English and Language Usage- Vocabulary
Name the words that are exceptions to the rule of the root word being modified because of certain suffixes
The only exceptions to this rule are the words judgement, acknowledgment, and argument.
Phil-
love, like Ex: philosophy, philanthropic
-ic
make, cause Ex: terrific, beatific
-fy
make, cause to have Ex: glorify, fortify
-acy
state, condition Ex: accuracy, privacy
-hood
state, condition Ex: manhood, statehood
-ity (ty)
state, quality, condition Ex: civility, twenty
-dom
state, rank, condition
-tude
state, result Ex: magnitude, fortitude
-sion (-tion)
state, result Ex: revision, expedition
-ish
suggesting, like Ex: churlish, childish
Sym-
with, together Ex: sympathy, symphony
Intra-
within Ex: intramural, intrataste
Ad-
to, toward Ex: advance, adventure
Com-
together, very Ex: commotion, complicate
Bi-
two Ex: bisect, biennial
Hypo-
under, beneath Ex: hypodermic, hypothesis
Sub-
under, beneath Ex: subjugate, substitute
Epi-
upon Ex: epilogue
Belli-
war, warlike Ex: bellicose
Bene-
well, good Ex: benefit, benefactor
-ist
worker, follower Ex: monopolist, socialist
A-*
Without, lacking Ex: atheist, agnostic
A-
in, on, of, up, to Ex: abed, afoot
-less
lacking, without Ex: hopeless, countless
Neo-
New Ex: neolithic, neoconservative
Non-
Not Ex: nonentity, nonsense
In-
Not, opposing Ex: incapable, inelgible
Un-
Not, reverse of Ex: unhappy, unlock
Explain how the prefixes and suffixes are affixes, define circumfixes and interfixes, and give examples of circumfixes and interfixes.
Prefixes are affixes placed in front of words. Suffixes are affixes placed at the ends of the words. Circumfixes add parts both before and after words, such as enlighten. Interfixes compound words via central affixes (speedometer).
Define structural analysis, name what is included among parts of a word, and explain how they can be helpful.
The term refers to looking at the parts of a word and breaking it down into its different components to determine the word's meaning. Parts of a word include prefixes, suffixes, and the root word. By learning the meanings of prefixes, suffixes, and other word fundamentals, you can decipher the meaning of words which may not yet be in your vocabulary.
Per-
Through Ex: perceive, permit
-ate
having, showing Ex: separate, desolate
How can you determine when two words are synonyms or not?
A good way to determine whether two words are synonyms is to substitute one word for the other word and verify that the meaning of the sentence has not changed.
-ion
Action, result, state Ex: union, fusion
define affixes, and give an example of a derivational affix.
Affixes in the English language are morphemes that are added to the words to create related but different words. Derivational affixes form new words based on and related to the original words. For example, the affix-ness added to the end of the adjective happy forms the noun happiness.
Omni-
All, everywhere Ex: omniscient, omnivore
Name the different types of context clues, and explain the need to be careful with context clues in text.
Another way to determine the meaning of a word is by considering the context in which it is being used. These indirect learning hints are called context clues. They include definitions, descriptions, examples, and restatements.
Give examples of antonyms
Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. Light and dark, up and down, right and left, good and bad: these are all sets of antonyms.
Circum-
Around Ex: circumspect, circumference
Cata-
Away thoroughly Ex: catastrophe, cataclysm
Mis-
Bad, poorly, not Ex: misspell,misfire
Define context and explain the benefit of definition as a context clue.
Context refers to how a word is used in a sentence. Identifying context can help determine the definition of unknown words. Definition: The unknown word is clearly defined by the previous words.
Mor-
Death Ex: mortality, mortuary
Define curmudgeon in the following sentence: Don's wrinkle frown and constantly shaking fist identified him as a curmudgeon of the first order.
