eCore COMM 1101 Final Exam

Listeners are more likely to understand, follow, and remember a speech that is well planned and ordered.

True

Multiple cultures may exist within a single society or geographic region

True

The premise of cultivation theory is that the more one attends to television (heavy viewers) the more distorted perspective of reality they hold.

True

The self changes over time as we engage in new experiences.

True

The telegraph inaugurated the electronic era

True

The terminating stage of a relationship can be short or drawn out.

True

The values and views endorsed by a society at any given time are arbitrary and subject to change.

True

To have the most effective delivery, it's best if the speaker uses personal pronouns (referring to themselves as I rather than the speaker, for example).

True

Uses and gratification assumes that consumers of mass media are active agents who deliberately choose what pleases them

True

Uses and gratification assumes that consumers of mass media are active agents who deliberately choose what pleases them.

True

We are influenced by what is most obvious.

True

We cling to first impressions.

True

We follow communication rules even when we are not consciously aware of them

True

We tend to assume others are like us.

True

Which of the following was not identified as a factor of cohesiveness in group communication?

Type of Group

Chronemics refers to:

how we perceive and use time to define identites and interaction.

Stages of Relationship Development

identified ten stages of relationship development that result in relationships naturally "coming together" and naturally "coming apart." Notice that the "coming together" phase is driven by self-disclosure, and the "coming apart" phase is marked by waning communication.

Listening

involves being mindful, selecting and organizing information, interpreting communica- tion, responding, physically receiving messages, and remembering

win-win problem solving

involves compromise that results in both parties getting some of what they want

Ethics

is a branch of philosophy that focuses on moral principles and codes of conduct.

Perception checking

is a means to more meaningful interpretations of human behavior.

Why should group members assume maintenance roles in group communication?

to minimize conflict in group communication To keep the group in tact as it pursues its goals

Purposed of Speech

to perform, to persuade, and to entertain

The theory that asserts that people find uncertainty uncomfortable and so are motivated to use communication to reduce uncertainty is know as:

uncertainty reducation

Accommodation Theory

we adjust our speech to accommodate others, commonly convergence occurs

Message Complexity

which exists when a message we are trying to understand is highly complex, is packed with detailed information, or involves intricate reasoning

Netiquette

"Network etiquette." The unofficial rules of accepted, proper online social conduct

Physical Constructs

(attractive-not attractive) People are classified according to their appearance (e.g., beautiful, skinny, tall, etc.).

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization

Psychological Constructs

(secure-not secure) People are classified according to their mental abilities (intelligent, average, etc.).

By 2050, demographers expect that one out of every ______ Americans will be black, Hispanic, or Asian American.

2

The study of communication is more than ____ years old.

2500

The number of main points recommended to include in a speech is:

3 to 5

Between _____ and ______of the meaning of our total message is communicated through nonverbal communication.

70 and 90 %

A database is:

A collection of information organized to provide efficient retrieval

What is a task goal?

A goal related to the mission of the group

Channel

A medium though which a message is sent to a mass audience

Gatekeeper

A person, group, or institution that controls the choice and presentation of topics by media.

Stereotypes

A predictive generalization about people or situations

PowerPoint is:

A software package designed for presentations

Cognitive Theory

A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

Trait Theory

A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions

Which of the following is not a perceptual construct?

Age

Of all the cadets who withdrew from the Citadel in 1995, the media selected Shannon Faulkner and called her to the public's attention. This is an example of which of the following?

Agenda Setting

Mass communication uses gatekeepers to determine what consumers come to know, believe, and understand are issues they should deem as worthy of serious attention. This view of how mass communication operates represents:

Agenda Setting Theory

Mass Communication

All media that address mass audiences.

Social Constructivist Theory

An approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and that knowledge is mutually built and constructed. Vygotsky's theory reflects this approach.

Anxiety

An emotional state of high energy, with the stress response as the body's reaction to it.

Sense of Self

An individual's unique sense of identity that has been influenced by social, cultural, and psychological experiences; your sense of who you are in relation to other people.

