eCore COMM 1101 Final Exam
Listeners are more likely to understand, follow, and remember a speech that is well planned and ordered.
True
Multiple cultures may exist within a single society or geographic region
True
The premise of cultivation theory is that the more one attends to television (heavy viewers) the more distorted perspective of reality they hold.
True
The self changes over time as we engage in new experiences.
True
The telegraph inaugurated the electronic era
True
The terminating stage of a relationship can be short or drawn out.
True
The values and views endorsed by a society at any given time are arbitrary and subject to change.
True
To have the most effective delivery, it's best if the speaker uses personal pronouns (referring to themselves as I rather than the speaker, for example).
True
Uses and gratification assumes that consumers of mass media are active agents who deliberately choose what pleases them
True
Uses and gratification assumes that consumers of mass media are active agents who deliberately choose what pleases them.
True
We are influenced by what is most obvious.
True
We cling to first impressions.
True
We follow communication rules even when we are not consciously aware of them
True
We tend to assume others are like us.
True
Which of the following was not identified as a factor of cohesiveness in group communication?
Type of Group
Chronemics refers to:
how we perceive and use time to define identites and interaction.
Stages of Relationship Development
identified ten stages of relationship development that result in relationships naturally "coming together" and naturally "coming apart." Notice that the "coming together" phase is driven by self-disclosure, and the "coming apart" phase is marked by waning communication.
Listening
involves being mindful, selecting and organizing information, interpreting communica- tion, responding, physically receiving messages, and remembering
win-win problem solving
involves compromise that results in both parties getting some of what they want
Ethics
is a branch of philosophy that focuses on moral principles and codes of conduct.
Perception checking
is a means to more meaningful interpretations of human behavior.
Why should group members assume maintenance roles in group communication?
to minimize conflict in group communication To keep the group in tact as it pursues its goals
Purposed of Speech
to perform, to persuade, and to entertain
The theory that asserts that people find uncertainty uncomfortable and so are motivated to use communication to reduce uncertainty is know as:
uncertainty reducation
Accommodation Theory
we adjust our speech to accommodate others, commonly convergence occurs
Message Complexity
which exists when a message we are trying to understand is highly complex, is packed with detailed information, or involves intricate reasoning
Netiquette
"Network etiquette." The unofficial rules of accepted, proper online social conduct
Physical Constructs
(attractive-not attractive) People are classified according to their appearance (e.g., beautiful, skinny, tall, etc.).
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Psychological Constructs
(secure-not secure) People are classified according to their mental abilities (intelligent, average, etc.).
By 2050, demographers expect that one out of every ______ Americans will be black, Hispanic, or Asian American.
2
The study of communication is more than ____ years old.
2500
The number of main points recommended to include in a speech is:
3 to 5
Between _____ and ______of the meaning of our total message is communicated through nonverbal communication.
70 and 90 %
A database is:
A collection of information organized to provide efficient retrieval
What is a task goal?
A goal related to the mission of the group
Channel
A medium though which a message is sent to a mass audience
Gatekeeper
A person, group, or institution that controls the choice and presentation of topics by media.
Stereotypes
A predictive generalization about people or situations
PowerPoint is:
A software package designed for presentations
Cognitive Theory
A theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time. According to this theory, our thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
Trait Theory
A theory of personality that focuses on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions
Which of the following is not a perceptual construct?
Age
Of all the cadets who withdrew from the Citadel in 1995, the media selected Shannon Faulkner and called her to the public's attention. This is an example of which of the following?
Agenda Setting
Mass communication uses gatekeepers to determine what consumers come to know, believe, and understand are issues they should deem as worthy of serious attention. This view of how mass communication operates represents:
Agenda Setting Theory
Mass Communication
All media that address mass audiences.
Social Constructivist Theory
An approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and that knowledge is mutually built and constructed. Vygotsky's theory reflects this approach.
Anxiety
An emotional state of high energy, with the stress response as the body's reaction to it.
Sense of Self
An individual's unique sense of identity that has been influenced by social, cultural, and psychological experiences; your sense of who you are in relation to other people.
