EPS 340 - Educational Psychology

(T1) Which one of the following is essential for the development of sense of self, social skills, and moral reasoning (i.e., for all three)? A. Social interaction B. Moral dilemmas C. Postconventional reasoning D. Withdrawal of love for inappropriate behavior

A. Social interaction

(5) Which one of the following statements most accurately reflects the concept of distributed intelligence? A. Students can behave more intelligently when they can use outside resources as well as their minds. B. How intelligent students are is, to some extent, a function of class size; students achieve at lower levels when they are in larger classes. C. Students almost invariably perform at higher levels in some academic subject areas than they do in others. D. How intelligent children become is, to some extent, a function of the number of siblings they have; children from larger families tend to have slightly lower IQ scores.

A. Students can behave more intelligently when they can use outside resources as well as their minds.

(T1) Three of the following are differences that teachers may find among children from some cultural backgrounds. Which behavior is probably not the result of a student's cultural background? a. Some students may look down at their feet as a way of showing respect for authority figures. b. Some students may feel that teachers' personal questions are intrusive and perhaps have been specifically taught not to answer certain kinds of questions. c. Some students may be accustomed to "talking back" to authority figures when they disagree. d. Some students may have trouble being punctual for appointments and after-school activities.

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(3) Which one of the following best illustrates self-efficacy? A) Anne is pretty sure she can win a spot on the school's dance squad if she practices her routine every day until the tryouts B) Brandi thinks of herself as being more intelligent than most of her classmates C) Conner has little faith in his academic abilities, and so he does whatever he can to avoid doing assigned classroom tasks D) Darvin is convinces that no one likes him, even though most people do

A) Anne is pretty sure she can win a spot on the school's dance squad if she practices her routine every day until the tryouts

(2) Louis receives a new soccer ball and begins to dribble it in the same way he dribbles his basketball. His dribbling of the new ball reflects Piaget's concept of: A) assimilation B) equilibrium C) accommodation D) concrete operations

A) Assimilation

(2) Which one of the following best describes how neurons transmit messages to one another?(a) By sending chemical substances across a tiny gap between them(b) By attaching themselves to the same terminal buttons(c) By stimulating the flow of blood in nearby blood vessels(d) By fusing the axon of one with a dendrite of another

A) By sending chemical substances across a tiny gap between them

(2) Which one of the following statements reflects what developmentalists mean by the term maturation?A. Developmental changes that are controlled largely by heredity B. Changes related specifically to children's emotional development C. Changes related specifically to children's physical development D. Changes that reflect increasingly appropriate social behavior

A) Developmental changes that are controlled largely by heredity

(3) Which one of the following is most typical of the moral development of high school students? A) Empathy for the victims of a widespread famine or epidemic B) Tendency to disregard rules if no authority figure is present C) Reluctance to share possessions with others D) Shame, but not guilt, about harm that one has unintentionally caused another

A) Empathy for the victims of a widespread famine or epidemic

(3) Authoritative parents can best be characterized as having which type of relationship with their children? A) High expectations, loving support, and shared decision making B) Few expectations, loving support, and considerable freedom for children to make their own decisions C) Little emotional support or interest in their children's needs D) High expectations, strict rules, and little give-and-take in decision making

A) High expectations, loving support, and shared decision making

(1) Which one of the following is the best example of qualitative research? A)Interviewing middle school students about cliques at their school B)Looking at school attendance records to identify potential school dropouts C)Comparing average achievement test scores for students at three different schools D) Finding out how long it takes 6‐year‐olds to assemble challenging picture puzzles

A) Interviewing middle school students about cliques at their school

(3) Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression? A) Judy and Martha stop speaking to their friend Claudia when she starts dating a boy they don't like B) Rich accidentally drops his books on Marcie's foot C) When the school bully pushes Nolan to the ground, his friend Jay - normally a well-behaved student - gives the bully a black eye D) Emilia screams at her boyfriend when he cancels their date so that he can go drink beer with his buddies

A) Judy and Martha stop speaking to their friend Claudia when she starts dating a boy they don't like

(2) Four-year-old Marc has two best friends--one from his preschool and one from his neighborhood. The two best friends​ don't know each​ other, but both have some influence on how Marc develops. According to bioecological systems​ theory, these two friends are part of​ Marc's: A) Microsystem B) macrosystem C) exosystem D) mesosystem

