Environmental science
Using Figure 32.1, list the following food by increasing energy subsidy: feedlot beef, large-scale corn, large-scale eggs, far-offshore fishing, coastal fishing, and small-scale eggs.
Answer: large scale corn, small scale eggs, coastal fishing, large scale eggs, feedlot beef, far offshore fishing
List the negatives of shifting ag.
Answer: sutting down trees, deforestation, soil infertility
Is there scientific evidence to support that GMOs can cross with wild relatives? What kind of problem does this cause?
Answer: There is scientific evidence to support that GMOs can cross with wild relatives. Answer: The kind of problem that this causes is make the plants more weedy.
High-density animal farming has many environmental and health consequences including (list all):
Answer: These consequences include atibiotic resitance strains, waste disposal, and water runoff.
Soil compaction is caused by people, animals, or machinery repeatedly trampling the ground. This results in a reduction in what two soil properties?
Answer: This results in a reduction in the two soil properties drainage and water infiltration.
In 2003, the journal Nature reported a decline of large predatory fish. What did a study in 2006 report?
Answer: This study reported that 30% of fisheries had a 90% decline in total fish population.
broad spectrum__
kills many different organisms
Use figure 25.8 to determine the soil type of the following compositions
45% clay, 10% silt, 45% sand Answer: The following composition is sandy clay. 60% silt, 20% clay, 20% sand Answer: The following composition is silt loam. 70% sand, 0% silt, 30% clay Answer: The following composition is sandy clay loam.
How many edible plant species exist worldwide
About 200 are edible plant species that exist worldwide.
Describe an example of physical weathering of rock.
An example of physical weathering rock is frost wedging. It water gets in and freezes which expand the rock.
What is another name for shifting agriculture?
Another name for shifting agriculture is swidden agriculture.
What percent of the grain grown in the US is used to feed livestock and poultry rather than people?
Answer: About 40 % of grain grown in the US is used to feed livestock and poultry rather than people.
Define agroforestry.
Answer: Agroforestry is a measurement of land for trees and shrubs.
DESCRIBE what a CAFO is.
Answer: A CAFO is a large-scale industrial agriculture facility with the objective to raise animals for their products.
By keeping animals confined, what are the benefits?
Answer: By keeping animals confined, the benefit is it prevents extinction.
What is bycatch?
Answer: Bycatch is when fisher men get marine animals they were not aiming for.
What does CAFO stand for?
Answer: CAFO stands for concentrated animal feeding operation.
Corn is a plant that only lives for one season. Is it a perennial or an annual?
Answer: Corn is a plant that is annual.
Define energy subsidy.
Answer: Energy subsidy is fossil fuel and human energy per calorie of food made.
Grapes and strawberries are examples of plants that will come back each year and produce without having to be replanted. Are grapes and strawberries annuals or perennials?
Answer: Grapes and strawberries are perennials.
What is the "Green Revolution"?
Answer: Green revolution is a method that they came up with that caused an increased in food production.
What does IPM stand for? What are the four main techniques used ?
Answer: IPM stands for integrated pest management. Answer: The four main techniques used are crop rotation, intercropping, using pest resistance crops, and they do not use many pesticides.
What does ITQ stand for and what does it mean?
Answer: ITQ means Individual Transfer Quota and it means that people are limited to goods and service from a governing body
In your own words, what is industrial agriculture?
Answer: Industrial agriculture is when industrial is used for agriculture as in plants and food.
Why has modern agriculture in the US had to become larger and more mechanized?
Answer: It has become more mechanized and larger due to the improved crop yields as well as production.
What does it mean and why do some people suggest that we should "eat lower on the food chain"?
Answer: It means that we should eat more vegetables and it is suggested because the food lower in the chain has less toxins that higher up.
Define nomadic grazing.
Answer: Nomadic grazing is feeding herds by moving them to where their food is in season.
Organic ag is not without some adverse environmental consequences. Describe at least one:
Answer: Oragnic ag will have some kind of adverse environmental consequence for example, using flames to control the flame. They use flames on the soil to treat weeds.
What is overnutrition and how common is it?
Answer: Overnutrition is a large amount of nutrient intake and it is pretty common in developed countries.
Describe Salatin's "sanitation crew".
Answer: Salatins sanitation crew had chickens digging and walking on the ground which were so called sanitation doings.
Most farmers in our area now use no-till agriculture. What are the benefits of no-till ag?
Answer: The benefits of no-till ag is that it reduces the chances of soil erosion, adds on to soil organic matter, and increases the soil's biological activity.
What is the main benefit of both intercropping and crop rotation?
Answer: The main benefit of both intercropping and crop rotation is it increases the health in the soil.
What is the primary reason for undernutrition and malnutrition?
Answer: The primary reason for undernutrition and malnutrition is due to not many nutrientints.
What are some pros and cons of aquaculture?
Answer: The pro of aquaculture is provides fish for consumption without fishing and the con are can cause invasive species to damage the environment.