Communication anxiety can be the result of all of the following
An innate personality type A poor self-concept Low self-esteem A lack of experience
Organization
An introduction that informs your audience what you intend to discuss A body of material that tells them what you have to say A conclusion that reminds your audience what you just told them
Noise
Any interference that causes the message you send to be different from the message your audience understands
Ethical Relativism says that when attempting to make a sound ethical decision, we should always do what we have been taught no matter how it impacts someone else.
False
Groupthink is the process by which all group members independently arrive at the same conclusion creating a group consensus.
False
Healthy relationships go through all ten stages of development.
False
If a speaker is not sure whether he/she wants to inform or persuade the audience members during a presentation, he/she should just combine the two approaches.
False
If at all possible, a speaker should choose a speech topic that is new to him/her.
False
Individuals often produce better results when making decisions alone rather than as a group member.
False
Line communication is always vertical communication up and down the hierarchy of an organization
False
Mind reading is useful for good friends who wnat to communicate sincerely.
False
Most of our relationships are personal not social.
False
One of the advantages of public speaking is it doesn't require as much preparation as face-to-face conversations.
False
One of the most important considerations when attempting to make a sound ethical decision is to determine societal views/norms.
False
One's listening ability is primarily determined by his/her I.Q
False
Our perceptions of a person, object or event depends more upon the person, object or event than it depends upon the mind of the observer.
False
People who think highly of themselves are likely to think highly of others.
False
Self-serving bias is the subjective process of creating explanations for what we observe and experience.
False
Small talk typically occurs during the initiating stage of an interpersonal relationship.
False
In which stage of interpersonal relationship development do the parties begin to take on an identity as a social unit?
Integrating
We tend to notice stimuli in our environment that are:
Intense, Unique, Changing and Constrasting
Two things that distinguish facilitative emotions from debilitative emotions are
Intensity and duration
Stuart has just started preparing a speech for his communication class. He has selected a topic and is thinking about the kind of arguments and evidence he might use in his speech. Stuart is focusing on which canon of public speaking?
Invention
Why is conflict essential in communication?
It draws attention to the unsatisfied needs of the people involved in the communication
Clear organization is important because:
It enhances the speaker's credibility (speaker appears more knowledgeable, organized, prepared, etc.) It increases audience retention (the amount of information that the audience remembers)
What is Role Emergence Theory?
It refers to the roles group members are likely to assume as they work in groups
The following verbal and vocal elements affect a speaker's credibility:
Jargon Paralanguage Slang Accent Grammar Fillers Articulation
Which of the following were identified as the task goals of group communication?
Learning Problem-solving Self-help Social
Aristotle's Persuasive Appeals
Logos, Ethos, and Pathos
Television's tendency to stabilize and homogenize views within a society in order to create a single allegedly mainstream view is known as __________.
Mainstreaming
Which of the following types of conflict result from the group members' competition with each other for perceived limited resources?
Material Conflict
The term used to describe non-listening which involves the appearance of listening and attentiveness is:
Pseudolistening
Hidden communicators tend to
Rarely disclose, but often seek feedback.
The following can be done by you to face your communication anxieties:
Realize that some anxiety is normal. Flood your self with the experience that is causing the anxiety. Take care of your self physically. Prepare for risks.
Which roles in group communication contribute most to the group's raison d'etre?
Task Roles
An attractive, conservative physical appearance can enhance our credibility.
True
Aristotle pointed out that an effective strategic approach to persuading someone to do something is to appeal to his/her emotions.
True
Body language is crucial in determining our initial credibility with people.
True
Communicating with other people promotes personal health.
True
Communication anxiety can be learned
True
Communication anxiety is a normal part of any high-risk communicative experience for most people.
True
Credibility refers to how trustworthy, intelligent, knowledgeable, and/or skilled the listener(s)/receiver(s) perceives the speaker (sender) to be.
True
Determining audience members' psychographics is an important step in deciding on a suitable speech topic.
True
Effective interpersonal communication can narrow perceptual differences.
True
Effective listening involves responding, which is expressing interest, asking questions and otherwise showing that we are attentive.
True
Ethos is proof based on logic and reasoning.
