Endocrine System Ch. 17

Saturated

A cell that has receptors on the plasma membrane that are all occupied is _______.

Endocrine

A ductless gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream; for example the thyroid and adrenal glands; opposite of exocrine gland

large, cascade

A few molecules of hormone can have a ___ effect on a cell due to enzyme amplification, or ______.

Exocrine

A gland that secretes its products (usually whole cells) into another organ or onto the body surface, usually by the way of a duct; for example, salivary and gastric glands; Example Ovary secretion of eggs

many, cytoplasm

A single hormone molecule binds to a receptor, sending ____ "second messenger" molecules into the ______; part of cascade effect

Paracrines

Allow local chemical communication; released by one cell, end up in tissue fluid, and another cells responds; Range of effect: shorter than that of Nervous System; longer than that of Gap Junctions

Gap Junction

Allows direct cell-to cell communication by means of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters); specifically communicating junctions subdivision

pituitary gland

Anterior/ inferior to hypothalamus; controls many functions of the hypothalamus (hypophysis); suspended form the hypothalamus by a stalk (infundibulum) and net of cappilaries; bilobed (has two lobes)

negative, inhibition

Both lobes of the pituitary gland are regulated by ____ feedback _____ Ex: Hypothalamus and pituitary regulate the thyroid, and are in turn regulated by thyroid hormone

Calcitonin, rise, osteoclast

C cells of the Thyroid gland make ______ when blood calcium levels _____. which is important in children _____ suppression

receptors, saturated, lack

Cells have specific _____ in membranes that attach to specific hormones ; These are specific and can become _____ (fully occupied by hormones);when there is a ____ of these ,or faulty versions, disease can result

C Cells (Parafollicular-around follicle cells)

Clear (parafollicular) cells of the Thyroid

Neurohypophysis

Connects to the hypothalamus by neurons of the Hypothalomo-Hypophyseal Tract: Neurons make and store hormones at axon end until signals depolarize them to this structure; KNOW- hormones are NOT made in this structure but are stored; posterior pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Controls primitive functions (water balance, temp, sex drive, child-birth); AKA Hypophysis (Below Growth); many functions of controlled through the pituitary gland

adrenal, 25, 5, cholesterol, 3

Cortex of the _____ gland produces at least ___ corticosteroid hormones, but only __ are physiologically significant. However, they are all derived from ________. There are ____ categories of these hormones

hyposecretion, hypersecretion, distant

Damage and tumors can cause _____ of hormones; tumors can also cause ______ of hormones. The tumors can be very ____ from the glands they affect.

alarm reaction, glycogen, blood pressure, sodium

During the ____ ____, Norepinephrine (SNS) and epinephrine (adrenal medulla) release _____ while Aldosterone and angiotensin raise ____ ___ and conserve ___ and water; has two stages- the stage of resistance and the stage of exhaustion

second, product

Each ___ messenger triggers many third messengers, which triggers many ____molecules; part of cascade effect

Nerve, Axon, Capillaries, Adenohypophysis (ONLY-Not Posterior Lobe)

Endocrine System rough pathway: Brain ---> ________ cells -----> ________ Terminals-----> _____------>_______------> Blood Stream

sex

Endocrine secretions of Gonads are steroid ___ hormones

eggs, sperm

Exocrine secretions of Gonads are ___ or ____ (cytogenic)

Gap Junction, Paracrine, Nervous System

Fill in the blanks for range (distance) of effect from shortest to longest: *paracrine *Nervous System *Gap Junction _______, _________, _______

Blood Stream, Kidneys, Bloodstream, Mammary, Uterine

Fill in the blanks for the following Hormone pathways: **ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone): Neurohypophysis----->_____------->_____ **OT (Oxtytocin): Neurohypophysis----->_____------> _____ Glands or _____ muscles (controls contractions of)

Iodine, Thyroglobulin, Tyrosines, Thyroglobulin, hydrolysis, blood

Fill in the blanks for the pathways of the Synthesis of thyroid hormone (thyroxine - T3): ***_____ absorption and oxidation-----> ______ synthesis and secretion------->Iodine added to ______ of thyroglobulin---> _____ uptake and ____-----> release of T3 (Tri-iodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) into the ____

Thyroid, T3, T4

Fluid in follicles of the _____ gland is mostly ___ (triiodothyronine) and ___ (tetraiodothyronine - 98% - the inactive form); the two make up _______ hormone (TH).

