Environmental Design 100: Final Exam

Medellin: The Challenge

- Paramilitary militias built a network of support thrrough the poorest slum areas --> co-opted por to support their efforts - Most dangerous ccity thrju 1980s-1990s (internal war b/w Pablo Escobar drug cartel & Cartel del Valle) - Operation Orion: Early 2000s: Colombian president ordered the military to demobilize and disarm the militias

Tiebout Sorting

An economic theory proposed by Charles Tiebout, suggesting that people "vote with their feet" by choosing to live in communities that provide the bundle of public goods and services they prefer, leading to spatial segregation based on preferences.

event urbanism/spectacle urbanism

An urban development strategy that emphasizes the creation of large-scale events, festivals, and spectacles as a means of attracting tourists, stimulating economic growth, and enhancing city image.

transit-oriented development (TOD)

An urban development strategy that promotes compact, mixed-use development centered around public transit stations, encouraging walking, cycling, and the use of public transportation while reducing reliance on private cars.

Delhi

Context:

globalization

Denotes the expanding scale, growing magnitude, speeding up, and deepening impact of transcontinental flows of social, economic, and trade interactions. - Refers to a shift / transformation in the scale of human organization that links distant communities & expands the reach of power relations across the world's regions and continents

neocolonialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, this new form of economic imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics.

basic needs

Essential requirements for human survival and well-being, including access to food, water, shelter, healthcare, and education.

Future Manifesto

Filippo Tommaso Marinetti - Call to the future suggests the celebration of speed, mechanization, youth, and industry, cultural reinvention

The Space of Flows

"the material arrangements that allow for simultaneity of social practices w/o territorial contiguity. it is not purely electronic space... it is made up of first of all a technological infrastructure of information systems, telecom, and transportation lines" Manuel Castells - not neatly just an abstraction, but extends to the full set of places required to do business - International space of business pose a threat to local culture & economic devt - the demands of the business traveler depend on a standardization of spaces & support services that deliver absolute certainty in fulfillment of business expectations

modernity

- (Marshall Berman) Why cities as a crucibles for understanding and unpacking modernity? - Modernity = creating a new way of life In dense urban areas, people are living close to each other, and thinking back to Athens, the exchange of ideas in dense urban populations fosters a new sense of openness & respect for each other - Not surprising that national socialists turn to rural populations and undereducated for their electoral support (myth in the age of digital information) - Cities are the locus for new ideas, for coming-togethers/confluence

Brasilia: The Context

- 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas divides South America between Spain & Portugal - colonized by Portugal in the 1500s, until 1815 when it became the Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil & the Algarves w/ an economy primarily organized around slave-based sugar, coffee ☕️, and cotton plantations 🐑- administered by coastal trading cities - 1833" gained independence from Portugal (relatively peacefully ✌️) --> coastal cities of Sao Paolo, Rio de Janeiro, Bahia de Salvador become wealthy seats of culture + power, leading to a series of violent regional uprisings + series of attempts to form a govt - 1860s-1870s: Brazil exerted pressure + interfered in the govts of Parauay, Uruguay, Argentina - South Atlantic slave trade b/w Angola, Mozambique, Brazil, Portugal provided forced labor to Brazil for centuries. --> 1830s-188s0: slavery was debated, 1888: slaves emancipated

Simulacrum/Simulacra

A copy or representation of something that has no true original, often associated with hyperreality and the loss of authenticity in postmodern culture. - insubstantial semblances of real things or events

Medellin: The Context

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Bauhaus

A German interdisciplinary school of fine and applied arts that brought together many leading modern architects, designers, and theatrical innovators.