Communication anxiety can be the result of all of the following

An innate personality type A poor self-concept Low self-esteem A lack of experience

Organization

An introduction that informs your audience what you intend to discuss A body of material that tells them what you have to say A conclusion that reminds your audience what you just told them

Noise

Any interference that causes the message you send to be different from the message your audience understands

Ethical Relativism says that when attempting to make a sound ethical decision, we should always do what we have been taught no matter how it impacts someone else.

False

Groupthink is the process by which all group members independently arrive at the same conclusion creating a group consensus.

False

Healthy relationships go through all ten stages of development.

False

If a speaker is not sure whether he/she wants to inform or persuade the audience members during a presentation, he/she should just combine the two approaches.

False

If at all possible, a speaker should choose a speech topic that is new to him/her.

False

Individuals often produce better results when making decisions alone rather than as a group member.

False

Line communication is always vertical communication up and down the hierarchy of an organization

False

Mind reading is useful for good friends who wnat to communicate sincerely.

False

Most of our relationships are personal not social.

False

One of the advantages of public speaking is it doesn't require as much preparation as face-to-face conversations.

False

One of the most important considerations when attempting to make a sound ethical decision is to determine societal views/norms.

False

One's listening ability is primarily determined by his/her I.Q

False

Our perceptions of a person, object or event depends more upon the person, object or event than it depends upon the mind of the observer.

False

People who think highly of themselves are likely to think highly of others.

False

Self-serving bias is the subjective process of creating explanations for what we observe and experience.

False

Small talk typically occurs during the initiating stage of an interpersonal relationship.

False

In which stage of interpersonal relationship development do the parties begin to take on an identity as a social unit?

Integrating

We tend to notice stimuli in our environment that are:

Intense, Unique, Changing and Constrasting

Two things that distinguish facilitative emotions from debilitative emotions are

Intensity and duration

Stuart has just started preparing a speech for his communication class. He has selected a topic and is thinking about the kind of arguments and evidence he might use in his speech. Stuart is focusing on which canon of public speaking?

Invention

Why is conflict essential in communication?

It draws attention to the unsatisfied needs of the people involved in the communication

Clear organization is important because:

It enhances the speaker's credibility (speaker appears more knowledgeable, organized, prepared, etc.) It increases audience retention (the amount of information that the audience remembers)

What is Role Emergence Theory?

It refers to the roles group members are likely to assume as they work in groups

The following verbal and vocal elements affect a speaker's credibility:

Jargon Paralanguage Slang Accent Grammar Fillers Articulation

Which of the following were identified as the task goals of group communication?

Learning Problem-solving Self-help Social

Aristotle's Persuasive Appeals

Logos, Ethos, and Pathos

Television's tendency to stabilize and homogenize views within a society in order to create a single allegedly mainstream view is known as __________.

Mainstreaming

Which of the following types of conflict result from the group members' competition with each other for perceived limited resources?

Material Conflict

The term used to describe non-listening which involves the appearance of listening and attentiveness is:

Pseudolistening

Hidden communicators tend to

Rarely disclose, but often seek feedback.

The following can be done by you to face your communication anxieties:

Realize that some anxiety is normal. Flood your self with the experience that is causing the anxiety. Take care of your self physically. Prepare for risks.

Which roles in group communication contribute most to the group's raison d'etre?

Task Roles

An attractive, conservative physical appearance can enhance our credibility.

True

Aristotle pointed out that an effective strategic approach to persuading someone to do something is to appeal to his/her emotions.

True

Body language is crucial in determining our initial credibility with people.

True

Communicating with other people promotes personal health.

True

Communication anxiety can be learned

True

Communication anxiety is a normal part of any high-risk communicative experience for most people.

True

Credibility refers to how trustworthy, intelligent, knowledgeable, and/or skilled the listener(s)/receiver(s) perceives the speaker (sender) to be.

True

Determining audience members' psychographics is an important step in deciding on a suitable speech topic.

True

Effective interpersonal communication can narrow perceptual differences.

True

Effective listening involves responding, which is expressing interest, asking questions and otherwise showing that we are attentive.

True

Ethos is proof based on logic and reasoning.