Pineal, sexual

Function of the _____ gland is unclear but damage or tumors may cause premature ____ maturation

Hypothalamus

Funnel shaped area of brain that forms the floor and walls of the 3rd ventricle; nuclei in wall; major organ of endocrine system

Pineal

Gland located in the roof of the 3rd ventricle/ posterior to hypothalamus

Pituitary

Gland through which many of the functions of the hypothalamus are controlled; consists of two lobes-Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and the Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

Adenohypophysis

Gonadotropins (Follocle-stimulate hormone and lutenizing hormone), Thyrotropins (Thyroid stimulating), Adenocorticotropic (to adrenal cortex), Prolactin (reproductive hormone), Growth Hormone (Muscle/ bone size hormone) are released from this part of the pituitary gland

endocrine, exocrine

Gonads are mixed gland meaning that they are both ____ and ____

liver, target, bile, urine, rate of removal

Hormones are removed by ____ , kidneys and ____ cells; most excreted in ____ or ____ **** _____ __ ____: is the metabolic clearance rate (MCR), measured in half-life (time for 50% removal).

blood stream, Synergistic, permissive, antagonistic

Hormones can interact;This is because not alone in _____: 1. ______- e.g., FSH and testosterone must act together for sperm production 2. _______- e.g., estrogen prepares the uterus cells causing them to make progesterone receptors 3. _______- e.g., insulin (decreases blood sugar) and glucagon (increases blood sugar) have opposite effects

second messenger

Hormones that cascade (amplify) usually act through the ____ ____ system

Neurohypophysis

Lobe of the pituitary gland that is directly connected to the brain; derived form nervous tissue; posterior portion; 1/4 of mass of pituitary gland

nerve

Medulla - Arises from ___ tissue; postganglionic sympathetic neurons (no axons or dendrites)

Thyroid

Most iodine intake collects in the ______ gland

monoamines

One of 3 major classes of hormones; Small, made from amino acids with --COOH removed. Most are very hydrophilic, some are also neurotransmitters;Used prominently by nervous system as well as endocrine e.g.: Dopamine, Thyroid Hormone

Peptides

One of 3 major classes of hormones; made of chains of amino acids (protein). Usually very hydrophilic; e.g. Oxytocin, Antidiuretic Hormone; Proteins that are often synthesized as a preprohormone, processed to a prohormone and a hormone

steroids

One of 3 major classes of hormones; very hydrophobic; derived from cholesterol; 4 rings; e.g.: Progersterone, Estradiol

Sex Steroids (S)

One of the 3 categories of corticosteroid hormones that regulate some reproductive functions

Mineralocorticoids (M)

One of the 3 categories of corticosteroid hormones; regulates electrolyte balance

Glucocortocoids (G)

One of the 3 categories of corticosteroid hormones; regulates use of glucose and other fuels

Glomerulosa (contains tiny spheres)

One of the 3 zones of the cortex; responsible for Aldosterone (M), Sodium retention, and Potassium excretion by kidneys

Fasciculata (possessing small bundles)

One of the 3 zones of the cortex; secretes Cortisol (G) which promotes fat and protein usage for stress adaptation. Anti-inflammatory; secretes sex hormones (S)

Reticularis (containing small network)

One of the 3 zones of the cortex; secretes androgens, estrogens, and DHEA (converted to testosterone in tissues)-Dehydroepiandrosterone (S)

digestion

PP and G cells help moderate ______.

Insulin (BETA cells)

Pancreas islet hormones that stimulate cells to take up glucose and store it as fat and glycogen immediately after a meal; 70% of of pancreas islet secretions

Glucagon (ALPHA cells)

Pancreas islet hormones that stimulates glycogenolysis, fat breakdown, gluconegoenesis, release of glucose between meals; 20% of pancreas islet secretions

somatostatin (Epsilon cells- maintains same level)