True
Experience is one way to start the process of overcoming communication anxiety
True
For a group to exist, the people must interact and be interdependent, have a common goal, and share some rules of conduct.
True
Group Hate Theory suggests that people hate working in groups because of previous experiences with untrained groups.
True
Group communication should be a conscious effort.
True
If a speaker were attempting to prove that a lack of education makes someone more prone to crime, the cause/effect organizational pattern would probably work best.
True
If social climbing does not increase the status of those doing it, they often become marginal participants.
True
In formal presentations and casual conversations, we signal interest by holding eye contact and assuming an attentive posture.
True
It's hardest to empathize with people who are radically different from us.
True
Language consists of symbols.
True
Conflict within a group is unnatural and is always counterproductive.
False
Effective communication principles are the same across all cultures.
False
Facilitative emotions
Contribute to effective communication
Norming
At this stage of development the members discuss or determine the norms of their group communication. Norms are standards of interaction. While some norms are defined for groups, all groups must go through the process of clarifying the norms of interaction and identifying additional norms, if necessary.
Sexism
Attitudes or behavior based on traditional stereotypes of sexual roles.
Perceiving and understanding are skills to be developed. One way to enhance our skills in perceiving people and situations in ways that facilitate effective communication is:
Avoid mind reading Check perceptions with others Distinguish facts from inferences Monitor the self-serving bias
Culture
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
According to Knapp's model of relationship development, public gestures that show the world that a relationship exists occur in which stage in interpersonal relationships?
Bonding
Persuasive Organizational Patterns
Cause-Effect/Effect-Cause Problem-Solution Monroe's Motivated Sequence Comparative Advantages
The larger this pattern is, the more likely message content will be lost in transmission.
Chain Diagram
Large Group Communication Patterns
Chain or Line Communication Vertical or Horizontal
Demographic Factors
Characteristics such as age, marital status, gender, ethnicity, and occupation that help to describe or classify a person as a member of a group.
Mostly found in small group communication, this pattern has no designated leader.
Circle Diagram
Being able to understand more than one group's ways of using language such as what is practiced by many Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, lesbians, gay men, and members of other groups that are simultaneously part of a dominant and a minority culture is known as
Code Switching
Synergy is closest in meaning to which of the following terms?
Cohesiveness
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is important to the study of interpersonal communication because _________________.
Communication can help us satisfy each of the needs.
Social Comparison
Comparing ourselves with others to form judgments of our talents, abilities, qualities, and so forth.
A method of support in which the speaker shows how one idea is similar to another:
Comparison
NONE of the following are true about conflict
Conflict is natural All relationships experience conflict Conflict can be beneficial Conflict draws our attention to the need for change in our relationships
Rachel is surprised when her friend Sarah consistently interrupts her while she is speaking. Rachel believes her friend should not continually disrupt her. Rachel's perception of her friend's behavior is based on a:
Constitutive Rule
Heavy television viewers are more likely to have beliefs that reflect the worldview portrayed by television, which is not equivalent to reality. In television entertainment programming, 77% of major characters that commit crimes perpetrate acts of violence, compared to roughly 10% of actually reported crimes. This is an example of __________.
Cultivation Theory
Heavy television viewers are more likely to have beliefs that reflect the worldview portrayed by television, which is not equivalent to reality. In television entertainment programming, 77% of major characters that commit crimes perpetrate acts of violence, compared to roughly 10% of actually reported crimes. This is an example of:
Cultivation Theory
Our perceptions are sometimes distorted because of:
Defending our own positions Physiological and psychological noise Ignoring the fact that people are different. Personal needs and biases
Diversity
Differences in characteristics of people; can involve personality, work style, race, age, ethnicity, gender, religion, education, functional level at work, etc.
What are the characteristics of the blind communicator?
Discloses excessively, without regard for feedback
Ageism
Discrimination or prejudice based on a person's age.
All of the following are characteristics of conflict:
Expressed struggle Incompatible goals Interdependence Scarce Resources
This is the most recommended style of delivery for a speech over five minutes in length. A speaker who uses this style will carefully prepare, rehearse and finally present his/her information with a brief set of notes.