Don is described as having a wrinkled frown and constantly shaking fist suggesting that a curmudgeon must be a grumpy man. Contrasts do not always provide detailed information about the unfamiliar word, but they at least give the reader some clues
Give definitions and examples for the following miscellaneous prefixes: homo-, hyper-, in-, magn-, mal-
Homo- : Same, equal Ex: Homogenized, homonym Hyper- : Excessive, over Ex: Hypercritical, Hypertension In- : In, into Ex: Intrude, Invade Magn- : Large Ex: Magnitude, Magnify Mal- : Bad, poorly, not Ex: Malfunction, Malpractice
What are the required rules for making changes to the root word? (vowel)
If the suffix begins with a vowel, e.g., -ing, and the root word ends in the letter e, the e must be dropped before adding the suffix. EX: write:writing If the suffix begins with a consonant instead of a vowel, the letter e at the end of the root word does not need to be dropped. EX: hope:hopeless
Consider the meanings of cleave, and determine the meaning in the following sentence: The birds cleaved together as they flew from the oak tree.
Immediately, the presence of the word together should suggest that in this sentence cleave is being used to mean join. * Look for contextual clues and evaluate the substituted words
-esque
In the style of, like Ex: picturesque
What is the difference between synonyms and antonyms?
S- words that mean the same thing A- words that mean the opposite of one another
Name the suffixes that do not affect the spelling of a root word, and explain how one of those suffixes is an exception when the root word ends in y.
Spelling is not changed when the suffixes -less, -ness, -ly, or -en are used. The only exception to this rule occurs when the suffix -ness or -ly is added to a root word ending in y. In this case, the y changes to i. For example, happy becomes happily.
Over-
above Ex: overbearing, oversight
Super-
above, extra Ex: supersede, supernumerary
Dia-
across, apart Ex: diameter, diagnose
Trans-
across, beyond Ex: transact, transport
-ance
act, condition, fact Ex: acceptance, vigilance
-ism
act, manner, doctrine Ex: barbarism, socialism
-th
act, quality Ex: warmth, width
-ation
action, state, result Ex: starvation
Post-
after, following Ex: postpone, postscript
Anti-
against, opposing Ex: antipathy, antidote
Contra-
against, opposing Ex: contradict, contravene
ob-
against, opposing Ex: objection
Pan-
all, entire Ex: panorama, pandemonium
Inter-
among, between Ex: intercede, interrupt
Peri-
around Ex: periscope, perimeter
For-
away, off, from Ex: forget, forswear
Retro-
back, backward Ex: retrospect, retrograde
Re-
backward, again Ex: revoke, recur
Ante-
before, previous Ex: antecedent, antedate
Pre-
before, previous Ex: prevent, preclude
Para-
beside, beyond Ex: parallel, paradox
Ultra-
beyond, excessive Ex: ultrasonic, ultraviolet
-able (-ible)
capable of being Ex: tolerable, edible
-en
cause to be, become Ex: deepen, strengthen
-ize
cause to be, treat with Ex: sterilize, criticize
Name the moments when using a dictionary for an unfamiliar word is not a possibility
during a test
Equi-
equal Ex: equivalent, equilibrium
-ess
feminine Ex: Waitress, duchess
-ful
filled with, marked by Ex: thankful, zestful
Prim-
first, early Ex: primitive, primary
Pro-
forward, in place of Ex: propel, pronoun
De-
from Ex: depart
Ab-
from, away, off Ex: abdicate, abjure
Semi-
half, partly Ex: Semicircle, semicolon
Poly-
many Ex: polymorphous, polygamous
-lous
marked by, given to Ex: religious, riotous
Dis-
off, down, not Ex: dissent, disappear
-er (-or)
office, action Ex: teacher, honor
Uni-
one Ex: uniform, unity
-ard
one that does excessively Ex: drunkard, sluggard
Mono-
one, single Ex: monogamy, monologue
Ex-
out Ex: extract, excerpt
-ship
position Ex: internship, statesmanship
Fore-
previous Ex: foretell, forefathers
-ness
quality, state Ex: greatness, tallness
-ment
result, action Ex: disappointment
Ortho-
right, straight Ex: orthogonal, orthodox
Vis-
to see Ex: visage, visible