Pancreas islet hormones; inhibit alpha and Beta cells and digestion; 5 % of pancreas islet secretions

glucose, muscle, electrolyte, nerve, coma

Results of Diabetes: Cells cannot absorb ___, and instead uses fat and protein; ___ waste, _____ imbalance, ___ disfunction; Exhaustion, ketones on breath, gasping; ___, death

paracrines, endocrines, neurotransmitters

Some substances, such as norepinephrine, can act as _____, _____, or ______ depending upon circumstances

resistance, protein, exhaustion, cortex, aldosterone, starvation

Stress Response, AKA "Alarm Reaction": Stage 1: During the stage of ____, Cortisol (adrenal cortex) is released and breaks down fats for liver gluconeogenesis; inhibits ___ synthesis, glucose uptake, sex hormone secretion, immune system Stage 2: During the stage of ____ (weeks or months, as fat is depleted), Adrenal ___ cannot make hormones, glucose levels fluctuate and fall (due to gluconeogenesis in Liver); Protein used as energy source, muscles waste; ______ promotes excess water and Sodium retention, K+ loss (osmotic disruption), causing alkalosis, death; Effects of this stage occur more rapidly during _______.

increased, stronger, lower, diminished

Target cells can modulate sensitivity to hormones after long exposure or deficit. Ex 1: Uterus-Oxytocin Low receptor density (weak response)----->_______ receptor density (increased sensitivity)-----> _____ response Ex 2: Adiposites-Insulin/ Testes-LH High recptor density (strong response)----->______ receptor density and sensitivity------>_____ response

hypothalamus

The Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis) is regulated in part by the ______

Communication, coordination

The Nervous and Endocrine system control _____ and _____ in the body

exocrine, Islet (of Langerhans)

The Pancreas is 98% ______ tissue, making digestive enzymes; and 2% ____ cells, which secrete many hormones

glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

The Pancreas islet produces 3 main hormones ____ (Alpha cells),_____ (Beta cells), and ______ (Epsilon cells)

melatonin, serotonin, mood

The Pineal gland produces ______ (night) ______ (day) which may regulate ____.

estrogen, progesterone

The Placenta secretes _____ and _____

metabolism, fats, Growth Hormone, cold

The Thyroid Hormone (TH) INCREASES THE following.... Cellular ______ (calorigenic), Heart/respiration rates; Breakdown of ___, carbohydrates, and proteins; Appetite/ alertness; Bone, skin, hair, nail growth; Pituitary secretion of _______ (GH); secretions increase In response to ____ weather

Nervous

The ___ system responds relatively quickly to continual stimulation

Thymus, T Lymphocytes (Helper T Cells)

The ____ Secretes 2 hormones- thymopoietin and thymosin (supports lymphatic organs). Both of these hormones aid in development and activation of __ __________ (immune system).

Hypophyseal Portal System, adenohypophysis

The ____ _____ ____ (HPS) connects the Hypothalamus to the Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary lobe) and brings hormones to regulate ________ secretion

growth

The ____ hormone is a pituitary hormone that is low in the day and peaks at night

Lutenizing

The ____ hormone is a pituitary hormone that peaks in the mid-menstrual cycle

Endocrine, Nervous

The ____ system releases hormones into the bloodstream for general distribution throughout the body while the ____ system releases neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) at the synapse of specific target cells

Nervous, Endocrine

The ____ system stops quickly when stimulus stops while the ____ system may continue long after the stimulus stops

adrenal medulla

The _____ Secretes epinephrine and noreponephrine (catecholamines) in response to nerve signals

Thymus

The _____ is fibrous and fatty in elderly

Liver, IGF-I, hepcidin

The _____ processes vitamin D, makes ____ (by GH), erythropoietin (red blood cells),angiotensinogen (raises blood pressure), and ____ (iron)

Endocrine

The _____ system adapts relatively slowly to continual stimulation; may continue responding to stimulation for days to weeks

Nervous, Endocrine

The _____ system communicates electrically and chemically (via neurotransmitters) while the _____ system communicates via hormones (types of Neurotransmitters-chemical messenger)

adrenal

The ______ glands are Retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum-which is the sac-like lining of the abdominal cavity) along with the kidneys

medulla, cortex

The adrenal glands are Formed by fusion of _____ (nervous tissue) with ______

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

The catecholamines (epinephrine/ norepinephrine) released by the adrenal medulla Stimulate _________ and _________.

insulin, digestion

The catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine) released by the medulla of the adrenal gland Inhibit ____ production, urine production, and _____.

nucleus, rough ER, golgi apparatus,

The formation of a polypeptide: ______----->cytoplasm----->____ __----->_____ _____----> vesicles-----> released from cell

calcidiol, calcitrol, angiotensinogen, angiotensin

The kidney converts _____ to _____ (calcium retention and bone deposition), produces EPO; converts ______ to _____ I