Extemporaneous
The following is a good resource for gathering ideas and information for a presentation
Face-to-face interviews Television programs Professional organizations
A group is characterized by different and complementary resources of members and by a strong sense of collective identity.
False
As long as someone has created a web page, they are considered a credible source to include in a speech.
False
Becoming media literate takes little work.
False
Task goals are more important than maintenance goals in group communication.
False
The number of main points included in a presentation is not important as long as the speaker can get all of the information in during the allotted time period.
False
The number of women and minorities are expected to decrease in the work force in the future
False
The self-concept is resistant to change.
False
Tolearance is a response in which we accept and approve differences between us and other social groups
False
We are born with a self-concept.
False
At which stage of the group development process do members engage in small talk?
Forming
At which stage of the group development process should the group's purpose be clarified?
Forming
Stages of Group Development
Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing
What sequence of stages do groups move through in their development
Forming, storming, norming and performing
The examination of consistent patterns in the ways stories are presented by journalists, broadcasters, and so forth is known as
Frame Analysis
Movement of a speaker's hands, arms, fingers, legs and/or feet to express thought.
Gestures
Though public speaking is enlarged conversation, there are two distinct differences that separate it from other forms of communication. These differences include:
Greater responsibility to plan and prepare Less Interaction
Select behaviors characteristic of group members striving to achieve specific goals within group communication are referred to in this lesson as
Group Roles
Solomon Asch's research dealt with
GroupThink
How are the types of group communication defined?
Groups are defined by purpose Groups are defined by the number of people in them
Co-cultures
Groups of people living within a dominant culture but exhibiting communication that is sufficiently different to distinguish them form the dominant culture
The tendency of group members to conform and agree with each other to avoid conflict is referred to as:
Groupthink
John Dewey's Reflective Thinking Method
Identify the problem Analyze the problem Identify the criteria for selecting a solution to the problem Generate solutions Evaluate the solutions Enact the best solution
Steps in win-win problem solving:
Identify the problem. Describe the problem to the other party. Ask the other party to describe his or her understanding of the problem as you stated it. Ask the other party to describe the problem from his or her perspective. Describe as best you can what you perceive as the other person's understanding of the problem. Discuss possible solutions to the problem. Identify solutions that solve the problem as it was generally described by both of you. Compromise on solutions.
When a TV show or film incorporates the product into the storyline they are engaging in
Immersive advertising
Forming
In this first stage in the life of a group, members engage in small talk to get acquainted and clarify purpose.
Intensifying
In this stage an interpersonal relationship begins to develop as both parties begin to express feelings of interest or attraction for each other.
Experimenting
In this stage both parties express interest in knowing each other better by experimenting with small talk.
Stagnating
In this stage no growth occurs as the parties express fewer and fewer emotions.
Avoiding
In this stage stagnation becomes uncomfortable, so the parties begin to avoid each other.
Circumscribing
In this stage the communication between the parties decreases in quantity and quality, causing the relationship to reach a plateau of development.
Terminating
In this stage the parties choose to dissociate
Bonding
In this stage the parties demonstrate their commitment to each other with symbolic gestures of bonding, which may include, but are not limited to, marriage.
Integrating
In this stage the parties give up parts of themselves to become different people. They begin to take on an identity as a social unit. Their interactions reflect their knowledge of each other as well as their obligation to each other.
Differentiating
In this stage the parties need to reestablish their individual identities.
Perception checking prevents:
Inaccurate decoding of messages
Preoccupation
One of the most common hinderances to listening. When we are absorbed in our thoughts and concerns, we can't focus on what someone else is saying.
Which type of communicator is most effective in facilitating communication?
Open Communicators
Which of the following terms are used to describe the self-concept?
Open and closed Negotiable and nonnegotiable
The group member who encourages other group members to share their personal attitudes about information exchanged in the group and other group activities, is functioning in the role of
Opinion Seeker
Every organization (like every family) has ways of thinking, acting, and viewing work that are shared by members of the organization and reflect the organization's distinct identity. This is referred to as
Organizational Culture
Groups within the work force, college classes, athletic teams, and/or various types of volunteers that belong to a group tend to acquire a certain way of doing things. This is referred to as:
Organizational Culture
Aristotle said that above all of the available means to persuasion, perhaps _________________ is the most potent.
