Endocrine System Homework

Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by ?

an increase in the parathyroid hormone Osteitis fibrosa cystica is caused by a severe increase in the parathyroid hormone.

What hormone causes the loss of sodium and water, thus lowering blood pressure.

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). ANP is synthesized in the atrium and increases excretion of sodium and water from the kidneys.

Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels?

beta receptors. These receptors are coupled to adenylate cyclase by Gs receptors that increase cAMP.

Which of the following mechanisms of hormone action is used by neurotransmitters and olfactory receptors?

cAMP

The magnification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is achieved through an increase in what ?

cAMP in the cytoplasm. Many cAMP can be generated as a second messenger to amplify the signal in response to hormone binding.

which hormone is thought thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in children and pregnant women?

calcitonin

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

epinephrine

The sympathetic nervous system directly stimulates which of the following amine hormones

epinephrine from the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are amine hormones (catecholamines) secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to an increase in the sympathetic nervous system.

Excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption.

Paget's disease

What produces insulin

Pancreas

Which is the situation when one hormone cannot exert its full effects without another hormone being present.

Permissiveness

Cyclic AMP is degraded by ?

Phosphodiesterase degrades cyclic AMP into AMP.

Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone?

Phosphoidesterase. Phosphodiesterase is an intracellular enzyme that degrades cAMP.

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

Phosphorylate proteins. Phosphorylation can activate different proteins causing the response of the cell to water-soluble hormone.

Which of the following homeostatic imbalances results from hyposecretion of growth hormone?

Pituitary dwarfism

Which of the following hormones mainly serves to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

Prolactin (PL) stimulates the mammary glands of the breasts to produce milk.

What tropic hormone stimulates cortisol from the adrenal gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

hypothalamus

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex

oxytocin OXY

What cells release parathyroid hormone?

parathyroid cells or chief cells

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?

synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.

What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane?

water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine. Peptides and catecholamines are water-soluble hormones that cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

ADH (vasopressin). ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron and its secondary function is to act as a vasoconstrictor.

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

ADH- vasopressin

Which homeostatic imbalance usually results from deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids?

Addison's disease

Which of the following hormones stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids that help the body to resist stressors?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesized?

Anterior Pituitary. The anterior pituitary is a master gland, producing many hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin, and several other hormones that stimulate other glands in the body.

Which of the following hormones helps the body avoid dehydration and water overload?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) prevents wide swings in water balance, helping the body avoid dehydration and water overload.

Calcitonin is secreted by which cells

C cells (parafollicular cells) in the thyroid gland. The C cells produce calcitonin, a peptide hormone that does not have a known physiological role in humans

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?

Calcitriol parathyroid hormone promotes the formation of calcitriol.

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?

Calcitriol. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates Vitamin D into calcitriol in the kidney. Calcitriol then increases absorption of calcium in the intestine.

Somatostatin secreted by the pancreas is considered paracrine because it acts on ?

Cells other than those that secrete it Somatostatin secreted by the pancreas acts locally on cells other than those that secrete it and is therefore referred to as a paracrine hormone.

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

Cushing's disease

Condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

Cushing's disease. A patient with Cushing's would have hypertension, increased blood glucose, and an unusual fat distribution on the face, known as a "moon face." These symptoms are due to increased levels of cortisol and can also be seen in patients after long periods of steroid treatment.

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema?

Cushing's syndrome

Insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following tissues EXCEPT ?

The brain.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

GH (growth hormone

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are intermediary hormones stimulated by which of the following hormones?

Growth Hormone. GH stimulates IGFs from the liver. IGFs are required for the growth effect of GH on bone and skin.

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism ?

Growth hormone (GH)

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma? (a rare tumor) (epinephrine like symptoms)

Heat palpitations

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

As blood levels of __________ rise, the expulsive contractions of labor gain momentum and finally end in birth.

Oxytocin.

The stimuli causing endocrine glands to secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients are called what?

Humoral stimuli. Some endocrine glands secrete their hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients. These stimuli are called humoral stimuli to distinguish them from hormonal stimuli, which are also bloodborne chemicals.

which condition that if left untreated, progresses to respiratory paralysis and death?

Hypoparathyroidism

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, synthesized?

Hypothalamus. ADH is synthesized mainly in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus. It is stored in the posterior pituitary in axon terminals.

Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?

IP3. Inositol trisphosphate releases calcium from intracellular storage sites.

Which hormone is involved in diabetes mellitus (DM)?

Insulin

Which of the following is a hypoglycemic hormone?

Insulin

Which pancreatic hormone functions to lower blood glucose levels?

Insulin, produced by the pancreatic beta cells, lowers blood glucose levels by enhancing membrane transport of glucose into body cells, inhibiting the breakdown of glycogen to glucose and inhibiting the conversion of amino acids and fats to glucose.

The hypophyseal portal system transports releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus to the?

It is by this portal system that releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted by neurons in the ventral hypothalamus circulate to the adenohypophysis, where they regulate secretion of its hormones.

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a neuroendocrine ("letdown") reflex?

Oxytocin. Suckling of the infant (or stretching of the uterus) increases release of oxytocin, which causes the milk let-down effect (or increased uterine contractions).

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body

Body cells that respond to insulin include

Liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?

Liver cells.

