english

Hawaiian surfers George Freeth and Duke Kahanamoku helped establish the sport in California, Australia, and New Zealand. Surfing, popular in pre-colonial Hawaii, was used to attract tourists visiting Waikiki Beach in the early twentieth century. The first surfboards were made of solid wood, but in the 1930s, American Tom Blake developed a cheaper, lighter version that attracted new surfers.

A number of factors influenced the spread of surfing's popularity in the early twentieth century

Lions feed on large herbivores like zebras and giraffes. Elephants graze on grasses and break down plants, making the vegetation edible for smaller herbivores. Vultures eat meat left over by large predators.

Animals in the African savanna depend on other animals in their ecosystem to survive

Camp with a friend and become familiar with the locations of nearby telephones and ranger stations. Leave an itinerary for your trip, including your return date, with a trustworthy person. Research the weather conditions forecasted for your camping destination.

As you plan a camping trip, you can take a few simple measures to help prepare for emergencies

Cell phones can be used to cheat on tests by sending answers to friends or by accessing the Internet. Texting during class is like passing notes and is a waste of time. If cell phones aren't properly silenced, they can interrupt classroom activities.

Cell phones in the classroom can have a negative impact on student learning

Male chameleons display bright colors to signal that they are ready to mate. While chameleons are usually brown or green, they may turn darker or lighter to warm up or cool off. Chameleons may change colors to express emotional states, such as fear, anger, and surprise.

Chameleons change color as a response to varying emotional and physical states

the desert

Desert plants have adaptations that enable them to survive despite their limited access to water

Guide Dogs of America uses Labrador retrievers more than any other breed because they make the most successful service dogs. Labrador retrievers work well for a variety of owners, unlike German Shepherds, which do better with more confident owners. Labrador retrievers are intelligent and friendly.

Labrador retrievers make ideal service dogs because they have the best temperament for working with people

Marie Curie was the first person to receive two Nobel Prizes—one in physics and one in chemistry. Marie Curie was hired as the first female physics professor at the University of Paris. In 1903, Marie Curie became the first woman in France to earn a doctorate degree.

Marie cure achieved

Worker bees are sterile females that search for pollen and nectar and make sure the queen bee's offspring are safe. The queen bee lays eggs and produces a chemical that guides the hive's activities. A hive has one queen bee, about 60,000 worker bees, and hundreds of male drones that try to impregnate the queen bee

Queen bees, worker bees, and drones all have specific functions in their hives

Athletes wore an early version of rubber-soled sneakers called plimsolls in the late eighteenth century. Sneakers gained popularity when many U.S. teenagers embraced the shoe after seeing actor James Dean wear them in the movie Rebel Without a Cause. Rubber sneakers with canvas tops were mostly used in athletics from the time of their creation in 1892 until the 1950s.

Sneakers were created for sports, but they eventually became a fashion statement

Mumtaz Mahal's tomb, known as the Taj Mahal, is famous for its combination of Persian, Islamic, and Indian architectural styles and for the love story that inspired its construction. The placement of Mumtaz Mahal's and Shah Jahan's sarcophagi was the focus of the Taj Mahal's design. Shah Jahan had the Taj Mahal built to honor his wife after she died giving birth to the couple's fourteenth child in 1631.

The Taj Mahal is a famous mausoleum dedicated to an emperor's love for his wife.

The maniraptoran's size allowed it to have simpler food requirements than larger dinosaurs had. Scientists think that the maniraptoran lived as long as it did because its small size made it possible to adapt to new habitats more easily. Researchers believe the maniraptoran's size allowed it to avoid danger by moving more quickly than larger dinosaurs.

The maniraptoran may have been better suited for survival than larger dinosaurs because of its small size

Add a two- or three-inch layer of decayed leaves and manure to improve the quality of the soil. Plant vegetables in a spot that receives at least six hours of sunlight every day. Choose vegetables that are suited to the climate, consult the seed packet for planting instructions, and water seedlings daily.