growth pole strategy

An economic development strategy that focuses investment and development efforts on specific urban areas or regions with the aim of stimulating economic growth and development in surrounding areas. - Brasilia: build a new capital to disperse power + economic opportunity away from existing centers

cultural sustainability

maintaining cultural beliefs, practices, rituals heritage conservation, and attempts to answer the question of whether or not any given cultures will exist in the context of the future. - theoretical + conceptual understanding of cultural sustainability remains vague + debated in open societies, ebb + flow expected - utilized in places where religious + social culture is perceived to be under threat from the universalizing aspects of globalization / gentrification

human sustainability

maintaining human capital (= private good of individuals, rather than b/w individuals / societies) - health, education, skills, knowledge, leadership, access to services - needs continual maintenance by investments throughout one's lifetime: maternal health, nutrition, safe birthing, infant + early childhood care, education + apprenticeship, adult education + skills acquisition, elder care - in many places, human capital is not being maintained - population growth + consumption of food resources in both wealthy + low-income communities are issues - access to healthy + nutritious food, obesity, overconsumption of food resource, public health issues

pedestrianization

process of converting a street or a section of a town into a pedestrian-only zone that does not allow vehicles - typically to improve safety, enhance walkability, and create vibrant public spaces.

postcolonialism

the cultural and economic legacy of colonialism, including ongoing relationships between former colonies and colonizers An intellectual, political, and cultural movement that calls for the independence of colonialized states and also liberation from colonialist ways of thinking.

relativism

the doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute.

pluralism

the theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government; the outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation

hygge

the warm feeling you get while enjoying the company of great friends and all life has to offer - Danish concept emphasizing coziness, comfort, and conviviality, often associated with creating warm and inviting environments for socializing and relaxation.

New York : The Challenge

- 1830-1920: the city draws millions of immigrants (>70% of all who come to America) 🚶‍♀️ - NYC is a story of economics used in the production of transportation movement 🚃, new forms of human settlement 🚶‍♀️, and corporate real estate wealth 💰 The real estate industry built the city of New York - Notion of progress is about meeting this challenge of housing + moving people - The natural advantage of wealth 💰, banking 🏦, professional innovation 💡, engineers 🛠️, architects, and professionals work independently on a shared project + collective effort that builds the city 📈 - 'Growth machine politics' and civil service-based city planning lubricates the system of development that builds the city 📈

Berlin: The Context

- 1918: End of WWI, the Treaty of Versailles names Germany as the primary instigator of WWI & demands the country pay reparations 💰for its war misdeeds ❌ - Several decades up to WWII, the German economy struggles to overcome the debt of reparations 💰 → goes into severe recession w/ most households experiencing widespread poverty 💰❌ - Depression of 1929 worsens this poverty 💰❌📉 - New German constitution is signed at Weimar in 1919, operates until 1933 - grants greater social freedoms - Thru late 19th century, Berlin had been electrified ⚡️, provided w/ new transit services 🚃, wide streets, & had become modernized - New young population moved into Berlin, hungry for self expression, release after years of war & a new openness

new objectivity

- An artistic movement of the Weimar Republic that rejects 🙅‍♀️ the overt Romanticism & self-expressionism of the previous period to highlight a new objective perspective & coolness to various creative arts - Operates thru all of the artistic media, including a new stripped-down architecture & city design - Produces unflinching images of real life, poverty 💰❌, war crimes, & urban life - Highlights a new wealth gap reality b/w the intelligentsia & the common person ❌ - Found outlets in music & film 🎼🎞️ - Particularly the works of Kurt Weill & Bertolt Brecht, and the new German film 🎞️ of Fritz Lang etc

Brasilia: Takeaways

- For many years, the city remained an alienating place that was difficult to occupy, despite efforts in social engineering thru design, urban erasure, and a vision of progress - New generations who came of age in the City have now grown into its modernity -- time has helped it to be accepted - Mature landscape provides a softening to the diagram - Modernity of a master-planned design is finally negated to the satellite cities surrounding the 'design by diagram' at the center - These new communities are based on the traditional urbanism of the pedestrian + the corner bar + walkable shops - The formation of place requires the participation of its people.

