theca makes ______. and _____. Theca converts the former to estradiol
4,2
There are ___ releasing hormones and ____ inhibiting hormones released by the HYPOTHALAMUS (hypophysis)
capillaries
There is no direct connection from the Hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis; they are mainly connected by _____.
True
True or False: The thymus is large in children (grows), then involutes. In elderly is fibrous and fatty
False (Due to the hydrophillic nature of monoamines and peptides, they need a receptor to attach to the hydrophobic cell membrane surface)
True or False: Although peptides and monoamine hormones circulate freely in the blood, they usually do not need to attach to specific receptors on the cell surface to enter the cell.
True (Due to the hydrophobic nature, steroid can usually diffuse into the hydrophobic plasma membrane [surface])
True or False: Although steroid hormones are hydrophobic and have to be loosely bound to a carrier protein in the blood, they usually do not need specific receptors to get into a cell.
False (The Pineal gland is LARGE in Children and SHRINKS AFTER CHILDHOOD)
True or False: The Pineal gland is large in adults, but shrinks (involutes) rapidly in children
True
True or False: The Thyroid is largest the endocrine gland in adults and has a high blood flow/ gram
False (Hormone Secretion amounts usually FLUCTUATE)
True or False: The amounts of pituitary gland hormones released is usually the same each time.
False
True or False: The endocrine system reacts quickly to stimuli (1 to 10 msec) while the nervous system reacts more slowly to stimuli ( seconds to days)
True
True or False: The endocrine system sometimes has very general, widespread effects while the nervous system usually has relatively local/ specific effects.
True
True or False: all hormones are made from cholesterol or amino acids in some way
I
Type ___ Diabetes: (10%) usually appears early (in childhood), probably due to antibody destruction of beta cells (insulin). IDDM (Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)
II
Type ___ Diabetes: Called NIDDM (Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) because insulin resistance is the underlying cause. Usually appears in adulthood.
leptin, puberty
Within Adipose tissue - ____ increases in thin people (stimulates appetite) and vice-versa in obese. Also involved in ____onset (delayed in thin people)
osteocalacin
Within Osseous tissue, Osteoblasts make ______ which influences insulin production and effectiveness
inhibin
Within the Ovary, ______ (from both follicle and Corpus luteum)- inhibits Follicle Stimulating Hormone [FSH] (from the anterior pituitary gland) by negative feedback
corpus luteum, progesterone
Within the Ovary, the _____ ______ forms from ruptured follicle, producing _______
small intestine, enteric
Within the Stomach and _____, ____ hormones regulate digestion
Connective Tissue
Wraps around and connects adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis to suspend them to the hypothalamus; helps to form secondary capillary network inside of the hypothalamus
hyperparathyroidism
__ ___ is characterized by abnormally high parathyroid hormone production (PH-calcitrol); causes increased blood calcium, soft bones, kidney stones (usually caused by tumors)
diabetes mellitus, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, ketouria
___ ___ is caused by hyposecretion or inaction of insulin that disrupts metabolism **Symptoms: _____ (excesive urination), ____ (excessive thirst), and _____ (excessive hunger) **Causes of Symptoms: _____ (excessive sugar in blood), ____ (excessive glucose in urine), and _____ (excessive ketone bodies in urine as a result of gluconeogenesis)
cushing syndrome, gluconeogenesis
___ ____ (caused by release of excess cortisol form adrenal glands causing symptoms such as upper body obesity and slow growth rate in children) triggers Fats and proteins to be mobilized for_____ causing hyper- glycemia, edema, hypertension, loss of muscle
cushing syndrome
____ ___ can result when the pituitary gland makes too much of the hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH then signals the adrenal glands to produce CORTISOL; Tumor of the pituitary gland may cause this condition; abnormally high amounts of cortisol
peptide, monoamine, protein
____ and ____ hormones circulate freely in blood. On the other hand, Steroid hormones circulate bound to a carrier ____ such as the albumins and globulins from liver
steroids, thyroid, nucleus, slow
____ and _____ hormone (TH) diffuse through the membrane to bind receptors on internal membranes or in the _____; Tend to be _____ but long lasting because protein synthesis must occur
peptides, monoamines, secondary, inside,fast
____ and most _____ bind to receptors on the plasma membrane.The receptors send a "___ signal" that activates the target ____ of the cell; Tend to be ___-acting and short-lived because no protein is synthesize
stress, active
____ response occur when the body reacts to long term stresses by adjusting hormone levels; this prepares the body to be ______.