True

Experience is one way to start the process of overcoming communication anxiety

True

For a group to exist, the people must interact and be interdependent, have a common goal, and share some rules of conduct.

True

Group Hate Theory suggests that people hate working in groups because of previous experiences with untrained groups.

True

Group communication should be a conscious effort.

True

If a speaker were attempting to prove that a lack of education makes someone more prone to crime, the cause/effect organizational pattern would probably work best.

True

If social climbing does not increase the status of those doing it, they often become marginal participants.

True

In formal presentations and casual conversations, we signal interest by holding eye contact and assuming an attentive posture.

True

It's hardest to empathize with people who are radically different from us.

True

Language consists of symbols.

True

Conflict within a group is unnatural and is always counterproductive.

False

Effective communication principles are the same across all cultures.

False

Facilitative emotions

Contribute to effective communication

Norming

At this stage of development the members discuss or determine the norms of their group communication. Norms are standards of interaction. While some norms are defined for groups, all groups must go through the process of clarifying the norms of interaction and identifying additional norms, if necessary.

Sexism

Attitudes or behavior based on traditional stereotypes of sexual roles.

Perceiving and understanding are skills to be developed. One way to enhance our skills in perceiving people and situations in ways that facilitate effective communication is:

Avoid mind reading Check perceptions with others Distinguish facts from inferences Monitor the self-serving bias

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

According to Knapp's model of relationship development, public gestures that show the world that a relationship exists occur in which stage in interpersonal relationships?

Bonding

Persuasive Organizational Patterns

Cause-Effect/Effect-Cause Problem-Solution Monroe's Motivated Sequence Comparative Advantages

The larger this pattern is, the more likely message content will be lost in transmission.

Chain Diagram

Large Group Communication Patterns

Chain or Line Communication Vertical or Horizontal

Demographic Factors

Characteristics such as age, marital status, gender, ethnicity, and occupation that help to describe or classify a person as a member of a group.

Mostly found in small group communication, this pattern has no designated leader.

Circle Diagram

Being able to understand more than one group's ways of using language such as what is practiced by many Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, lesbians, gay men, and members of other groups that are simultaneously part of a dominant and a minority culture is known as

Code Switching

Synergy is closest in meaning to which of the following terms?

Cohesiveness

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is important to the study of interpersonal communication because _________________.

Communication can help us satisfy each of the needs.

Social Comparison

Comparing ourselves with others to form judgments of our talents, abilities, qualities, and so forth.

A method of support in which the speaker shows how one idea is similar to another:

Comparison

NONE of the following are true about conflict

Conflict is natural All relationships experience conflict Conflict can be beneficial Conflict draws our attention to the need for change in our relationships

Rachel is surprised when her friend Sarah consistently interrupts her while she is speaking. Rachel believes her friend should not continually disrupt her. Rachel's perception of her friend's behavior is based on a:

Constitutive Rule

Heavy television viewers are more likely to have beliefs that reflect the worldview portrayed by television, which is not equivalent to reality. In television entertainment programming, 77% of major characters that commit crimes perpetrate acts of violence, compared to roughly 10% of actually reported crimes. This is an example of __________.

Cultivation Theory

Heavy television viewers are more likely to have beliefs that reflect the worldview portrayed by television, which is not equivalent to reality. In television entertainment programming, 77% of major characters that commit crimes perpetrate acts of violence, compared to roughly 10% of actually reported crimes. This is an example of:

Cultivation Theory

Our perceptions are sometimes distorted because of:

Defending our own positions Physiological and psychological noise Ignoring the fact that people are different. Personal needs and biases

Diversity

Differences in characteristics of people; can involve personality, work style, race, age, ethnicity, gender, religion, education, functional level at work, etc.

What are the characteristics of the blind communicator?

Discloses excessively, without regard for feedback

Ageism

Discrimination or prejudice based on a person's age.

All of the following are characteristics of conflict:

Expressed struggle Incompatible goals Interdependence Scarce Resources

This is the most recommended style of delivery for a speech over five minutes in length. A speaker who uses this style will carefully prepare, rehearse and finally present his/her information with a brief set of notes.