Charter of Athens

- Le Corbusier, 1933 -Treat the city as a set of separate, basic functions: living, working, leisure, and communication - International congress of modern architecture in Europe composes set of urban design principles for cities to rectify the perceived shortcomings of traditional cities - Europe's leading architects write a manifesto for modern city planning & design in opposition to traditional cities - Principles reinforce ideas for a streamlined & reductionist type of urbanism - Buildings are stripped of decoration and highways are sized by need

Chicago: The Challenge:

- Need to rebuild the city after the Fire of 1871 🔥🚒 - Row houses + tenement apts, slums - Foreign born immigrants who cluster into homogenous neighborhoods -- ethnic clustering - Great Migration brings industrial labor force - "Black Metropolis" 2nd largest Black urban population - Worker riots, labor strikes, organized crime

New York: The Context

- On a cluster of island and coastal river edges, inhabited by the Algonquin + Lenape - Location would become one of the world's largest deep-water harbors due to the density of rock foundations of the Island - 1524 Europe arrives in Giovanni da Verrazzano, later by Henry Hudson in 1609 who "discovers" the area for the Dutch East India Company - 1620: the Island of Manhattan is purchased from unknowing Lenape by the Dutch 'West' India Co. for 60 guilders ($900) - 1664: New Amsterdam' Peter Stuyvesant surrenders to the British who name it New York From its start, it is settled by merchants, financiers, professionals who use their creativity/innovation 💡to create world's greatest port city 1️⃣ - Always a center of capital, money, interest --> Wall Street, Stock Market, trade, leisure, culture (theater), high fashion - catering to an upwardly mobile high class of people, fine dining, universities/higher education, immigration - City boundaries - 8.5 million people within city boundaries, ~20 million people in the metro area - Each borough (Staten Island, Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, Bronx) - was a separate municipality until it was annexed by NY

Medellin: Takeaways

- Peripheral slums grew exponentially on the hillsides around the city center, occupied primarily by poor - City admin worked to cleanse the city of CRIME, DRUG CARTELS, URBAN GANGS - Govt (public) efforts w/ private sector partnerships w/ civil society to elevate lives of urban poor - Social urbanism = improvements to domestic infrastructure + transportation + schools/libraries + community + cultural centers + parks + public realm spaces ---> economic redevelopment strategy to provide opportunity to those living on hill sides - Inclusive engagement, holistic planning strategy, widespread physical upgrading, focus on equitable social justicee

Marshall Berman on modernity

- Philosopher, historian, prophet of modern life - All that is Solid Melts into Air - 3 phases of modernity: 1) scientific: questioning traditional life), 2) industrial revolution: excitement/hope but remembering tradition, 3) spread of modernity: lose sense of collective social meaning - Helped to explain Marxism to western audiences to demonstrate both the challenging upheavals and positive aspects of modern social change - Views communism and socialism as a positive revolution of political becoming supporting workers rights and class struggle - Show the externalities of modernity through individualistic withdrawal, affirmation & hope, negation & resistance - Unpacks and disentangles the Communist Manifesto from Soviet experience and suggests it as a salve in new ways for teetering capitalism - Connection Berman makes between cities & popular culture, and the move towards the benefits of modernity

International Investment Zone

- Shanghai special economic zone in Pudong for international trade, investment & finance - contain's Shanghai's stock exchange, Port of Shanghai, residential districts, a nature preserve, a high-tech research park, and Disney China resort - planning began in 1993 - strict control of economy until 1978 - contributed to country's development - city reopened to foreign investment in 1990s, special economic zone

Treadmill of Superlatives

- To compete for these tourists, these mega-projects advertise themselves as the biggest, tallest, most extreme, most exciting places on the planet - "Superlative" experiences of the world To continue to reach desired market share (how these projects are funded), cities compete for tourist & investment dollars at an unbelievable & continual sale of growth - Dubai is hoping to attract 4-5x the # of visitors in the 2020s than the well-visited country of Egypt - Forces each place to remain on a "treadmill" of constantly outdoing its last moment of spectacle - Unending, creates incredible pressure for growth & constant evolution of the city - offering large & more extreme urban experiences - One of the most stressful global strategies for besting one's competition

