English for Academic Professional Purposes

This technique relies on six crucial questions: who, what, when where, why, and how. These questions make it easy to identify the main character, important details, and main idea

5w's, 1H

e is the language needed by students to do the work in schools. It includes, for example, discipline-specific vocabulary, grammar and punctuation, and applications of rhetorical conventions and devices that are typical for a content area (e.g., essays, lab reports, discussions of a controversial issue.)

Academic Language

is a written language that provides information, which contain ideas and concepts that are related to the particular discipline. Essay, Research Paper, Report, Project, Article, Thesis, and Dissertation are considered as academic texts.

Academic Text

- Uses vocabulary accurately - Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings.

Accurate

Provide explanations or reasons for phenomena

Cause and effect

Present ideas or events in the order in which they happen

Chronological, process, or sequence

Citing sources in the body of the paper and providing a list of references as either footnotes or endnotes is a very important aspect of an academic text.

Citation

- Written language has no longer words, it is lexically more varied vocabulary. - Written texts are shorter and the language has more grammatical complexity, including more subordinate clauses and more passives.

Complex

An academic text addresses complex issues that require higher-order thinking skills to comprehend.

Complexity

What is valued in an academic text is that opinions are based on a sound understanding of the pertinent body of knowledge and academic debates that exist within, and often external to a specific discipline.

Evidence-based argument

- It is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related.

Explicit

- Should avoid colloquial words and expressions.

FORMAL

- It should not sound conversational or casual. Colloquial, idiomatic, slang or journalistic expressions should particularly be avoided.

Formal

- This involves avoiding the personal pronouns 'I' and 'we'. For example, instead of writing 'I will show', you might write 'this report will show'. The second person, 'you', is also to be avoided.

Impersonal

It is important to use unambiguous language. Clear topic sentences enable a reader to follow your line of thinking without difficulty. Formal language and the third person pointof-view should be used.

Language

Narrates an event/story with characters, setting, conflict, point of view, and plot

Narative

- has fewer words that emphasize on the information you want to give and the arguments you want to make - mostly use nouns (adjectives), rather than verbs (adverbs)

Objective

- Facts are given accurately and precisely.

Precise

Identify problems and pose solutions

Problem/solution

This method is particularly helpful in summarizing any kind of text. SAAC is an acronym for "State, Assign, Action, Complete." Each word in the acronym refers to a specific element that should be included in the summary.

SAAC method

the basic structure that is used by an academic text is consist of three (3) parts introduction, body, and conclusion which is formal and logical.

Structure

is how we take larger selections of text and reduce them to their bare essentials: the gist, the key ideas, the main points that are worth noting and remembering.

Summarizing

refers on how the information within a written text is organized. This strategy helps students understand that a text might present a main idea and details; a cause and then its effects; and/or different views of a topic. This will help students monitor their comprehension.

Text structures

The starting point of an academic text is a particular perspective, idea or position applied to the chosen research problem, such as establishing, proving, or disproving solutions to the questions posed for the topic.

Thesis driven

This refers to the attitude conveyed in a piece of writing. The arguments of others are fairly presented and with an appropriate narrative tone.

Tone

e represents the language demands of school (academics). Academic language includes language used in textbooks, in classrooms, on tests, and in each discipline.

academic language

also includes the established ways of organizing writing (which can affect how one reads) in a discipline.

academic structure

is used in all academic disciplines to teach about the content of the discipline, e.g., a water table is different from a periodic elements table. Before taking chemistry, for example, some students know the technical words used in chemistry, while others do not

academic vocabulary

Discuss two ideas, events, or phenomena, showing how they are different and how they are similar

compare and contrast

Describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, attributes, and examples

definition or description

between the populations who have access to the internet and information technology tools and those who don't is based on income, race, education, household type, and geographic location, but the gap between groups is narrowing.

digital divide

The support for your argument/claim.

evidence

This technique helps students summarize events in chronological order.

first then finally

- This approach regards literature as "a unique form of humanknowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms." All the elements necessary for understanding the work are contained within the work itself. Of particular interest to the formalist critic are the elements of form—style, structure, tone, imagery, etc.— that are found within the text.

formalist criticism

- This approach "examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works." Originally an offshoot of feminist movements,gender criticism today includes a number of approaches, including the so-called "masculinist" approach recently advocated by poet Robert Bly.

gender criticism

This type of techniques is like giving a friend the gist of a story. In other words, they want a summary - not a retelling of every detail.

give me the gist

- This approach "seeks to understand a literary work byinvestigating the social, cultural, and intellectual context that produced it—a context that necessarily includes the artist's biography and milieu." A key goal for historical critics is to understand the effect of a literary work upon its original readers.

historical criticism

influences the way many of us live and work today. We use the internet to look and apply for jobs, shop, conduct research, make airline reservations, and explore areas of interest.

information technology

- It focuses on the economic and political elements of art, often emphasizing the ideological content of literature; because Marxist criticism often argues that all art is political, either challenging or endorsing (by silence) the status quo, it is frequently evaluative and judgmental, a tendency that "can lead to reductive judgment, as when Soviet critics rated Jack London better than William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Edith Wharton, and Henry James, because he illustrated the principles of class struggle more clearly."

marxist criticism

- It is the act of closely examining and judging the media. When we examine the media and various media stories, we often find instances of media bias. Media bias is the perception that the media is reporting the news in a partial or prejudiced manner.

media criticism

- This means it is unbiased. It should be based on facts and evidence and are not influenced by personal feelings.

objective

is a design to follow when writing a structure, a discourse, or a article.It arranges a material in a logical way into main ideas, supporting ideas, and supporting details

outline

is a form of paper writing in which the writer expresses his ideas and opinions about what has been read or seen.

reaction paper

- This approach takes as a fundamental tenet that "literature" exists not as an artifact upon a printed page but as a transaction between the physical text and the mind of a reader. It attempts "to describe what happens in the reader's mind while interpreting a text" and reflects that reading, like writing, is a creative process.

reader-response criticism

is the set of vocabulary that allows us to communicate with others in the context of regular daily conversations.

social langauge

The strategy helps students generalize, recognize cause and effect relationships, and find main ideas.

somebody wanted but so

- It focused on how human behavior is determined by social, cultural and psychological structures. It tended to offer a single unified approach to human life that would embrace all disciplines.

structuralism

is the controlling idea that you will develop in your paper. This can be found usually at the end of an introduction. A thesis statement can be one sentence. However, if necessary, it can also be two or three sentences.

thesis statement

The topic of your paper.

topic

This depends on the type of paper you are writing. If it is an argumentative paper, then this should express your opinion. If it is a research or explanatory paper, this should explain the purpose of your paper.

topic/claim