Energy Test - APES

fuel cell

device that operates like a common battery where electricity is generated by a reaction between two chemicals

Transformer

electrical device that changes the voltage of an AC supply. Changes a high-voltage supply into a low- voltage one, or vice versa.

Natural gas

* nonrenewable* -comes from deep underground rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in coal beds and as methane clathrates. -pros: doesn't leave behind any unpleasant soot, ash/odors, non-toxic, admits 60% as much carbon dioxide as cold does -cons: highly volatile, in the unburned version it releases methane, can contaminate local water

Coal

* nonrenewable* -found in the remains of trees, ferns, and other plants -pros: affordable energy source because of the stable price compared to other fuel sources,easy to burn, produces high energy upon combustion, energy is inexpensive, abundant, reliable energy source -cons: energy produces large amount of carbon dioxide which leads to global warming and climate change, burning of coal is not environmental friendly because it produces harmful byproducts and gas emissions such as sulfur dioxide/carbon dioxide/nitrogen oxide, fast depleting

Wind

* renewable* -comes from the wind -pros: non-depletable resource, low cost upfront, eco-friendly -cons: turbine noises, high cost to maintain, can kill a lot of birds/ bats

Examples of nonrenewable resources

-coal -oil -natural gas -nuclear fuels (uranium and plutonium)

Examples of renewable resources

-wind -waves -tides -hydroelectric -solar -geothermal -food -biofuels

seven steps of electricity production

1. Fuel is burned 2. Heat is used to boil water 3. Steam is used to turn a turbine 4. The turbine turns the generator 5. Generator creates electricity 6. The electricity is transported through the electrical grid 7. Electrical grid distribute the electricity to homes and business

All of the following are typically derived from fossil fuels EXCEPT A. geothermal power B. plastics C. organic chemicals D. U.S. electrical power E. automobile fuel

A

Which three of the following are renewable energy sources? I. biomass II. natural gas III. coal IV. hydropower V. solar power A. I, II, and VI B. I, IV, and VI C. II, IV, and VI D. II, III, and V E. III, IV, and V

B

Why is electricity considered a secondary source?

Because we obtain electricity from the conversion of other primary sources.

Renewable resources

Unlimited amounts, can be used more than once, more expensive to create, eco friendly

Second Law of thermodynamics

in any conversion of heat energy to useful work, some of the initial energy input is always degraded to a lower-quality, more dispersed, less useful energy, usually low temperatures heat that flows into the environment

Cogeneration

Production of two useful forms of energy, such as high- temperature heat or steam and electricity, from the same fuel source

National grid

takes electrical energy from power stations to where it is needed in homes and industry

Overhead cables

pros: -lower setup cost -faults are easy to access -easy to set up -minimal disturbance to land cons: -lots of maintenance needed -looks ugly -affected by weather -has low reliability

Difference between fossil fuel and nuclear power stations is...

Fossil fuel power stations burn their fuel while a nuclear power station uses the fission of uranium to generate heat.

Nuclear

* nonrenewable* -comes from splitting uranium atoms through fission -pros: no air pollution, reliable -cons: higher possibility of an accident, disposal of radioactive waste

Solar

* renewable* -uses sunlight -pros: environmentally friendly, no emissions, Long lifetime -cons: cannot operate without light, Expensive

Most of the world's oil is located beneath countries in A. South America B. the Far East C. Europe D. the Middle East E. the South Pacific

D

The most abundant fossil fuel is A. unconventional natural gas B. petroleum C. coal D. oil shale E. tar sand

C

When energy extractors find it underground, "natural gas" is a mixture of gases, but it's mostly composed of A. butane B. propane C. methane D. ethane E. hydrogen sulfide

C

potentially renewable

Having a prospect of being able to regenerate overtime. And example includes wood

secondary energy source

energy, such as electricity, obtained from the conversion of a primary source

Primary Energy Sources

fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) which are generated through direct natural processes (decomposition, compression, fossilization, etc.)

First Law of Thermodynamics

in any chemical or physical change, no detectable amount of energy is created nor destroyed, but in these processes energy can be changed from one form to another; you cannot get more energy out of something than you put in

Underground cables

pros: -minimal maintenance needed -hidden from view -not affected by weather -more reliable cons: -higher setup cost -faults are hard to access -hard to setup -lots of disturbances to land

Petroleum (oil)

* nonrenewable* -comes from a mixture of hydrocarbons, water, And sulfur that occurs underground - pros: relatively energy dense, Convenient to transport, can easily be extracted, extracted at low cost, crucial for industries - cons: contributes to environmental pollution, produces hazardous substances, it can lead to oil spills,

Biofuel

* renewable* -pros: They are cleaner fuels (produce fewer emissions on burning), biofuels reduces greenhouse gases up to 65 percent, Reduce Dependance on Foreign Oil -cons: expensive to produce in the current market, use fertilizers that can have harmful effects on surrounding environment and may cause water pollution, production is largely dependent on lots of water and oil.

Wood

* renewable* -pros: easily available, generally inexpensive, environmentally friendly, sustainable -cons: less convenient because most stoves and furnaces require refilling every few hours, deforestation, all absorbed gases are released back in the atmosphere during wood burning.

Hyrdo

*renewable* -comes from streams and rivers -pros: doesn't pollute the air, clean electricity, water supply, and flood control -cons: Fish populations can be impacted, impacted by drought, high construction cost

Geothermal

*renewable* - come from natural radioactive decay of elements -pros: non depletable resource, few polluting aspects to harnessing geothermal energy, no mining or transportation activity is necessary, Smallest land footprint of any major power source -cons: High cost for electricity, Good geothermal reservoirs are hard to come by, can affect the stability of land.

Passive solar energy

A system of putting the suns energy to use without requiring mechanical devices to distribute the collected heat

Which of the following lists of energy sources is ordered from greatest to smallest percentage of total annual energy usage in the United States? A. nuclear fuels, fossil fuels, geothermal energy B. geothermal energy, nuclear fuels, fossil fuels C. fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, geothermal energy D. fossil fuels, wind, nuclear fuels E. wind, fossil fuels, nuclear fuels

C

Nonrenewable resources

Can be used one time, made with fossil fuels, Limited supply, harsh environmental impact

energy

Can exist in a variety of forms (electrical, nuclear, mechanical, chemical, thermal) can be transformed from one form to another

Non-depletable

Cannot be depleted know matter how much they are used. Includes solar, wind, and geothermal energy

modern carbon

Carbon found in biomass which should not increase CO2 levels because it was recently in the atmosphere

Nuclear fission

splitting of an atom's nucleus to release heat. Nuclear power stations use the fission of uranium-235 to heat water.