Oxytocin (nursing and pregnancy), Antidiurectic (water control)
_____ (OT) and _____ Hormone (ADH) are the hormones that are stored in the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland)
Congenital hypothyroidism
_____ _____ occurs when the thyroid gland fails to develop or function properly. If untreated, it can lead to intellectual disability and abnormal growth. In the United States and many other countries, all newborns are tested for this condition. If treatment begins in the first month after birth, infants usually develop normally
Paracrines (para=around), Nervous
_____ are released into the tissue fluid to diffuse to and influence nearby cells. They may also be released into the _____ system for fast communication.
atrial, brain, blood pressure
_____ natriuretic peptide (ANP) and ____ natriuretic peptide (BNP) are the two hormones of the hear that lower ____ ____
Stretch, ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
_____ receptors in heart and arteries send a signal to hypothalamus indicating high blood pressure and ____ is not released
Oxytocin
______ is a pituitary hormone that peaks during labor and nursing
hypoparathyroidism
______ is characterized by abnormally low parathyroid hormone production (PH-calcitrol); causes decreased blood calcium, muscle failure and tetany.
Hypothyroidism
_______ is a condition characterized by abnormally low thyroid hormone production. Because thyroid hormone affects growth, development, and many cellular processes, inadequate thyroid hormone has widespread consequences for the body; symptoms of slow metabolism (myxedema) in adults
epinephrine, norepinephrine, blood, heart, pulmonary, skeletal
________ and _______ are the Catecholamines that are relased from the adrenal medulla and Raise ____ pressure, ____ rate, ______ air flow, and circulation to _____ muscles
osmoreceptors, ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
________ in hypothalamus detect low water concentration in blood and release _____ during dehydration
Neuroendocrine
__________ reflexes control the posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)
Vitamin D, Calcidiol
_______is collected by the skin and is processed to _____by the liver
biochemical pathway
a _____ _____ starts with one basic compound that is changed by enzymes into intermediate compounds then product compounds; e.g.:Cholesterol--(intermediate)-->Progesterone--(intermediate)-->Testosterone--(intermediate)--->Estradiol
acromegaly
hypersecretion of growth hormone by anterior pituitary in adults can cause _______. This disease is characterized by thickening of bones and soft tissue (feet, hands, face).
gigantism
hypersecretion of the growth hormone during childhood can cause _______
Dwarfism
hyposecretion of the growth hormone during childhood can cause _______
endemic goiter
iodine deficiency triggers the secretion of too little TH causing an ___ ___ to form. This is because there is no _____ feedback to stop the pituitary gland from sending TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) made, causing thyroid to enlarge and no TH to be sent back to the pituitary gland.
Thromboxanes
paracrine that overrides another paracrine, prostacyclin, on injury; produced by platelets; antagonistic to prostacyclin
Prostaglandin
paracrine that relaxes and stimulates smooth muscle
Leukotrienes
paracrines released during allergic and inflammatory reactions
Eicosanoids
paracrines that are derived from membrane fatty acids
Prostacyclin
paracrines that inhibit blood clotting and vasoconstriction; produced by blood vessel walls
leader
part of the polypeptide that is specific to become a hormone; at beginning of sequence; once released from sequence may be "folded" into different hormone (ex: preinsulin---->proinsulin----->insulin---> released)
sodium potassium pumps, internal, nucleus
the thyroid hormone increases the number of ____ ____ ____. TH binds to receptors on _______ plasma membrane and the _________.