Pathos
Group Membership Constructs
People are classified according to the groups they belong (Asian American, Republican, retiree, baseball team member, etc.)
Interaction Constructs
People are classified according to their social behavior (friendly, shy, etc.).
Role Constructs
People are classified according to their social position (mother, student, friend, etc.).
self fulfilling prophecy
People have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true
At which stage of group development is cohesiveness most evident?
Performing
Cohesiveness is characteristic of which stage of a group's development?
Performing
Social Exchange Theory suggests that we often seek out people who can give us:
Rewards greater than or equal to the costs we incur in dealing with them
The stages in the perception process are:
Selection, organization and interpretation
The following can be obstacles to effective listening:
Semantic Noise Physiological Noise Psychological Noise
We tend not to express our emotions effectively because
Social roles The inability to recognize emotions Fear of self-disclosure
Components of Communication
Source, Encoding, Message, Channel, Receiver, Decoding, Feedback, Noise
If someone wanted to give an overview of a city in which their audience members were planning to visit, the best organizational approach would be:
Spatial
This pattern suggests that members strive to communicate equally with each other.
Star Diagram
Small Group Communication Patterns
Star, Circle, and Wheel
Which stage of group development is characterized by conflict?
Storming
The following is an ethical standard, which may help communicators decide how to behave in a principled manner:
The Professional Ethics Standard Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative The Utilitarian Rule The 60 Minutes Test
All of the following statements are true about the dominator:
The dominator sometimes contributes too much to discussions The dominator sometimes contributes too often in group discussions The dominator dominates discussions because other group members don't contribute as they should Dominators do not realize that their contributions sometimes inhibit the positive contributions of others
Mainstreaming
The effect of television in stabilizing and homogenizing views within a society; one of two processes used to explain television's cultivation of synthetic world views.
Maintenance Roles
The facilitator helps other group members share ideas and participate. The harmonizer helps group members avoid dissension. The leader functions in a variety of roles, demonstrating communication competence in his or her choice of roles
Outline
The following is a speech outline that should ultimately be developed. Introduction Attention Step Thesis Statement Preview of Main Points Body Three to five main points with transition statements between each Conclusion Review of Main Points Memorable Ending
How was the leader defined in this lesson?
The group member who functions in a variety of roles, demonstrating communication competence in his or her choice of roles
Reflected Appraisal
The image and estimate of ourselves that others communicate to us
Task Roles:
The initiator gets the group started by motivating individuals to work. The information giver shares information the group may find useful. The information seeker asks for information to fulfill the group's goals. The opinion seeker encourages group members to share their personal opinions about group activities. The summarizer evaluates the group's progress toward meeting group goals. The diagnostician identifies problems related to the task and process in the group's communication. The coordinator organizes and arranges ideas and group efforts to boost the group's productivity. The secretary keeps a record of the group's activities. The spokesperson orally communicates the group's ideas to others.
Disruptive Roles
The isolationist excludes him/herself from the group by failing to exchange ideas. The dominator contributes too much or too often to discussions. The detractor criticizes and gripes. The digresser takes the group on wild goose chases. The airhead participates in group activities without preparation. The socializer builds personal relationships and pursues personal interests without regard for the task needs of the group. The recognition seeker attracts attention by boasting about past experiences. The jokester uses inappropriate humor to attract attention.
What is perception?
The process we use to select, organize and interpret data in our environment
Which of the following are physiological factors, which shape perception
The senses
Cultivation Theory
The theory that media promote an inaccurate world view that viewers assume reflects real life.
Win-win problem solving is seldom used because
There is a lack of awareness of it Emotional reflexes prevent constructive solutions It requires both people's cooperation
These statements can be made about perceptual schema:
They encourage students to think about and understand their perceptions. They are cognitive frameworks that facilitate the categorization of data we learn about others. They include five constructs, which represent the primary ways we perceive others.
