English

Irregular verbs - No pattern when turning the verb into past tense or past participle form

Base Verb: Grow Know Begin Draw Drive Fly Give Speak Freeze See PastTense: Grew Knew Began Drew Drove Flew Gave Spoke Froze Saw Past Participle: Grown Known Begun Drawn Driven Flown Given Spoken Frozen Seen

Demonstrative Pronouns: Here are four demonstratives: this, these, that, those. Demonstratives are used to state the distance of what the speaker is referring to. "This", "that", "these", "those" are used when representing something specific. "This" and "that" represent a singular noun. "These" and "those" represent plural nouns

Demonstrative Pronouns: This or These "This" and "these" are used when referring to something close to the speaker. "This" represents a singular noun. "These" represents a plural noun Examples: This is my car. This is a good book. Is this too big for me? Is this ok with you? These are delicious. These are very uncomfortable. Are these mine? Can these come apart?

Interjections using commas - A comma (,) can be used for a weaker emotion Call Attention - Yo, Hey

Examples of Interjections using commas - A comma (,) can be used for a weaker emotion Call Attention - Yo, Hey: Examples: Yo, give me the ball. Hey, I just wanted to talk to you about the previous incident

Capitalization rule "the"

General Rule: Do not capitalize the word "the" before proper nouns unless "the" is part of an official title We visited the Grand Canyon. We have to fly over the Pacific Ocean. The report came from The Associated Press. My favorite book is The Great Gatsby

Simple Past: For verbs that end in "-e", only add "-d". VerbAdd "-d" Dance Live Race Danced Lived Raced I visited my old school. I walked to work. He dropped his keys. They crossed the street. They lived in England before moving to America. He raced on the track

I visited my old school. I walked to work. He dropped his keys. They crossed the street. They lived in England before moving to America. He raced on the track

The first letter of each major word in the title of a book, movie, article, etc

The first letter of each major word in the title of a book, movie, article, etc. Have you seen the movie Harry Potter? Tolstoy's War and Peace is my favorite novel

what is the past tense form for - begin

began

what is the past tense form for - drive

drove

Were" is used with "we", "they", and "you

ex: You were alone

what is the past tense form for - freeze

froze

what is the past tense form for - give

gave

what is the past tense form for - grow

grew

"Be" verbs indicate a state of being. "Be" verbs in the past tense indicate that a state of being that has happened. They must match the subjects. "Be" verbs are "was" and "were". "Was" is used with "I", "he", "she", or "it". "Were" is used with "we", "they", and "you

"Be" verbs - Past Tense I was a student. I was strong. She was a teacher. He was funny. It was hot. We were happy. They were sad. You were alone

Simple Future - Yes/No Questions with Will "Will" can also be used in questions.

"Will" can also be used in questions. Will Audrey play softball next season? Will Sophie take Choir at school next year? Will you help him tomorrow? Will they build the shed this weekend? Will we join them on Saturday?

Simple Past - Additional forms If the verb ends in a consonant + "y" (i.e. study), change the "y" to "i" and add "-ed". If the verb ends in a vowel + "y" (i.e. play), just add "-ed". Consonant + "y" --> Consonant + "i" + "-ed"Vowel + "y" --> Vowel + "y" + "ed" Study --> Studied Try --> Tried Dry --> Dried Play --> Played Stay --> Stayed Pray --> Prayed

Consonant + "y" --> Consonant + "i" + "-ed"Vowel + "y" --> Vowel + "y" + "ed" Study --> Studied Try --> Tried Dry --> Dried Play --> Played Stay --> Stayed Pray --> Prayed

Demonstrative Adverbs: Here or There "Here" or "there" are often used in addition to "this", "that", "these", or "those". "This" and "these" are used with "here" to indicate that something is close to the speaker. "That" and "those" are used with "there" to indicate that something is away from the speaker. Oftentimes "there" is used as "over there" to further explain that the object they are referring to is far away from the speaker.

Examples - Demonstrative Adverbs: Here or There This cup here is mine. I designed this building here. These kids here are in a lot of trouble. Please clean up these toys here. That car over there has not been moved in over a month. Could you bring me that book over there? Those people over there are having a party. I wish those people over there would calm down.

Simple Future - Will "Will" usually expresses a promise to do something or a voluntary action. Sentences are formed with "will + verb". You can turn the sentences into negative sentences by placing "not" between "will" and the verb

Examples: Audrey will play softball next season. Sophie will take Choir at school next year. I will help him tomorrow. They will build the shed this weekend. We will join them on Saturday. Audrey will not play softball next season. Sophie will not take Choir at school next year. I will not help him tomorrow. They will not build the shed this weekend. We will not join them on Saturday

Simple Future - Predictions Both forms of the simple future tenses can express a prediction about the future

Examples: Audrey's softball team will win the game. Audrey's softball team is going to win the game. She will be the chess champion. She is going to be the chess champion. He will win a Grammy for this song. He is going to win a Grammy for this song

Demonstrative Pronouns: That or Those "That" and "those" are used when referring to something far from the speaker. "That" represents a singular noun. "Those" represents a plural noun. That was built forty years ago. That is my neighbor. Is that dangerous? Is that mine? Those people are blocking traffic. Those flowers are beautiful. Are those reserved? Are those expensive?

