English and Language Usage- Vocabulary

Name the words that are exceptions to the rule of the root word being modified because of certain suffixes

The only exceptions to this rule are the words judgement, acknowledgment, and argument.

Phil-

love, like Ex: philosophy, philanthropic

-ic

make, cause Ex: terrific, beatific

-fy

make, cause to have Ex: glorify, fortify

-acy

state, condition Ex: accuracy, privacy

-hood

state, condition Ex: manhood, statehood

-ity (ty)

state, quality, condition Ex: civility, twenty

-dom

state, rank, condition

-tude

state, result Ex: magnitude, fortitude

-sion (-tion)

state, result Ex: revision, expedition

-ish

suggesting, like Ex: churlish, childish

Sym-

with, together Ex: sympathy, symphony

Intra-

within Ex: intramural, intrataste

Ad-

to, toward Ex: advance, adventure

Com-

together, very Ex: commotion, complicate

Bi-

two Ex: bisect, biennial

Hypo-

under, beneath Ex: hypodermic, hypothesis

Sub-

under, beneath Ex: subjugate, substitute

Epi-

upon Ex: epilogue

Belli-

war, warlike Ex: bellicose

Bene-

well, good Ex: benefit, benefactor

-ist

worker, follower Ex: monopolist, socialist

A-*

Without, lacking Ex: atheist, agnostic

A-

in, on, of, up, to Ex: abed, afoot

-less

lacking, without Ex: hopeless, countless

Neo-

New Ex: neolithic, neoconservative

Non-

Not Ex: nonentity, nonsense

In-

Not, opposing Ex: incapable, inelgible

Un-

Not, reverse of Ex: unhappy, unlock

Explain how the prefixes and suffixes are affixes, define circumfixes and interfixes, and give examples of circumfixes and interfixes.

Prefixes are affixes placed in front of words. Suffixes are affixes placed at the ends of the words. Circumfixes add parts both before and after words, such as enlighten. Interfixes compound words via central affixes (speedometer).

Define structural analysis, name what is included among parts of a word, and explain how they can be helpful.

The term refers to looking at the parts of a word and breaking it down into its different components to determine the word's meaning. Parts of a word include prefixes, suffixes, and the root word. By learning the meanings of prefixes, suffixes, and other word fundamentals, you can decipher the meaning of words which may not yet be in your vocabulary.

Per-

Through Ex: perceive, permit

-ate

having, showing Ex: separate, desolate

How can you determine when two words are synonyms or not?

A good way to determine whether two words are synonyms is to substitute one word for the other word and verify that the meaning of the sentence has not changed.

-ion

Action, result, state Ex: union, fusion

define affixes, and give an example of a derivational affix.

Affixes in the English language are morphemes that are added to the words to create related but different words. Derivational affixes form new words based on and related to the original words. For example, the affix-ness added to the end of the adjective happy forms the noun happiness.

Omni-

All, everywhere Ex: omniscient, omnivore

Name the different types of context clues, and explain the need to be careful with context clues in text.

Another way to determine the meaning of a word is by considering the context in which it is being used. These indirect learning hints are called context clues. They include definitions, descriptions, examples, and restatements.

Give examples of antonyms

Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. Light and dark, up and down, right and left, good and bad: these are all sets of antonyms.

Circum-

Around Ex: circumspect, circumference

Cata-

Away thoroughly Ex: catastrophe, cataclysm

Mis-

Bad, poorly, not Ex: misspell,misfire

Define context and explain the benefit of definition as a context clue.

Context refers to how a word is used in a sentence. Identifying context can help determine the definition of unknown words. Definition: The unknown word is clearly defined by the previous words.

Mor-

Death Ex: mortality, mortuary

Define curmudgeon in the following sentence: Don's wrinkle frown and constantly shaking fist identified him as a curmudgeon of the first order.