Extemporaneous

The following is a good resource for gathering ideas and information for a presentation

Face-to-face interviews Television programs Professional organizations

A group is characterized by different and complementary resources of members and by a strong sense of collective identity.

False

As long as someone has created a web page, they are considered a credible source to include in a speech.

False

Becoming media literate takes little work.

False

Task goals are more important than maintenance goals in group communication.

False

The number of main points included in a presentation is not important as long as the speaker can get all of the information in during the allotted time period.

False

The number of women and minorities are expected to decrease in the work force in the future

False

The self-concept is resistant to change.

False

Tolearance is a response in which we accept and approve differences between us and other social groups

False

We are born with a self-concept.

False

At which stage of the group development process do members engage in small talk?

Forming

At which stage of the group development process should the group's purpose be clarified?

Forming

Stages of Group Development

Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing

What sequence of stages do groups move through in their development

Forming, storming, norming and performing

The examination of consistent patterns in the ways stories are presented by journalists, broadcasters, and so forth is known as

Frame Analysis

Movement of a speaker's hands, arms, fingers, legs and/or feet to express thought.

Gestures

Though public speaking is enlarged conversation, there are two distinct differences that separate it from other forms of communication. These differences include:

Greater responsibility to plan and prepare Less Interaction

Select behaviors characteristic of group members striving to achieve specific goals within group communication are referred to in this lesson as

Group Roles

Solomon Asch's research dealt with

GroupThink

How are the types of group communication defined?

Groups are defined by purpose Groups are defined by the number of people in them

Co-cultures

Groups of people living within a dominant culture but exhibiting communication that is sufficiently different to distinguish them form the dominant culture

The tendency of group members to conform and agree with each other to avoid conflict is referred to as:

Groupthink

John Dewey's Reflective Thinking Method

Identify the problem Analyze the problem Identify the criteria for selecting a solution to the problem Generate solutions Evaluate the solutions Enact the best solution

Steps in win-win problem solving:

Identify the problem. Describe the problem to the other party. Ask the other party to describe his or her understanding of the problem as you stated it. Ask the other party to describe the problem from his or her perspective. Describe as best you can what you perceive as the other person's understanding of the problem. Discuss possible solutions to the problem. Identify solutions that solve the problem as it was generally described by both of you. Compromise on solutions.

When a TV show or film incorporates the product into the storyline they are engaging in

Immersive advertising

Forming

In this first stage in the life of a group, members engage in small talk to get acquainted and clarify purpose.

Intensifying

In this stage an interpersonal relationship begins to develop as both parties begin to express feelings of interest or attraction for each other.

Experimenting

In this stage both parties express interest in knowing each other better by experimenting with small talk.

Stagnating

In this stage no growth occurs as the parties express fewer and fewer emotions.

Avoiding

In this stage stagnation becomes uncomfortable, so the parties begin to avoid each other.

Circumscribing

In this stage the communication between the parties decreases in quantity and quality, causing the relationship to reach a plateau of development.

Terminating

In this stage the parties choose to dissociate

Bonding

In this stage the parties demonstrate their commitment to each other with symbolic gestures of bonding, which may include, but are not limited to, marriage.

Integrating

In this stage the parties give up parts of themselves to become different people. They begin to take on an identity as a social unit. Their interactions reflect their knowledge of each other as well as their obligation to each other.

Differentiating

In this stage the parties need to reestablish their individual identities.

Perception checking prevents:

Inaccurate decoding of messages

Preoccupation

One of the most common hinderances to listening. When we are absorbed in our thoughts and concerns, we can't focus on what someone else is saying.

Which type of communicator is most effective in facilitating communication?

Open Communicators

Which of the following terms are used to describe the self-concept?

Open and closed Negotiable and nonnegotiable

The group member who encourages other group members to share their personal attitudes about information exchanged in the group and other group activities, is functioning in the role of

Opinion Seeker

Every organization (like every family) has ways of thinking, acting, and viewing work that are shared by members of the organization and reflect the organization's distinct identity. This is referred to as

Organizational Culture

Groups within the work force, college classes, athletic teams, and/or various types of volunteers that belong to a group tend to acquire a certain way of doing things. This is referred to as:

Organizational Culture

Aristotle said that above all of the available means to persuasion, perhaps _________________ is the most potent.