Initiating
This brief stage is the stage of introduction, characterized by handshakes and phatic communication. Phatic communication is communication that opens channels of communication. "Hello" and "How are you?" are examples. Bonding - In this stage the parties demonstrate their commitment to each other with symbolic gestures of bonding, which may include, but are not limited to, marriage.
Storming
This second stage in the life of a group is characterized by conflict. Conflict emerges because of differences in member personalities, goals, and interpretations of tasks.
Informative Organizational Patterns
Topical, Spatial, and Chronological
In a multicultural society, the philosophy that adheres to the belief system that there should be respect for uniqueness and tolerance for difference is referred to as cultural pluralism or the _______________ philosophy.
Tossed Salad
Which of the following is NOT a part of the motivated sequence pattern used to organize a persuasive speech?
Transition Step
One challenge in managing personal relationships on the job includes the difficult task that a supervisor often faces of having to give the subordinate-friend negative feedback when negative feedback is essential to effective performance on the job.
True
One important benchmark of an established friendship is the assumption of continuity.
True
One strategy that has been shown to be effective when trying to persuade someone to change is to appeal to his/her needs.
True
Part of having media literacy means being skeptical of what is presented
True
Part of having media literacy means being skeptical of what is presented.
True
People who communicate well have an advantage in their personal, social, and professional life
True
Resistance is a response to social diversity that devalues other cultures
True
Sensory data can be different to different people.
True
All of the following are causes of inaccurate perception
We cling to first impressions. We're influenced by what is most obvious. We assume others are similar to us. We judge ourselves more charitably than others.
Ethics should be based on:
Well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what human beings ought to do, usually in terms of rights
What is the most effective of all small group communication patterns with a central leader.
Wheel Diagram
Which of the following is a good reason to cite a source during a presentation?
When attempting to appear more knowledgeable about the topic and credible as a speaker When citing statistics When citing controversial information When conveying someone else's ideas or information either verbatim or by paraphrasing
Performing
When groups overcome the obstacles to group communication, they develop the cohesiveness necessary for effective group communication. Some groups never reach this stage.
Part of learning how to manage our anxiety and fear includes improving our self-concept. All of the following will aid us in this process:
Work to improve ourselves Eliminate negative self-talk Approach others with a positive outlook Set our own standards
What is synergy in group communication?
Working in concert with other group members to produce something greater than any member(s) of the group could have produced alone
Associated with large group communication, this pattern allows for the quick problem solving.
Y Diagram
Visualization Techniques
a mental practice focuses attention on a mental object such as an imagined image
Transactional Model
a model should include the feature of time and should depict communication as varying, not constant.
Hearing
a physiological activity that occurs when sound waves hit function- ing eardrums.
The following are the most common elements that affect the communication process
accents body language noverbal communication
Visual Aids
add clarity and interest and can act as proof for a major point
Ethical Standards or Principles
allowing others to make informed and willing choices respect for differences between people
Pseudo listening
an imitation of listening, accompanied by the nonverbal cues that would normally enhance the meaning of the message.
Chronological Pattern
arranges material according to a sequence in time.
Why do some people hate group work?
because they have not been trained to communicate effectively in groups because equal participation among group members is unlikely
A good introduction does which of the following
captures the listeners' attention, motivates the audience to listen, provides the thesis statement, and enhances the speaker's credibility
Identity Management Strategies
communication strategies used by people who want to manage other people's impressions of them. It involves the manipulation of manner, appearance, and setting.
Open Communicators
consistently discloses and regularly seeks feedback from others.
Environmental Distractions
constitute a fourth impediment to effective listening. These are occurrences in the communication set- ting that interfere with effective listening.
Given any typical day, how often does a person communicate?
continually throughout the day
Synergy
created when each group member works in concert to produce a product that none could have produced alone is an important component of group communication because the success of group communication depends on the ability of each group member to work in ways that complements and enhances the work of other group members
To become a more responsible and thoughtful consumer of mass communication we should
develop media literacy be aware of the patterns mass media employ recognize that mass communication is one of many influences on individuals and society
Communication Climate
develops automatically in relationships and reflecting the feelings of the participants
Blind communicators
discloses excessively, but rarely seeks feedback from others.