Don is described as having a wrinkled frown and constantly shaking fist suggesting that a curmudgeon must be a grumpy man. Contrasts do not always provide detailed information about the unfamiliar word, but they at least give the reader some clues

Give definitions and examples for the following miscellaneous prefixes: homo-, hyper-, in-, magn-, mal-

Homo- : Same, equal Ex: Homogenized, homonym Hyper- : Excessive, over Ex: Hypercritical, Hypertension In- : In, into Ex: Intrude, Invade Magn- : Large Ex: Magnitude, Magnify Mal- : Bad, poorly, not Ex: Malfunction, Malpractice

What are the required rules for making changes to the root word? (vowel)

If the suffix begins with a vowel, e.g., -ing, and the root word ends in the letter e, the e must be dropped before adding the suffix. EX: write:writing If the suffix begins with a consonant instead of a vowel, the letter e at the end of the root word does not need to be dropped. EX: hope:hopeless

Consider the meanings of cleave, and determine the meaning in the following sentence: The birds cleaved together as they flew from the oak tree.

Immediately, the presence of the word together should suggest that in this sentence cleave is being used to mean join. * Look for contextual clues and evaluate the substituted words

-esque

In the style of, like Ex: picturesque

What is the difference between synonyms and antonyms?

S- words that mean the same thing A- words that mean the opposite of one another

Name the suffixes that do not affect the spelling of a root word, and explain how one of those suffixes is an exception when the root word ends in y.

Spelling is not changed when the suffixes -less, -ness, -ly, or -en are used. The only exception to this rule occurs when the suffix -ness or -ly is added to a root word ending in y. In this case, the y changes to i. For example, happy becomes happily.

Over-

above Ex: overbearing, oversight

Super-

above, extra Ex: supersede, supernumerary

Dia-

across, apart Ex: diameter, diagnose

Trans-

across, beyond Ex: transact, transport

-ance

act, condition, fact Ex: acceptance, vigilance

-ism

act, manner, doctrine Ex: barbarism, socialism

-th

act, quality Ex: warmth, width

-ation

action, state, result Ex: starvation

Post-

after, following Ex: postpone, postscript

Anti-

against, opposing Ex: antipathy, antidote

Contra-

against, opposing Ex: contradict, contravene

ob-

against, opposing Ex: objection

Pan-

all, entire Ex: panorama, pandemonium

Inter-

among, between Ex: intercede, interrupt

Peri-

around Ex: periscope, perimeter

For-

away, off, from Ex: forget, forswear

Retro-

back, backward Ex: retrospect, retrograde

Re-

backward, again Ex: revoke, recur

Ante-

before, previous Ex: antecedent, antedate

Pre-

before, previous Ex: prevent, preclude

Para-

beside, beyond Ex: parallel, paradox

Ultra-

beyond, excessive Ex: ultrasonic, ultraviolet

-able (-ible)

capable of being Ex: tolerable, edible

-en

cause to be, become Ex: deepen, strengthen

-ize

cause to be, treat with Ex: sterilize, criticize

Name the moments when using a dictionary for an unfamiliar word is not a possibility

during a test

Equi-

equal Ex: equivalent, equilibrium

-ess

feminine Ex: Waitress, duchess

-ful

filled with, marked by Ex: thankful, zestful

Prim-

first, early Ex: primitive, primary

Pro-

forward, in place of Ex: propel, pronoun

De-

from Ex: depart

Ab-

from, away, off Ex: abdicate, abjure

Semi-

half, partly Ex: Semicircle, semicolon

Poly-

many Ex: polymorphous, polygamous

-lous

marked by, given to Ex: religious, riotous

Dis-

off, down, not Ex: dissent, disappear

-er (-or)

office, action Ex: teacher, honor

Uni-

one Ex: uniform, unity

-ard

one that does excessively Ex: drunkard, sluggard

Mono-

one, single Ex: monogamy, monologue

Ex-

out Ex: extract, excerpt

-ship

position Ex: internship, statesmanship

Fore-

previous Ex: foretell, forefathers

-ness

quality, state Ex: greatness, tallness

-ment

result, action Ex: disappointment

Ortho-

right, straight Ex: orthogonal, orthodox

Vis-

to see Ex: visage, visible