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

Negative feedback loop

Hormone homeostasis diagram

Negative feedback, endocrine cell, hormone, blood vessel

What is the most important regulatory factor controlling the circulating levels of thyroid hormone?

Negative feedback. negative feedback controls the levels of circulating thyroid hormone. If levels are high, negative feedback will decrease thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) to some degree), thus decreasing the thyroid hormones.

A liver cell responds to insulin by

Taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.

Which of the following occurs in situations where more than one hormone produces the same effects at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified?

Synergism. Synergism of hormones occurs in situations where one or more hormones produce the same effect at the target cell and their combined effects are amplified.

Name two hormones produced by the thyroid gland

TH and Calcitonin

Which is known to control the activity of the anterior pituitary, which has traditionally been called the "master endocrine gland."

The hypothalamus.

When blood glucose levels are high

The pancreas responds to high blood glucose levels by releasing insulin.

What is the primary function of hormones?

The primary function of hormones is to alter cell activity by altering plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, stimulating synthesis of enzymes or regulating molecules, activating or deactivating enzymes, inducing secretory activity, or stimulating mitosis.

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?

Thyroid hormone (lipid soluble). thyroid hormones are lipid soluble and their receptors are bound to the response elements of the DNA.

Which hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone?

Thyroid hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone and affects virtually every cell in the body.

The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by?

Thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones control the consumption of oxygen by all body tissues by way of an increase in glucose metabolism.

A congenital condition that includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a thick tongue and neck is caused by?

Thyroxine. A deficiency of thyroxin during fetal development would lead to a congenital condition known as cretinism, which includes mental retardation, short disproportional body size, and a thick tongue and neck.

Hormones that regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands are called ?

Tropins, or tropic hormones.

What type of diabetes produces no insulin?

Type 1

What type of diabetes is insulin present but target cells don't take up glucose?

Type 2

Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor?

Tyrosine Kinase receptors. Insulin binds to tyrosine kinase receptors and works without a second messenger.

Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating G proteins?

activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

activation of mRNA, which increases protein synthesis in the cell. lipid-soluble hormones diffuse into the nucleus or they diffuse into the cytoplasm and then move into the nucleus, where they affect transcription and translation.

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene. then mRNA is synthesized.

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?

chaperone proteins (chaperonins). Each receptor has two binding sites. The chaperone protein blocks the DNA binding site until a hormone binds at the hormone binding site.

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

control secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

cortisol (steroid-based). Cortisol is one of the lipid-soluble steroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are also lipid soluble.

Glucocortacoids regulate metabolism consist of

cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces what steroid hormone

cortisol. Cortisol is produced in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland and helps the body deal with stress by increasing plasma glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids.

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

decreased insulin secretion. Insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels. Therefore, insulin secretion would be decreased, in turn increasing plasma glucose.

Aldosteronism will cause ?

decreased secretion of renin ?? Aldosteronism is due to oversecretion of aldosterone. The kidneys release renin, which is converted into angiotensin II which stimulates aldosterone release.

Hypersecretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can occur in all of the following situations:

ectopic ADH secretion by pulmonary cancer, after general anesthesia , after neurosurgery

Which hormone is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

epinephrine. epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act like modified postganglionic neurons.

Hypocalcemia could be caused by the ?

failure of these: Parathyroid hormone (parathormone) is secreted in response to hypocalcemia. It functions to stimulate osteoclast activity, enhances the reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, and increases absorption of calcium by the intestinal mucosal cells.

Which hormone(s) is/are essential to our ability to deal with stress?

glucocorticoids. Essential to life, the glucocorticoids increase blood glucose levels and help us to resist stressors.

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

heart palpitations. Due to the increase in epinephrine, heart rate would be increased and you would feel like your heart was pounding or racing.

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

hormonal stimuli

What is required for the production of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

hormonal stimuli. The anterior pituitary requires hormonal stimuli from the hypothalamus.

What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release?

humoral stimuli

Hyperprolactinemia may be caused by ?

hyposecretion of dopamine. Dopamine functions as a prolactin-release-inhibiting hormone (PIH).

One can predict that a person suffering from diabetes mellitus would probably have

increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from a lack of insulin in the body. Insulin functions to lower blood glucose levels by enhancing the transport of glucose from the systemic circulation into cells. ADH is secreted in response to high blood osmolarity (too high solutes or too little water) in the blood. This hormone functions to increase the resorption of water by the kidneys, which dilutes the blood.

What hormone promotes glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle

insulin. Insulin promotes glucose uptake into cells and promotes glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle, thus decreasing plasma glucose.

What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose

liver

What amine hormone helps coordinate body activities with the light-dark cycle

melatonin. Melatonin, which is released from the pineal gland, increases during darkness, making you drowsy.

What is the function of the ventral hypothalamic neurons?

neurohormones from the ventral hypothalamic neurons, known as releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH) hormones, control the release of anterior pituitary hormones such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and TSH.

Which of the following hormones regulates blood calcium ion levels?

parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium ion levels.

Which enzymes are important in the deactivation of cAMP and termination of signaling?

phosphodiesterase. The increase in cAMP levels is usually short-lived because the enzyme phosphodiesterase is constantly present in the cytoplasm of the target cells.

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to ?

plasma membrane receptors. Water-soluble hormones bind to specific receptors in the plasma membrane, whereas steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors.

Which hormone can indirectly control insulin release?

release of glucagon by the pancreatic islets