Pathos

Group Membership Constructs

People are classified according to the groups they belong (Asian American, Republican, retiree, baseball team member, etc.)

Interaction Constructs

People are classified according to their social behavior (friendly, shy, etc.).

Role Constructs

People are classified according to their social position (mother, student, friend, etc.).

self fulfilling prophecy

People have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true

At which stage of group development is cohesiveness most evident?

Performing

Cohesiveness is characteristic of which stage of a group's development?

Performing

Social Exchange Theory suggests that we often seek out people who can give us:

Rewards greater than or equal to the costs we incur in dealing with them

The stages in the perception process are:

Selection, organization and interpretation

The following can be obstacles to effective listening:

Semantic Noise Physiological Noise Psychological Noise

We tend not to express our emotions effectively because

Social roles The inability to recognize emotions Fear of self-disclosure

Components of Communication

Source, Encoding, Message, Channel, Receiver, Decoding, Feedback, Noise

If someone wanted to give an overview of a city in which their audience members were planning to visit, the best organizational approach would be:

Spatial

This pattern suggests that members strive to communicate equally with each other.

Star Diagram

Small Group Communication Patterns

Star, Circle, and Wheel

Which stage of group development is characterized by conflict?

Storming

The following is an ethical standard, which may help communicators decide how to behave in a principled manner:

The Professional Ethics Standard Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative The Utilitarian Rule The 60 Minutes Test

All of the following statements are true about the dominator:

The dominator sometimes contributes too much to discussions The dominator sometimes contributes too often in group discussions The dominator dominates discussions because other group members don't contribute as they should Dominators do not realize that their contributions sometimes inhibit the positive contributions of others

Mainstreaming

The effect of television in stabilizing and homogenizing views within a society; one of two processes used to explain television's cultivation of synthetic world views.

Maintenance Roles

The facilitator helps other group members share ideas and participate. The harmonizer helps group members avoid dissension. The leader functions in a variety of roles, demonstrating communication competence in his or her choice of roles

Outline

The following is a speech outline that should ultimately be developed. Introduction Attention Step Thesis Statement Preview of Main Points Body Three to five main points with transition statements between each Conclusion Review of Main Points Memorable Ending

How was the leader defined in this lesson?

The group member who functions in a variety of roles, demonstrating communication competence in his or her choice of roles

Reflected Appraisal

The image and estimate of ourselves that others communicate to us

Task Roles:

The initiator gets the group started by motivating individuals to work. The information giver shares information the group may find useful. The information seeker asks for information to fulfill the group's goals. The opinion seeker encourages group members to share their personal opinions about group activities. The summarizer evaluates the group's progress toward meeting group goals. The diagnostician identifies problems related to the task and process in the group's communication. The coordinator organizes and arranges ideas and group efforts to boost the group's productivity. The secretary keeps a record of the group's activities. The spokesperson orally communicates the group's ideas to others.

Disruptive Roles

The isolationist excludes him/herself from the group by failing to exchange ideas. The dominator contributes too much or too often to discussions. The detractor criticizes and gripes. The digresser takes the group on wild goose chases. The airhead participates in group activities without preparation. The socializer builds personal relationships and pursues personal interests without regard for the task needs of the group. The recognition seeker attracts attention by boasting about past experiences. The jokester uses inappropriate humor to attract attention.

What is perception?

The process we use to select, organize and interpret data in our environment

Which of the following are physiological factors, which shape perception

The senses

Cultivation Theory

The theory that media promote an inaccurate world view that viewers assume reflects real life.

Win-win problem solving is seldom used because

There is a lack of awareness of it Emotional reflexes prevent constructive solutions It requires both people's cooperation

These statements can be made about perceptual schema:

They encourage students to think about and understand their perceptions. They are cognitive frameworks that facilitate the categorization of data we learn about others. They include five constructs, which represent the primary ways we perceive others.