A) Microsystem

(3) An authoritarian parenting style is seen in which of the following examples involving junior high school students? A) Molly's parents are very strict, letting her know their high expectations and imposing strong penalties for failing or breaking their rules B) Fern's parents allow her greater-than-average leeway in terms of bedtime, curfews, and choice of friends C) Henry's parents have high expectations for him but often ask him for his opinion when they set guidelines for acceptable behavior D) Kelly's parents are very involved in their own lives and do not provide Kelly with much warmth or emotional support

A) Molly's parents are very strict, letting her know their high expectations and imposing strong penalties for failing or breaking their rules

(3) If we consider Erikson's theory of personal development, which one of the following issues would we expect secondary students to be most concerned about? A) Trying to decide who they really are and the role they will play in adult society B) Wanting to form a close and intimate relationship with another human being C) Needing to gain the recognition of parents and teachers through their academic activities and achievements D) Finding a way to wiggle out of doing difficult tasks

A) Trying to decide who they really are and the role they will play in adult society

(3) Teachers and parents can most help students develop positive self-perceptions by: A) holding high yet achievable expectations for their performance B) holding expectations for performance that they can achieve with little or no effort C) encouraging them to think more positively about themselves D) talking about the advantages of having high self-esteem

A) holding high yet achievable expectations for their performance

(7) In which one of the following situations are we most likely to find transfer from one learning task to the other? A. Alice learns how to add two-digit numbers and then studies how to add three-digit numbers. B. Brianne learns how to plant corn and then learns how to prune a hedge. C. Cathy learns early British history and then learns early Japanese history. D. Devlin learns how to play softball and then learns how to play a card game.

A. Alice learns how to add two-digit numbers and then studies how to add three-digit numbers.

(5) The textbook recommends three of the following strategies for adapting instruction for students who are gifted. Which one does it not recommend? A. Ask students to be patient while their classmates master instructional objectives. B. Form study groups of students who have similar strengths. C. Encourage students to aim high in their aspirations. D. Find outside resources through which students can pursue specialized interests.

A. Ask students to be patient while their classmates master instructional objectives.

(T1) The most effective instruction would seem to be that which is tailored to best match each student's current knowledge, skills, and needs. Such instruction is referred to as ________ instruction in your textbook. A. Differentiated B. Streamlined C. Tailored D. Specialized

A. Differentiated

(T1) Three of the following are definitely examples of scaffolding. Identify the situation in which no scaffolding is described. A. Ms. Andrews likes to challenge her students by giving them group research projects. She puts her students in groups of three or four students each, and she gives each student a topic to research. She sends the groups to the school library to find out as much as they can about their topic, and then has each group give a report to the entire class. B.

A. Ms. Andrews likes to challenge her students by giving them group research projects. She puts her students in groups of three or four students each, and she gives each student a topic to research. She sends the groups to the school library to find out as much as they can about their topic, and then has each group give a report to the entire class.

(7) Three of the following teachers should help their students solve problems more effectively? Which teacher probably will not? A. Ms. Azari teaches students abstract principles of logic (e.g., "If all As are Bs and all Bs are Cs, then..."). B. Ms. Bennington has students work on difficult problems in small, cooperative groups C. When students struggle with arithmetic word problems, Mr. Costas gives them subtle hints about how to proceed D. Mr. Driver presents many ill-defined problems in biology and asks students to make each one more specific and clear-cut

A. Ms. Azari teaches students abstract principles of logic (e.g., "If all As are Bs and all Bs are Cs, then...").

(6) Each of the teachers below has students with misconceptions about the material they are studying. Three of the teachers are using strategies that should help their students correct these misconceptions. Which teacher is NOT using an effective strategy for changing misconceptions? A. Ms. Caro reminds her students that she will be testing them on the material they are studying.EFFECTIVE: Ms. Andersen gives B. Ms. Andersen gives corrective feedback when students make statements that reflect misconceptions C. Mr. Bissette presents a situation that students cannot adequately explain using their current beliefs about the topic D. Mr. Darren shows students how the true explanation of something is different from, and more plausible than, their existing beliefs.