To create a thriving vegetable garden, try to ensure optimal conditions for your plants

Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist exposed the cruel treatment that many orphans faced in Victorian England. Charles Dickens wrote frequently about issues such as poverty and the pitfalls of industrialization. During his 1842 lecture tour in the U.S., Charles Dickens spoke out against slavery.

a popular

Marian Anderson was the first black person to perform at New York City's Metropolitan Opera. In 1939, Marian Anderson was refused permission to perform for an integrated audience at Constitution Hall. Eleanor Roosevelt lobbied for Marian Anderson to be allowed to perform at the Lincoln Memorial.

a talented singer

Keep raw meats, seafood, poultry, and eggs away from other foods to prevent cross-contamination of bacteria. Prevent the spread of illnesses caused by bacteria by always washing your hands thoroughly before preparing food. Thaw meats in the refrigerator, not on the counter, where the warmer air allows bacteria to multiply quickly.

by taking precautions

Emergency kits are best stored in cool, dry places with food and water supplies refreshed periodically. A basic emergency kit should include a three-day supply of food and water and a first aid kit. Emergency kits should be available at home, at work, and in cars.

disaster prevalist

By the end of his second year in office, President Franklin Roosevelt had signed into legislation the groundbreaking Social Security Act, which created a pension plan for all Americans and provided workers with unemployment insurance. As part of the New Deal, President Franklin Roosevelt launched the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in spring of 1935, creating thousands of new jobs building highways, schools, and parks. After President Franklin Roosevelt assumed office in 1933, he worked with Congress to quickly pass the Emergency Banking Act, which reorganized banks and closed those that were insolvent.

end of his 2nd year

Would-be marathon runners must be physically prepared to follow a rigorous training schedule. Training at the race site can help new runners know what to expect from a marathon-length course. Runners attempting their first marathon should have at least one year of running experience.

first-time marathon runners

In ancient Rome, many larger houses included separate cheese kitchens, where dairy products could mature. Pottery remains with ancient dairy residue from 5000 BCE suggest that humans from that time may have kept cows, goats, and sheep in order to make cheese. Wall murals depicting cheesemaking prove that it was part of ancient Egyptian culture.

historical accounts

To recycle a broken umbrella with metal parts, remove the shaft, runner, stretchers, and ribs so that they can be processed with other scrap metal. Rinsed-out metal cans can be recycled by the local sanitation department or a steel-can recycling facility. Older electronics can often be recycled at local drop-off locations and even at some electronics stores.

its possible

Frequently hand washing with warm water and soap is the best way to get rid of germs and prevent illnesses. Moderate exercise boosts the immune system and can reduce the risk of colds by a third. Used sponges and rags should be replaced regularly to avoid spreading harmful bacteria.

simple steps

The Library of Alexandria, which was part of the Alexandrian Museum, did not have bound books but instead contained 700,000 papyrus scrolls that were arranged in piles. Historians, astronomers, mathematicians, and poets from every part of the Hellenistic world were paid by Egyptian kings to study and teach at the museum in Alexandria. Founded around 280 BCE by the Ptolemy dynasty, the Alexandrian Museum provided gardens, banquet halls, and reading rooms where scholars met regularly.

the alexandrian museum

Oceanographer Kathryn Sullivan researched remote sensing prior to joining NASA and becoming the first woman to perform a spacewalk during Challenger's 1984 mission. Selected for her skill as a parachutist, the Soviet Union's first female cosmonaut, Valentina Tereshkova, was launched into space in 1963 on board the Vostok 6. The first American woman to fly in space, physicist Sally Ride, helped to develop the robotic arm used to put satellites into orbit during Space Shuttle Challenger's 1983 mission.

the first women

Modern refrigeration has reduced the number of foodborne illnesses and has allowed fresh foods to be transported long distances. The Royal Society named the refrigerator the most important invention in the history of food, followed by pasteurization, canning, and the oven. Prior to refrigeration, ancient civilizations depended on root cellars, collected ice, salting, and other methods to cool and preserve their foods.

the invention

Venus is similar to Earth in terms of size and mass, but its surface pressure is ninety times higher. Mars has no liquid water on its surface today, though robotic rovers have confirmed that it did at some point in the past. While Venus has surface temperatures that are hot enough to melt lead, the average temperature on Mars is -67°F.

the planets closest

William the Conqueror built the Tower of London after the Norman Conquest in 1066. The Tower of London has served as a political prison, a royal residence, and a place to store weapons, documents, wild animals, and the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. Between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries, the coronation march for British royalty began at the Tower of London.

the tower played a role