Berlin: Takeaways

- Weimar Era & Constitution provided a new openness and set of cultural freedoms that flourished from 1918-1933 - Berlin of the Weimar years widely recognized as one of the most creative 💡cities in the history of the world - Burst of creativity largely associated w/ the city's well-off , highly educated 📖urban population - Many of them believed in progress and were willing to cast off the trappings of traditional morality & behavioral repression - New possibilities grew for identity recreation Berlin becomes an early precursor to the progressivism of the 1960s and 70s - Growth 📈 of populist National Socialism - largely in response to the dissatisfactory efforts of the Weimar govt to deal w the economic crisis of reparation-based poverty and the Depression - Anger for the economic situation was deflected to the urban cultural scene, libertines, gays and Jews - Nazis turned this anger 😡into an anti-modernist campaign to shut down the institutions of culture (theaters, cabarets, booksellers, galleries, art schools, architecture studios) - In their place, the Nazis advocated for propagandistic social realism, nostalgic romanticism, and conservative neo-traditionalism - Depictions of idealized life replaced modern architecture - modern versions of Greek temples in huge office building scale - Coarser and coarser grain urban artifacts

postmodernity

- Zooming out, following the "modern age", arose postmodernism 1. Difference, pluralism, relativism 2. Late stage capitalism that restructured society: materialism, consumption, distraction, no key struggle 3. Questioning of any meta-narrative: end of facts, suspicion, skepticism 4. Renewed search for meaning: signs, metaphors, comfort, bricolage - Influence appeared in many aspects of daily life + built world: social attitudes + politics, cultural values, advertising, art, music, city planning, architecture

Barcelona model

- main principles were creating public space, reconnecting the beachfront, the use of big events as a catalyst for urban transformation, involving the citizens in the decision making process, and the use of public/private partnerships in order to finance redevelopment projects. - used to describe Barcelona's urban transformation in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, characterized by investments in public spaces, cultural facilities, and sustainable transportation infrastructure.

social sustainability

- most abstract, least operationalized components of sustainability practice - aims to preserve social capital by investing + creating services that constitute the framework of our society - EQUITY APPROACH 1. social reproduction 2. social cohesion 3. social justice 4. civil society + civic engagement 5. social welfare, health, wellbeing 6. social capital + connectedness 7. social housing + affordability Highly relative to geography + place

social justice

- wicked problem: unagreed upon in terms of what it means and the methods in which to solve it - Easy to recognize social injustice if you have the sensitivity and empathy to put yourself in the shoes of others 👣 - Ex: physical challenge 👁️👂(unpainted curves leading to a lot of falls and tripping bc blind), language difficulties🗣️, decimation of Native Americans, slavery and the prison industrial system - penal culture, systemic racism, religious 🎅discrimination (persecution of Muslims, Mormons, Catholics), internment of Japanese Americans🇯🇵, gender discrimination👥, orientation discrimination, economic injustice💰, educational injustice📚📖, environmental injustice🌲🌳 - Every group has had some level of injustice happen to it if not no, in its generational lineage - Social justice as a discrete term emerges during the Industrial Revolution due to disparities brought through industrial capitalism, wealth gap differentiation, class struggle, and visual evidence of quality of life differences - Social justice becomes a social marker

Chicago: The Context

-Founded in late 17th century by French explorer / named after smell of the place - Between Lake Michigan & short portage distance to tributaries of the Mississippi River benefits the city as a transportation hub --> becomes a rail hub 🛤️ - City of the working class - Grain Center 🌾 - Butchery of the World 🐷 - Stockyard - Crosshatch city, horizontal lines being suburbs -Roads --> rail lines

eyes on the street

-Jane Jacobs - Pedestrians must take an active role in policing the streets. - There should be a general agreement amongst citizens to ensure safety and a sense of mutual trust within a neighborhood. - The "eyes" themselves are not appointed watchdogs, but normal people looking out for everyone in the neighborhood. - All about building a sense of community. - Antithesis of Moses, who didn't really care about what went on inside a neighborhood, only what it looked like from his position as Master Builder. - One of her "four generators of diversity."