A. Ms. Caro reminds her students that she will be testing them on the material they are studying.EFFECTIVE: Ms. Andersen gives

(T1) Mr. Jones, a physical education teacher, notices that some of his students are better basketball players than others. He wonders if having a basketball net at home fosters the development of basketball skills. He gives his students a short survey that asks them if they have a basketball net at home. Sure enough, Mr. Jones finds that the better basketball players are more likely to have a net at home. He concludes that having a basketball net at home facilitates the development of basketball kills. Is his conclusion appropriate? A. No, because he didn't conduct an experimental study B. No, because his study wasn't conducted in a scientific laboratory C. Yes, provided that his students responded truthfully to the survey D. Yes, because he used random assignment

A. No, because he didn't conduct an experimental study

(T1) Which one of the following scenarios illustrates response to intervention (RTI) as a diagnostic tool for students who may have disabilities? A. Rachel hasn't acquired even the most basic reading skills despite spending several weeks in small-group reading instruction that researchers have found to be effective for 98% of children her age B. Over a period of several days, Stephen is given a battery of tests in which he is asked to complete various tasks that make use of different sensory modalities - vision, hearing, touch, and so on C. One afternoon, Rudy meets with the school psychologist, who tries to determine how much instruction and scaffolding he needs to acquire new skills related to reading, writing, and math D. Jewel's parents are asked to keep detailed records of the kind of activities she engages in at home each day. Midway through this record-keeping process, a special education teacher giver her intensive instruction in visual perception skills

A. Rachel hasn't acquired even the most basic reading skills despite spending several weeks in small-group reading instruction that researchers have found to be effective for 98% of children her age

(T1) Which one of the following is a correct interpretation of a high school student's IQ score of 115? A. The student has performed better on an intelligence test than the majority of students of the same age. B. The score will remain constant for that student for a period of at least three to four years C. The student has acquired 84% of the average adult's intellectual capabilities D. The student is probably not "college material"

A. The student has performed better on an intelligence test than the majority of students of the same age.

(5) Three of the following are accurate statements about the limitations of intelligence tests. Which one is NOT an accurate statement? A. The tests focus more on the kinds of things females are likely to know and so are biased against males B. The tests focus on skills important in mainstream Western culture and ignore some skills more important in other cultures C. Different tests may yield somewhat different scores for any particular student D. The tests may underestimate the intelligence of students who have only limited knowledge of English

A. The tests focus more on the kinds of things females are likely to know and so are biased against males

(6) Three of the following are examples of mnemonics. Which one is not a mnemonic?A. To learn how to drive a car with a standard transmission, Bart practices the various parts of the task (e.g., steering, shifting, and braking) separately. B. To learn the letters identifying the spaces on the treble clef in written music (F A C E), Annabelle simply remembers the word face. C. To learn that the Spanish word pájaro means "bird," Corey pictures a bird wearing pajamas. D. To learn that the Spanish word navidad means "Christmas," Dorene thinks of the word "nativity."

A. To learn how to drive a car with a standard transmission, Bart practices the various parts of the task (e.g., steering, shifting, and braking) separately.

(T1) Three of the following teachers are using effective strategies to help students with special needs. Which one is not? A. When Chris has an emotional outburst, Ms. Wong does whatever she needs to do in order to pacify him. She is afraid that his behavior might get progressively worse if she does otherwise. B. Every time Karen insults another child (something that occurs several times a week), Mr. Connelly asks her to consider what her victim might be thinking and feeling, with a particular focus on the damage that her actions have caused the victim. C. Mrs. Parks spends time at the beginning of each year defining expectations for behavior in the classroom and outlining consequences of good and bad behavior. That way, when problems arise, she can specifically tell children which rule they are breaking and be consistent in administering consequences. D. When Mr. Dove sees students using good interpersonal skills to work together or resolve conflicts, he praises them and identifies the specific behaviors he is praising them for.

A. When Chris has an emotional outburst, Ms. Wong does whatever she needs to do in order to pacify him. She is afraid that his behavior might get progressively worse if she does otherwise.