Initiating

This brief stage is the stage of introduction, characterized by handshakes and phatic communication. Phatic communication is communication that opens channels of communication. "Hello" and "How are you?" are examples. Bonding - In this stage the parties demonstrate their commitment to each other with symbolic gestures of bonding, which may include, but are not limited to, marriage.

Storming

This second stage in the life of a group is characterized by conflict. Conflict emerges because of differences in member personalities, goals, and interpretations of tasks.

Informative Organizational Patterns

Topical, Spatial, and Chronological

In a multicultural society, the philosophy that adheres to the belief system that there should be respect for uniqueness and tolerance for difference is referred to as cultural pluralism or the _______________ philosophy.

Tossed Salad

Which of the following is NOT a part of the motivated sequence pattern used to organize a persuasive speech?

Transition Step

One challenge in managing personal relationships on the job includes the difficult task that a supervisor often faces of having to give the subordinate-friend negative feedback when negative feedback is essential to effective performance on the job.

True

One important benchmark of an established friendship is the assumption of continuity.

True

One strategy that has been shown to be effective when trying to persuade someone to change is to appeal to his/her needs.

True

Part of having media literacy means being skeptical of what is presented

True

Part of having media literacy means being skeptical of what is presented.

True

People who communicate well have an advantage in their personal, social, and professional life

True

Resistance is a response to social diversity that devalues other cultures

True

Sensory data can be different to different people.

True

All of the following are causes of inaccurate perception

We cling to first impressions. We're influenced by what is most obvious. We assume others are similar to us. We judge ourselves more charitably than others.

Ethics should be based on:

Well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what human beings ought to do, usually in terms of rights

What is the most effective of all small group communication patterns with a central leader.

Wheel Diagram

Which of the following is a good reason to cite a source during a presentation?

When attempting to appear more knowledgeable about the topic and credible as a speaker When citing statistics When citing controversial information When conveying someone else's ideas or information either verbatim or by paraphrasing

Performing

When groups overcome the obstacles to group communication, they develop the cohesiveness necessary for effective group communication. Some groups never reach this stage.

Part of learning how to manage our anxiety and fear includes improving our self-concept. All of the following will aid us in this process:

Work to improve ourselves Eliminate negative self-talk Approach others with a positive outlook Set our own standards

What is synergy in group communication?

Working in concert with other group members to produce something greater than any member(s) of the group could have produced alone

Associated with large group communication, this pattern allows for the quick problem solving.

Y Diagram

Visualization Techniques

a mental practice focuses attention on a mental object such as an imagined image

Transactional Model

a model should include the feature of time and should depict communication as varying, not constant.

Hearing

a physiological activity that occurs when sound waves hit function- ing eardrums.

The following are the most common elements that affect the communication process

accents body language noverbal communication

Visual Aids

add clarity and interest and can act as proof for a major point

Ethical Standards or Principles

allowing others to make informed and willing choices respect for differences between people

Pseudo listening

an imitation of listening, accompanied by the nonverbal cues that would normally enhance the meaning of the message.

Chronological Pattern

arranges material according to a sequence in time.

Why do some people hate group work?

because they have not been trained to communicate effectively in groups because equal participation among group members is unlikely

A good introduction does which of the following

captures the listeners' attention, motivates the audience to listen, provides the thesis statement, and enhances the speaker's credibility

Identity Management Strategies

communication strategies used by people who want to manage other people's impressions of them. It involves the manipulation of manner, appearance, and setting.

Open Communicators

consistently discloses and regularly seeks feedback from others.

Environmental Distractions

constitute a fourth impediment to effective listening. These are occurrences in the communication set- ting that interfere with effective listening.

Given any typical day, how often does a person communicate?

continually throughout the day

Synergy

created when each group member works in concert to produce a product that none could have produced alone is an important component of group communication because the success of group communication depends on the ability of each group member to work in ways that complements and enhances the work of other group members

To become a more responsible and thoughtful consumer of mass communication we should

develop media literacy be aware of the patterns mass media employ recognize that mass communication is one of many influences on individuals and society

Communication Climate

develops automatically in relationships and reflecting the feelings of the participants

Blind communicators

discloses excessively, but rarely seeks feedback from others.