quality of life

1. An individual's perception of their position in life relative to the context & conditions in which they live, including cultural values, personal goals, and aspirations 2. Initially coined din the healthcare professions to describe a medical condition that a person must live w/ on a daily basis 3. Measured according to a series of life characteristics: wealth, comfort, sense of well-being

economic sustainability

1: widespread economic productivity that is long lasting and resilient thru various ups + downs of economic + market cycles - economic productivity: GDP + profit thru market value revenue of final goods + services produced in a period of time - wealth creation, local ownership, low unemployment 2: more even distribution of wealth - widespread local employment - vocational training - retraining when needed - living wage --> contribute to a higher quality of life for all - bringing daily costs of life down to levels affordable by current employment

Associationist colonial practice

A colonial practice emphasizing cultural assimilation and cooperation between colonizers and colonized.

Assimilationist colonial practice

A colonial practice focusing on the cultural assimilation of the colonized population into the dominant culture of the colonizers.

livability

A description of the sum of factors that provide for life in a particular place - Recognition that a place is able to be lived in, supports life and processes of living - first emerged in the 18th c, having to do w/ animal husbandry & survivability (chick hatcheries) - modern use emerging in 1950s-70s having to do w/ supportive neighborhoods & communities Research approaches taking 4 historic paths: 1. Normative approaches in describing notions of the 'good city' & what might make it livable 2. Social indicators for measuring + quantitatively comparing varying elements / categories of livability 3. Preference & satisfaction studies in measuring individual perceptions abt neighborhood & home environments 4. Place-based livability studies focus on shared understandings of local environments, rather than individual + subjective perceptions

masterplan

A document that describes, in narrative and with maps, an overall development concept. The master plan is used to coordinate the preparation of more detailed plans or may be a collection of detailed plans. The plan may be prepared by a local government to guide private and public development or by a developer on a specifi c project. Example: The city planners checked to see if the zoning request complied with the city's master plan. Example: The master plan for further development of the resort condominium is displayed in the sales office.

slum

A highly impoverished, overcrowded, substandard residential area characterized by inadequate shelter, infrastructure, and social services, often associated with high levels of poverty, crime, and social exclusion, and no secure tenure

sectoral model

A model of urban growth developed by real estate economist Homer Hoyt in the 1930s. The model holds that classes of land use tend to be arranged in the wedge-shaped sectors radiating from the CBD along major transportation corridors.

redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries. A discriminatory practice of refusing or limiting financial services, such as loans or insurance, to certain neighborhoods based on their racial or ethnic composition.

New Great Migration

A recent migration of African Americans from northern urban areas (Midwest + Northeast) back to the Southern United States.

Chicago School Sociology

A sociological perspective developed by scholars at the University of Chicago in the early 20th century, emphasizing empirical research and focusing on urban sociology, criminology, and social organization.

research park

A specialized area dedicated to research and development activities, often associated with universities or corporate entities, aimed at fostering innovation and technology transfer.

scenario planning

A strategic planning method that involves creating and analyzing multiple hypothetical future scenarios to identify potential risks, opportunities, and strategies for resilience.

social welfare state

A system of government policies and programs aimed at promoting social and economic well-being, typically including universal healthcare, education, housing, and social security.

apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination enforced by the South African government from 1948 to 1994.

playscape

A term used to describe a designed environment that encourages play, exploration, and physical activity, often incorporating natural elements (like wood) and creative structures.

concentric zone model

A theory of urban structure proposed by sociologist Ernest Burgess, suggesting that cities grow outward from a central business district in a series of concentric rings, with different land uses and socioeconomic characteristics in each zone.

social urbanism

A unified integrated and inclusive approach involving different stakeholders and socially responsible, innovative investment in urban physical and social infrastructure and community institutional building.