Examples: That was built forty years ago. That is my neighbor. Is that dangerous? Is that mine? Those people are blocking traffic. Those flowers are beautiful. Are those reserved? Are those expensive?

Exclamation Point after a Single Word Sometimes a single word can express a strong emotion and be a complete thought. Stop! Go! Run!

Exclamation Point after a Single Word Examples: Stop! Go! Run!

Punctuation is a mark that makes a meaning of a sentence clear. Another common punctuation mark is the exclamation point. An exclamation point is most often used at the end of a sentence. It used to indicate a strong emotion or feeling. Exclamation Point at the End of a Sentence

Exclamation Point at the End of a Sentence Most exclamation points are used at the end of a sentence. They are used to indicate a strong emotion or feeling. Examples: I am so happy! You make me so mad! Get away from me! Help me!

Exclamation Point within a Sentence Sometimes exclamation points can appear in the middle of a sentence. When quoting a strong statement (direct speech), exclamation points can be placed within the sentence. Exclamation points are not used with indirect speech. "I hate you!" she yelled. "I am so excited!" he exclaimed. "Run!" he shouted. The coach yelled "Go!"

Exclamation Point within a Sentence Examples: "I hate you!" she yelled. "I am so excited!" he exclaimed. "Run!" he shouted. The coach yelled "Go!"

Interjections using commas - A comma (,) can be used for a weaker emotion Indicate a Pause - Well, Um, Hmm

Indicate a Pause - Well, Um, Hmm: Examples: Well, what I meant was nothing like that. Um, here is our proposal. Hmm. You really need to be on a diet

Interjections: Interjections - are words that express some kind of emotion. They can be used as fillers. Interjections - do not have a grammatical function in the sentence and are not related to the other parts of the sentence. If an interjection is omitted, the sentence still makes sense. It can stand alone. When you are expressing a strong emotion, use an exclamation point (!). A comma (,) can be used for a weaker emotion.

Interjections using commas - A comma (,) can be used for a weaker emotion. Examples: Express a Feeling - Wow, Gee, Oops, Darn, Geez, Oh: Ouch! That hurts. Geez, I need a break. Wow! What a beautiful dress

Regular verbs " are verbs that change very little from their base form when turned into past tense or past participle form. Past tense verbs and past participles indicate that an action has been completed. While verbs in past tense can stand on their own, verbs in past participle form cannot stand alone as a verb. For "regular verbs", we only have to add "-d" or "-ed" to the end of the verb to turn it into past tense or past participle form. For "irregular verbs", there is no set pattern to turn it into past tense or past participle form. An "irregular verb" can look like an entirely different word. Regular verbs add "-d" or "-ed" to the end of the verb to turn it into past tense or past participle form

Regular verbs: Base Verb Learn Cook Solve Ask Watch Listen Wash Bake Laugh Plant Past Tense: Learned Cooked Solved Asked Watched Listened Washed Baked Laughed Planted Past Participle: Learned Cooked Solved Asked Watched Listened Washed Baked Laughed Planted

Interjections using commas - A comma (,) can be used for a weaker emotion. Say Yes or No - Yes, No, Nope

Say Yes or No - Yes, No, Nope: Examples: Yes, I will do it. No, I am not going to go there. Nope. That's not what I want

What is used to refer to a later time. Simple future has two forms: "will + verb" and "be verb + going to + verb". They both refer to a specific time in the future

Simple future

Simple Past: Simple past is used to express finished or completed actions. Simple Past - Basic form Add "-ed" to the verb.

VerbAdd "-ed" Visit Walk Talk Visited Walked Talked

Simple Past: For single-syllable verbs ending in a short vowel and a single consonant, double the final consonant. VerbDouble ending consonant and add "-ed" Slip Drop Cross Slipped Dropped Crossed

VerbDouble ending consonant and add "-ed" Slip Drop Cross Slipped Dropped Crossed

Interjections: What would be the appropriate response? What is your response? Don't keep me waiting. a) Hmm. b) Ouch! c) Hey!

answer - a) Hmm.

Interjections: chose the correct answer. ___, I need to think about it. It's a big decision. a) Geez b) Well

answer - b) Well note: Indicate a Pause - Well, Um, Hmm

Demonstrative Adverbs Is this sentence referring to something near or far from the speaker? 1) Those pants look too big. a. near the speaker b. far from the speaker

answer - b. far from the speaker

Demonstrative Pronouns: chose the correct answer. ___ were quite expensive shoes. a) That b) Those

answer: b) Those

what is the past tense form for - draw

drew

what is the past tense form for - fly

flew

what is the past tense form for - know

knew

what is the past tense form for - see

saw

what is the past tense form for - speak

spoke