What are the pros and cons of "free range meat"?
Answer: The pros of free range meat is more organic and fewer calories. The cons of free range meat is that the production numbers would be lower for both meat and eggs.
What three plants make up half of human energy intake?
Answer: The three plants that make up half of the human energy intake is rice, maize, and wheat.
Describe the trend of meat consumption both worldwide and in the US since 1960.
Answer: The trend of meat consumption both worldwide and in the US since 1960 is it went up by 40%.
What type of land would benefit from contour plowing and why?
Answer: The type of land that would benefit from contour plowing is for land that can have erosion easily. It will help because when theyd plow parallel it prevents erosion.
Is there scientific evidence to support that eating GMOs may be harmful to humans?
Answer: There is no data suggesting that GMO consumption is bad for human health.
What percent of each of these commodity crops are genetically modified as of 2017
Corn 92% Soybeans 94% Cotton 96%
Define desertification.
Desertification is where vegetation in drylands lowers and then disappears.
Genetic modification is
Genetic modification is manipulating genes to keep the traits they want the most.
What nearly caused eagles to go extinct in the '60s-'70s?
Habitat destruction and DDT nearly caused the eagles to go extinct in the '60s- 70s'.
What is humus and in what soil horizon is it found
Humus is organic material that comes from decaying plants and animals. It is founded in the horizon layer.
Why does Joel Salatin call himself a "grass farmer"?
Joel Salatin calls himself a "grass farmer" because all of the animals need grass to survive.
one positive and one negative impact for each of the Green Revolution practices described:
Mechanization _ positive- it can replace people and animals successfully Irrigation _Positive- It can make productive land even more productive. A negative is it can deplete groundwater. Fertilizers __Positive- Plants can easily absorb them even if the soilo is not as healthy. A negative is it uses a lot of fossil fuels. Monocropping __A positive is it allows a lot of plants to be planted at the same time. A negative is it can lead to soil erosion. Pesticides __A positive is it allows people farmers to be able to find and solve an infestation. A negative is that pesticides kill more than needed.
There are three main benefits to genetic engineering. List and describe each:
More profits: Can produce more crop thus producing more to sell Greater Yield: higher the productivity and profitability of a farm Pesticide use: potential changes could redude the amount of pesticide needed for the production of crop.
Describe shifting agriculture
Shifting agriculture is when land has nothing on it and the plants are burned.
What is the E horizon and where is it located
The E horizon is the topsoil, so at the top
Soils contain different blends of sand, silt, and clay. What is a balance needed between all 3 to promote ideal plant growth
The balance needed between sand, silt, and clay is 20% for clay, 40 % sand, and 40% silt.
What is the difference between undernutrition and malnutrition?
The difference between undernutrition and malnutrition is malnutrition is unbalanced diet and undernutgrition is a deficiency in nutrients.
DESCRIBE the five principles of organic agriculture.
The five principles of organic agriculture is using principles tht are natural rather than one they can control, maintaining the soil by adding certain stuff, keep as much nutrients and organic matter on the plants, avoid using synthetic things for crops, and reducing the affect of the environment from agriculture.
Using figure 25.4, list the four main ecosystem services provided by soil
The four main ecosystems services provided by soil is works as a filter for water, breaks down dead matter and to grow plants.
explain what the pesticide treadmill is.
The pesticide treadmill is when a pest does not want to die from the begiining so then the farmer would then again put more pesticides, but the pest that survived most likely does not die again.
What three groups of organisms account for 80 to 90% of the biological activity in soils?
The three groups of organisms that account for 80% to 90% of the biological activity in soils are bacteria, fungi, and protozoans.
What type of soil particle (sand, silt, or clay) would be best to line a pit that is to be filled with hazardous chemicals? Give reasoning for your answer
The type of soil particle that would be best to line a pit that is to be filled with hazardous chemicals is clay because it would not allow substances through it as sand and silt might.
Does the US label GMO foods
These fods made don't bear labels saying to that they contain GMO. Answer: They aren't legally required to mention genetic engineering anywhere , including the label.
What are the two main mechanisms of erosion
Two mechanisms of erosion is water and wind.
Does the European Union label GMO foods?
Yes Explain... The European Union labels GMO foods due to them trying to make sure they get a high level of protection for the people and keep a well market.
non persistent pesticide
break down more quickly; must be applied more often because they have fewer long-lasting effects.
List and give a brief description of the five factors that determine the properties of soil.
climate- the rain and temperatures parent material- it when organic matter and minerals are dropped into the soil organisms- animals and plants over time make the soil different from the beginning time- over time it get more mineral and nutrients topography- how high and low and even where it's located makes the soil how it is
narrow-spectrum pesticide__
is effective against a specific pest rather than killing everything.
Persistantent pesticide__
stay in the environment for a very long time and continue to have detrimental impacts.
What is food insecurity
the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food
Fish is the ___ major source of food for humans, after ___ and ___
third, grain, meat