(T1) Which example best illustrates the idea of least restrictive​ environment? A.​Sheila, who is visually​ impaired, attends a general education​ class, but has special copies of the textbooks written in Braille. B.​Rudy, who has emotional and behavioral​ problems, is allowed to choose whether or not he attends classes. C.​Jerry, who uses a​ wheelchair, is educated in a classroom with no desks or other furniture to constrain his movement around the room. D.​Kevin, who has a hearing​ impairment, receives education in a class where there are no​ grades, achievement​ requirements, or other limits on his freedom.

A.​Sheila, who is visually​ impaired, attends a general education​ class, but has special copies of the textbooks written in Braille.

(1) Which one of the following is the best example of action research? A)A graduate student quietly observes adolescentsʹ behaviors in the school cafeteria. He plans to describe his observations in his masterʹs thesis. B)A teacher gives her students a questionnaire that asks them to describe how often they study and what kinds of strategies they use when they study. She will use the results to develop several lessons on effective study skills. C)A college professor recruits sixth graders to come to his lab, where she assesses their responses and reaction times in a variety of challenging problem‐solving tasks. Her results will help her refine the theory of problem solving she has been developing. D)All of the school districts in a particular state are instructed to give the same mathematics achievement test to their high school juniors. The average test scores for each district will be presented in a report that will be released to the general public.

B) A teacher gives her students a questionnaire that asks them to describe how often they study and what kinds of strategies they use when they study. She will use the results to develop several lessons on effective study skills.

(2) Which one of the following children is definitely working in his or her zone of proximal development?a. Arnold uses correct grammar and punctuation when he writes short stories.b. Berta is beginning to learn basic woodworking techniques. She has trouble hammering a nail straight into a piece of wood unless her teacher stands beside her, helping her and reminding her of what to do. c. Calvin is playing the clarinet in the band. He finds that he can more easily keep the appropriate tempo if he taps the beat with his foot.d. Doreen finds it virtually impossible to solve mathematical word problems, even when her teacher gives her helpful hints

B) Berta is beginning to learn basic woodworking techniques. She has trouble hammering a nail straight into a piece of wood unless her teacher stands beside her, helping her and reminding her of what to do.

(2) Which one of the following statements best describes Piaget's view of how children acquire knowledge about the world? A) Children are naturally disposed to think about their environment in particular ways; in a sense, some basic knowledge about the world is "pre-wired" B) Children actively construct their own view of the world from their experiences with the environment C) Initially, children unconsciously develop a rather complex but confused view of the world; this view becomes simpler and more straightforward as time goes on D) Children repeatedly parrot their parents' and teachers' beliefs, eventually adopting these beliefs as their own knowledge

B) Children actively construct their own view of the world from their experiences with the environment

(2) Which one of the following teachers is definitely keeping in mind Piaget's idea that assimilation and accommodation are both necessary for learning and cognitive development to occur? A) Mr Ames presents brand new topics every day, expecting the continual novelty to keep students interested and motivated. B) Mr. Baretta shows students how a new topic is similar to the things they already know, but also different in certain ways. C) Ms. Chang makes sure that students have learned one topic very, very well before moving on to another topic D) Ms. Doherty uses a lot of drill-and-practice exercises, encouraging students work faster every time

B) Mr. Baretta shows students how a new topic is similar to the things they already know, but also different in certain ways.

(3) Peer relationships, like parent-child relationships, are essential to a child's development. Which one of the following is not one of the ways that peer relationships influence the developing child? A) Peers provide opportunities to develop and practice social skills B) Peers are the first individuals to whom a child becomes truly attached C) Peers can be a source of emotional support during difficult times D) Peers provide information about which behaviors are desirable and which are not

B) Peers are the first individuals to whom a child becomes truly attached

(1) Considering the research findings described in the textbook, only one of the following is a true statement. Which one is true? A)Repeating something over and over is usually the most effective way to learn it. B)Students often study differently for different kinds of classroom assessments C)Girls have a noticeable advantage over boys on verbal tasks. D)For optimal performance, students should never feel the least bit anxious in the classroom.