Open Self Concepts
discover themselves and their potential through their interactions with others. they continue to expose themselves to new experiences, even after developing a sense of who they are. An open self-concept is constantly evolving.
Topical Pattern
divides the subject into three to five key areas and offers a running theme throughout.
Group work can only live up to its potential as long as:
each member learns to manage their strengths and weaknesses and the strengths and weaknesses of others
Society as Melting Pot
encouraged newcomers to melt into the mainstream by surrendering any ways that made them different from native-born citizens
The Johari Window
encourages us to think about what we know about ourselves because of our habits of self-disclosure. helps in understanding those characteristics that you know about yourself personally as well as those that others know about you. It also helps you acknowledge the personal characteristics you know and hide from others, the personal characteristics that others know but you don't know, and the personal characteristics that you and others have not discovered.
In speeches to entertain the primary objective is to:
engage interest amuse
Evidence (supporting material) is used in a presentation to
enhance the speaker's credibility. enhance interest and emotional response to ideas. make ideas clearer, more compelling, and more dramatic
Incomprehensibility
exists when a message is not clearly understandable because of language or transmission problems.
Identity Needs
formed by communication, people tend to believe what they are told, people form identities by comparing themselves to others
Group Communication
goal-oriented communication with a group size of from three to twelve people. Large group communication involves more than twelve people Goal Oriented
Closed Self Concept
is a self-concept that is nonnegotiable. People with closed self-concepts, after developing a sense of self, consistently make choices and establish relationships that reinforce their existing image of themselves.
Perceived Self
is our perception of how others view us
Self Concept
is the stable set of perceptions each of us holds about ourselves
Self Disclosure
is the willingness to share information, attitudes, and feelings that give others insight into who you really are
Shannon-Weaver Model
model that shows a message being sent from a sender to a decoder / includes noise, medium, etc.
Message Overload
occurs when we receive more messages than we can effectively process. For good reason, our era has been dubbed "the information age."
The process nature of communication means
our interactions with others are ongoing and dynamic
Closed communicators
rarely disclose and rarely seek feedback from others.
Hidden Communicators
rarely disclose, but consistently seek feedback from others.
Cultural Relativism
recognizes that cultures vary in how they think and behave as well as in what they believe and value
Howie is not sure how smart he is until his teacher tells him she thinks he is very smart. He then tells his parents "I am a bright boy." The process by which Howie developed his view of his intelligence is:
reflected appraisal
Spatial Pattern
relies on space, direction, or locale for an organizing principle
Perceptual Schema
s a cognitive framework that facilitates the categorization of data we receive about others and reduces uncertainty about people we meet, making it easier to get to know them.
Perception Process
s a three-step process designed to help you become more aware of things and people in the environment around you. Selection Organization Interpretation
Obstacles to Effective Listening
situational obstacles that are in communication contexts, and internal obstacles that are within communicators.
According to Aristotle, the following is NOT a persuasive "proof":
tanthos
Mnemonic Devices
techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information
Thesis Statement
tells the audience what it can expect
Rapid Thought
the average person is capable of understanding up to 600 words per minute. The average person talks 150 words per minute.
Organizational Culture
the general term for the understandings about an organization's identity and codes of thought and action that members of an organization share.
Self Esteem
the prevailing attitude one holds about one's self-concept
Ideal Self
the self a person wishes to be
When choosing the best listening style it is best to consider:
the situation The other person Yourself The communication climate
Visuals can help
the speaker to remember his/her speech the audience members to remember the information contained in the speech the speaker to stay organized
Prejudgement
the tendency to judge others or their ideas before we've heard them.
Ethnocentrism
the tendency to regard ourselves and our way of life as normal and superior to other people and other ways of life.
Social Exchange Theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
Attribution Theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
The statement that communication is systemic means that
the various parts affect each other
Presenting Self
the way a person presents him or herself to fit into a situation or environment.
Why do people assume disruptive roles in group communication?
to cover up a lack of preparedness Because it gives them a false sense of power and control Because they don't know how to function in more productive roles should Because they don't take group communication seriously