Adenohypophysis

The lobe of the pituitary gland that is derived form pharyngeal tissue (of pharnyx); anterior portion; 3/4 of mass of pituitary gland;

Calcitrol, Low

The parathyroid gland makes _____ when blood calcium is ____

parathyroid, osteoclast, kidneys, intestinal

The release of calcitrol by the ______ gland increases blood calcium levels by causing ______formation (release of calcium from bones), _____ to reabsorb more calcium from urine, and _____ calcium absorption

positive

The release of oxytocin during pregnancy is regulated by _____ feedback

follicular

The thyroid hormone is secreted by _____ cells

pre-estrodiol, granulosa

Theca makes ______. and _____. Theca converts the former to estradiol

4,2

There are ___ releasing hormones and ____ inhibiting hormones released by the HYPOTHALAMUS (hypophysis)

capillaries

There is no direct connection from the Hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis; they are mainly connected by _____.

True

True or False: The thymus is large in children (grows), then involutes. In elderly is fibrous and fatty

False (Due to the hydrophillic nature of monoamines and peptides, they need a receptor to attach to the hydrophobic cell membrane surface)

True or False: Although peptides and monoamine hormones circulate freely in the blood, they usually do not need to attach to specific receptors on the cell surface to enter the cell.

True (Due to the hydrophobic nature, steroid can usually diffuse into the hydrophobic plasma membrane [surface])

True or False: Although steroid hormones are hydrophobic and have to be loosely bound to a carrier protein in the blood, they usually do not need specific receptors to get into a cell.

False (The Pineal gland is LARGE in Children and SHRINKS AFTER CHILDHOOD)

True or False: The Pineal gland is large in adults, but shrinks (involutes) rapidly in children

True

True or False: The Thyroid is largest the endocrine gland in adults and has a high blood flow/ gram

False (Hormone Secretion amounts usually FLUCTUATE)

True or False: The amounts of pituitary gland hormones released is usually the same each time.

False

True or False: The endocrine system reacts quickly to stimuli (1 to 10 msec) while the nervous system reacts more slowly to stimuli ( seconds to days)

True

True or False: The endocrine system sometimes has very general, widespread effects while the nervous system usually has relatively local/ specific effects.

True

True or False: all hormones are made from cholesterol or amino acids in some way

I

Type ___ Diabetes: (10%) usually appears early (in childhood), probably due to antibody destruction of beta cells (insulin). IDDM (Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus)

II

Type ___ Diabetes: Called NIDDM (Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) because insulin resistance is the underlying cause. Usually appears in adulthood.

leptin, puberty

Within Adipose tissue - ____ increases in thin people (stimulates appetite) and vice-versa in obese. Also involved in ____onset (delayed in thin people)

osteocalacin

Within Osseous tissue, Osteoblasts make ______ which influences insulin production and effectiveness

inhibin

Within the Ovary, ______ (from both follicle and Corpus luteum)- inhibits Follicle Stimulating Hormone [FSH] (from the anterior pituitary gland) by negative feedback

corpus luteum, progesterone

Within the Ovary, the _____ ______ forms from ruptured follicle, producing _______

small intestine, enteric

Within the Stomach and _____, ____ hormones regulate digestion

Connective Tissue

Wraps around and connects adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis to suspend them to the hypothalamus; helps to form secondary capillary network inside of the hypothalamus

hyperparathyroidism

__ ___ is characterized by abnormally high parathyroid hormone production (PH-calcitrol); causes increased blood calcium, soft bones, kidney stones (usually caused by tumors)

diabetes mellitus, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, ketouria

___ ___ is caused by hyposecretion or inaction of insulin that disrupts metabolism **Symptoms: _____ (excesive urination), ____ (excessive thirst), and _____ (excessive hunger) **Causes of Symptoms: _____ (excessive sugar in blood), ____ (excessive glucose in urine), and _____ (excessive ketone bodies in urine as a result of gluconeogenesis)

cushing syndrome, gluconeogenesis

___ ____ (caused by release of excess cortisol form adrenal glands causing symptoms such as upper body obesity and slow growth rate in children) triggers Fats and proteins to be mobilized for_____ causing hyper- glycemia, edema, hypertension, loss of muscle