Open Self Concepts

discover themselves and their potential through their interactions with others. they continue to expose themselves to new experiences, even after developing a sense of who they are. An open self-concept is constantly evolving.

Topical Pattern

divides the subject into three to five key areas and offers a running theme throughout.

Group work can only live up to its potential as long as:

each member learns to manage their strengths and weaknesses and the strengths and weaknesses of others

Society as Melting Pot

encouraged newcomers to melt into the mainstream by surrendering any ways that made them different from native-born citizens

The Johari Window

encourages us to think about what we know about ourselves because of our habits of self-disclosure. helps in understanding those characteristics that you know about yourself personally as well as those that others know about you. It also helps you acknowledge the personal characteristics you know and hide from others, the personal characteristics that others know but you don't know, and the personal characteristics that you and others have not discovered.

In speeches to entertain the primary objective is to:

engage interest amuse

Evidence (supporting material) is used in a presentation to

enhance the speaker's credibility. enhance interest and emotional response to ideas. make ideas clearer, more compelling, and more dramatic

Incomprehensibility

exists when a message is not clearly understandable because of language or transmission problems.

Identity Needs

formed by communication, people tend to believe what they are told, people form identities by comparing themselves to others

Group Communication

goal-oriented communication with a group size of from three to twelve people. Large group communication involves more than twelve people Goal Oriented

Closed Self Concept

is a self-concept that is nonnegotiable. People with closed self-concepts, after developing a sense of self, consistently make choices and establish relationships that reinforce their existing image of themselves.

Perceived Self

is our perception of how others view us

Self Concept

is the stable set of perceptions each of us holds about ourselves

Self Disclosure

is the willingness to share information, attitudes, and feelings that give others insight into who you really are

Shannon-Weaver Model

model that shows a message being sent from a sender to a decoder / includes noise, medium, etc.

Message Overload

occurs when we receive more messages than we can effectively process. For good reason, our era has been dubbed "the information age."

The process nature of communication means

our interactions with others are ongoing and dynamic

Closed communicators

rarely disclose and rarely seek feedback from others.

Hidden Communicators

rarely disclose, but consistently seek feedback from others.

Cultural Relativism

recognizes that cultures vary in how they think and behave as well as in what they believe and value

Howie is not sure how smart he is until his teacher tells him she thinks he is very smart. He then tells his parents "I am a bright boy." The process by which Howie developed his view of his intelligence is:

reflected appraisal

Spatial Pattern

relies on space, direction, or locale for an organizing principle

Perceptual Schema

s a cognitive framework that facilitates the categorization of data we receive about others and reduces uncertainty about people we meet, making it easier to get to know them.

Perception Process

s a three-step process designed to help you become more aware of things and people in the environment around you. Selection Organization Interpretation

Obstacles to Effective Listening

situational obstacles that are in communication contexts, and internal obstacles that are within communicators.

According to Aristotle, the following is NOT a persuasive "proof":

tanthos

Mnemonic Devices

techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information

Thesis Statement

tells the audience what it can expect

Rapid Thought

the average person is capable of understanding up to 600 words per minute. The average person talks 150 words per minute.

Organizational Culture

the general term for the understandings about an organization's identity and codes of thought and action that members of an organization share.

Self Esteem

the prevailing attitude one holds about one's self-concept

Ideal Self

the self a person wishes to be

When choosing the best listening style it is best to consider:

the situation The other person Yourself The communication climate

Visuals can help

the speaker to remember his/her speech the audience members to remember the information contained in the speech the speaker to stay organized

Prejudgement

the tendency to judge others or their ideas before we've heard them.

Ethnocentrism

the tendency to regard ourselves and our way of life as normal and superior to other people and other ways of life.

Social Exchange Theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Attribution Theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

The statement that communication is systemic means that

the various parts affect each other

Presenting Self

the way a person presents him or herself to fit into a situation or environment.

Why do people assume disruptive roles in group communication?

to cover up a lack of preparedness Because it gives them a false sense of power and control Because they don't know how to function in more productive roles should Because they don't take group communication seriously