superblock

A very large area of land in which all through traffic is eliminated, but which may be penetrated by cul-de-sacs or minor loop roads. - reconfigures city blocks into larger, interconnected units with reduced vehicle traffic, prioritizing pedestrian and cyclist mobility.

environmental sustainability

Aims to improve human welfare thru the protection of natural capital (land, air, water, minerals, etc) - Places emphasis on how society can achieve positive economic outcomes w/o doing any harm, in the short/long term, to the environment - Looks at ways to reduce the harvesting of non-renewable resources, and the effects the activities associated w/ them have on the Earth's biosphere - Tries to avoid the depletion of non-renewable resources - Step toward reducing our global impact on the planet Another def revolves around inputs + outputs: 1. Output rule: waste emissions should be kept within the assimilative capacity of the local environment 2. Input rule: harvest rates of renewable resource inputs must be kept within regenerative capacities of the natural system

informal settlement

Also known as squatter settlements or shantytowns, informal settlements are areas of unplanned and unauthorized housing often built by marginalized communities on land they do not own or have legal rights to.

contingency thinking

An approach to planning and decision-making that anticipates and prepares for various possible future scenarios, allowing for flexible responses to changing conditions and uncertainties. - Growing up with Strategy - Military Simulations - Business Contingency - Process Consulting - Scenario Building - Disaster Planning

neo-traditionalism

An architectural and urban design movement that seeks to revive traditional forms, materials, and building techniques while incorporating modern functionality and technology. - Weimar Republic featured a lot of return to neo-traditionalism and taking down modern stuff, looks like Greek temples but the size of big office spaces

critical regionalism

An architectural theory that seeks to counteract the homogenizing effects of globalization by emphasizing local identity and culture in design.

diversification strategy

An economic development strategy that seeks to reduce dependence on a single industry or sector by promoting the growth of diverse economic activities and sources of revenue.

The New International Division of Labor

Globalization process whereby the production of goods is spread out over the globe to take advantage of lowest cost inputs of resources & labor in the Global South - Ownership, head office, control, and design decisions made in world cities of the North - Profits and added value being recouped where decisions are made Spatial division of labor depends on 7 factors

time space compression

Improvements in transportation, telecoms, info tech has created a context of easy & inexpensive travel, which opens up networked manufacturing & distribution of roles to specific categories of citie. - Forces a questioning of real experiences vs virtual ones - Distance is much less important; many places in the world are more connected than ever before

urban renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private members, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Great Migration I & II

Significant movements of African Americans from the rural Southern United States to the urban North, primarily during the early 20th century (Great Migration I) and mid-20th century (Great Migration II).

event horizon

Since the late 20th c, some have viewed the speed of connection as a complete break w/ the world systems view of the past, which includes: - telecoms - the internet - immediate information sharing

city repositioning

Strategies employed by cities to rebrand, reinvent, or reposition themselves in the global game in response to economic, social, or environmental challenges, often focusing on niche markets or competitive advantages. - Get ahead in the race for profits & market expansion - Necessary when cities face obsolescence / in anticipation of needed repositioning - Remaking of each "player" city thru the various economic devt strategies associated w the new role - Global business practice, planning, strategies, HR capture, marketing, sale, real estate devt - Exposure + easy access to authentic local culture while being sanitized and "safe" for the wary traveler - access to resort getaway + accommodations & world-class experiences w/i a day's travel are recommended after business is complete

resilience

The ability of an (urban) system, community, or individual to withstand and recover from shocks, disruptions, or adversity, while maintaining essential functions and adapting to change - Targets a set of tensions: 1) equilibrium vs non-equilibrium resilience, 2) positive vs neutral (or negative) conceptualizations of resilience, 3) mechanisms of system change, 4) adaptation vs general ability to adapt, 5) timescale of action

squatting

The act of occupying an abandoned or unused property without the owner's permission/illegally without tenure, often as a means of addressing housing needs or making a political statement about property rights.