cushing syndrome

____ ___ can result when the pituitary gland makes too much of the hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH then signals the adrenal glands to produce CORTISOL; Tumor of the pituitary gland may cause this condition; abnormally high amounts of cortisol

peptide, monoamine, protein

____ and ____ hormones circulate freely in blood. On the other hand, Steroid hormones circulate bound to a carrier ____ such as the albumins and globulins from liver

steroids, thyroid, nucleus, slow

____ and _____ hormone (TH) diffuse through the membrane to bind receptors on internal membranes or in the _____; Tend to be _____ but long lasting because protein synthesis must occur

peptides, monoamines, secondary, inside,fast

____ and most _____ bind to receptors on the plasma membrane.The receptors send a "___ signal" that activates the target ____ of the cell; Tend to be ___-acting and short-lived because no protein is synthesize

stress, active

____ response occur when the body reacts to long term stresses by adjusting hormone levels; this prepares the body to be ______.

Oxytocin (nursing and pregnancy), Antidiurectic (water control)

_____ (OT) and _____ Hormone (ADH) are the hormones that are stored in the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland)

Congenital hypothyroidism

_____ _____ occurs when the thyroid gland fails to develop or function properly. If untreated, it can lead to intellectual disability and abnormal growth. In the United States and many other countries, all newborns are tested for this condition. If treatment begins in the first month after birth, infants usually develop normally

Paracrines (para=around), Nervous

_____ are released into the tissue fluid to diffuse to and influence nearby cells. They may also be released into the _____ system for fast communication.

atrial, brain, blood pressure

_____ natriuretic peptide (ANP) and ____ natriuretic peptide (BNP) are the two hormones of the hear that lower ____ ____

Stretch, ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

_____ receptors in heart and arteries send a signal to hypothalamus indicating high blood pressure and ____ is not released

Oxytocin

______ is a pituitary hormone that peaks during labor and nursing

hypoparathyroidism

______ is characterized by abnormally low parathyroid hormone production (PH-calcitrol); causes decreased blood calcium, muscle failure and tetany.

Hypothyroidism

_______ is a condition characterized by abnormally low thyroid hormone production. Because thyroid hormone affects growth, development, and many cellular processes, inadequate thyroid hormone has widespread consequences for the body; symptoms of slow metabolism (myxedema) in adults

epinephrine, norepinephrine, blood, heart, pulmonary, skeletal

________ and _______ are the Catecholamines that are relased from the adrenal medulla and Raise ____ pressure, ____ rate, ______ air flow, and circulation to _____ muscles

osmoreceptors, ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

________ in hypothalamus detect low water concentration in blood and release _____ during dehydration

Neuroendocrine

__________ reflexes control the posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)

Vitamin D, Calcidiol

_______is collected by the skin and is processed to _____by the liver

biochemical pathway

a _____ _____ starts with one basic compound that is changed by enzymes into intermediate compounds then product compounds; e.g.:Cholesterol--(intermediate)-->Progesterone--(intermediate)-->Testosterone--(intermediate)--->Estradiol

acromegaly

hypersecretion of growth hormone by anterior pituitary in adults can cause _______. This disease is characterized by thickening of bones and soft tissue (feet, hands, face).

gigantism

hypersecretion of the growth hormone during childhood can cause _______

Dwarfism

hyposecretion of the growth hormone during childhood can cause _______

endemic goiter

iodine deficiency triggers the secretion of too little TH causing an ___ ___ to form. This is because there is no _____ feedback to stop the pituitary gland from sending TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) made, causing thyroid to enlarge and no TH to be sent back to the pituitary gland.

Thromboxanes

paracrine that overrides another paracrine, prostacyclin, on injury; produced by platelets; antagonistic to prostacyclin

Prostaglandin

paracrine that relaxes and stimulates smooth muscle

Leukotrienes

paracrines released during allergic and inflammatory reactions

Eicosanoids

paracrines that are derived from membrane fatty acids

Prostacyclin

paracrines that inhibit blood clotting and vasoconstriction; produced by blood vessel walls

leader

part of the polypeptide that is specific to become a hormone; at beginning of sequence; once released from sequence may be "folded" into different hormone (ex: preinsulin---->proinsulin----->insulin---> released)

sodium potassium pumps, internal, nucleus

the thyroid hormone increases the number of ____ ____ ____. TH binds to receptors on _______ plasma membrane and the _________.