Bilbao effect

The building of a large building/attraction in a town with a poor economy as a means to boost the town's economy and even change its industry focus. -The transformative impact of iconic architecture and cultural institutions on urban revitalization and economic development, named after the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and its role in revitalizing the city of Bilbao, Spain.

social engineering

The deliberate attempt to influence social behavior and outcomes through the design and implementation of policies, programs, and interventions by governments or other institutions.

Weimar Republic

The democratic government of Germany established after World War I, named after the city of Weimar where the new constitution was drafted in 1919. - The Weimar Era + Constitution provided a new openness + set of personal freedoms that flourished from 1918-1933. -

segregation

The enforced separation of different racial, ethnic, or other social groups in a society, often leading to unequal access to resources and opportunities.

colonialism

The expansion and maintenance of sovereignty over host country populations and land areas from afar.

imperialism

The expansion of a system (economics, culture, government) by bringing new territories and peoples into production and consumption through inexpensive labor, resources, and primary processing; largely perceived t be an urban phenomenon.

creative class

The group of people that innovates and creates. Includes artists, engineers, scientists. - coined by Richard Florida to describe a segment of the workforce engaged in creative and knowledge-based industries, believed to be a key driver of urban economic growth and innovation.

biophilia

The innate human tendency to seek connections with nature and other living beings, often influencing preferences in urban design, architecture, and landscaping.

forced removal

The involuntary displacement of individuals or communities from their homes or land, often due to government policies, economic development projects, or conflict.

urban erasure

The process by which existing urban communities, cultures, and histories are marginalized, displaced, or erased through processes of gentrification, redevelopment, or urban renewal.

disaster planning

The process of preparing for and responding to natural or man-made disasters, including measures such as risk assessment, emergency response planning, and community resilience building

colonization

The stabilization and management of these new territories through physical settlement of exogenous populations on a permanent basis.

urban ecology

The study of the interactions between humans and their urban environment, including the social, economic, and environmental factors that shape urban ecosystems.

dark tourism

Tourism involving travel to places associated with death, suffering, tragedy, or disaster, such as former war zones, disaster sites, or concentration camps.

bus rapid transit

Using buses to offer rail-like public transit services at lower costs. BRT systems are based on using normal buses in exclusive, dedicated lanes that allow them to avoid traffic. BRT also relies on passengers prepaying their fares at kiosks or stations like rail systems to speed up passenger boarding. Priority signaling

Brasilia: The Challenge

Vast central interior plains provided economic resources but remained largely outside the power structure of the nation - Debates over how to govern the country - Campaigns for a "new nat'l space for a new nat'l epoch" w/ a new interior federal capital; indicative of 'growth pole' theories of the times - Desire to build a new model of national progress by binding the nation's power centers together to rebalance the national geography on Brazil's Central Plain: 1. Coastal (Rio, San Paulo) 2. Inland (Curitiba, Belo Horizonte) 3. North Coast (Salvador, Fortaleza, Recife) 4. Amazonia (Belem, Manaus) - A city on the central plain is perceived as "an acropolis of emptiness in a paradise of plenty" --> effort in 'urban erasure' of coastal power

linear city

a city designed on the principle that transport routes should be the main determinant of the form of plan for the city and in which the development is arranged in a long, narrow belt on either side of a central spine road - concept proposed by Italian architect Arturo Soria y Mata, envisioning a linear urban form along transportation corridors, with industrial and residential zones arranged in a linear fashion to minimize congestion and promote efficiency.

cohousing

a type of collaborative housing in which residents actively participate in the design and operation of their own neighborhoods. Copenhagen

Multi-nodal Urban Form / polycenter city

development away from the urban core or city center toward identified urban growth areas or nodes. Similar to the Galaxy form - clusters of development with each cluster having its own specialization

orientalism

discourse that positions the West as culturally superior to the East, A term coined by Edward Said to describe Western stereotypes and representations of the East, often depicting it as exotic, backward, or inferior.