B) Students often study differently for different kinds of classroom assessments

(2) In the human brain, a great deal of synaptic pruning occurs in early childhood. This pruning appears to be: A) the unfortunate result of home and school environments that provide only limited stimulation B) an adaptive process that allows children to deal more efficiently with typical tasks in their environment C) due to an imbalance of important nutrients, and especially low levels of the B vitamins in many children's diets D) the result of the cortex's gradual takeover of responsibility for functions that have previously been controlled by other parts of the brain

B) an adaptive process that allows children to deal more efficiently with typical tasks in their environment

(3) At a Parent Teacher Association (PTA) meeting at your school, several parents complain about the moral decline of today's youth and argue that the school should be giving regular lectures about the importance of honesty, loyalty, generosity, and so on. If the teachers and school administrators are up to date on research regarding moral development, they should respond by saying that such lectures: A) Can be effective only if parents urge their children to take the lectures seriously B) would do little if anything to promote moral behavior C) are likely to be effective for junior high and high school students but not for elementary school students D) are likely to be effective for girls but not for boys

B) would do little if anything to promote moral behavior

(1) Which one of the following high school teachers clearly has high self‐efficacy about his or her teaching? A)Ms. Crosby insists that students complete their math homework using a particular format. B)Mr. Driver is confident that he can get even seemingly ʺunmotivatedʺ students excited about science. C)Mr. Abbot thinks that teaching is simply a matter of reading textbook passages aloud to his history class. D)Ms. Bouthot has a hypothesis about why some students in her English class rarely turn in their assignments

B)Mr. Driver is confident that he can get even seemingly ʺunmotivatedʺ students excited about science

(6) Tyler learns that Christopher Columbus's first voyage across the Atlantic was financed by Queen Isabella of Spain. He thinks to himself, "She probably thought she would make a profit on her investment." By considering the queen's motives, Tyler is demonstrating which one of the following processes? A. Rehearsal B. Elaboration C. Organization D. Reconstruction Error

B. Elaboration

(6) Susan hears her teacher say, "Seven times nine is sixty-three," and immediately repeats this math fact to herself three times. Five minutes later, Susan cannot respond correctly when her teacher asks, "What is seven times nine?" Based on this information, how far in Susan's memory system did the math fact probably get? A. It reached the sensory register B. It reached working memory C. It reached long-term memory D. It never got into the memory system at all

B. It reached working memory

(T1) Which behavior is most likely to indicate that an adolescent has an emotional or behavioral disorder? A. Betty's mind is often on her boyfriend rather than on classroom discussions B. Jeff is usually somber and uncommunicative; the only time he speaks to other students is to insult them C. Eliza sometimes forgets to do her homework assignments, even though she really likes her teacher and wants to please him D. Harrison is often more interested in talking with his friends than in paying attention to his teacher

B. Jeff is usually somber and uncommunicative; the only time he speaks to other students is to insult them

(5) Which one of the following students is exhibiting an externalizing behavior? A. Roberto, who has been overindulging in alcohol and making frequent comments about killing himself B. Peter, who has been stealing small items from his classmates' desks and publicly accusing others of taking them C. Tanya, who weighs 93 pounds but has stopped eating lunch and has cut back on other meals because she thinks she's too fat D. Natasha, who has been unable to sleep through the night for months because she cannot stop worrying about her life

B. Peter, who has been stealing small items from his classmates' desks and publicly accusing others of taking them

(T1) Which strategy is most likely to be effective in promoting students' vocabulary development? A.) Allowing students to make up their own meanings for words to encourage invention and creativity B.) Teaching students the meanings of words related to topics they are studying C.) Encouraging literal interpretations of such common sayings as "Look before you leap" D.) Allowing students to use words incorrectly in the early elementary grades in order to enhance their self-confidence about public speaking

B.) Teaching students the meanings of words related to topics they are studying

(2) Which one of the following do Piaget and Vygotsky agree is essential for children's cognitive development? A) Good feelings about oneself B) Mastery of the pragmatic aspects of language C) An environment or situation that presents a cognitive challenge D) An accepting environment in which children aren't pressured to excel

C) An environment or situation that presents a cognitive challenge

(1) After attending class, Alice and Cory are studying together to review the learning objectives. They were surprised to learn that tailoring instruction to students' preferred leaning styles has been found to be ineffective. What strategy can they use to correctly remember this new information?a. Repeat the new fact over and over.b. Discredit the idea entirely—it likely can't be true.c. Challenge themselves to understand why the new information is correct by looking into the research supporting this fact.d. Take no particular steps to remember this fact in any meaningful way; their usual strategies should be sufficient.

C) Challenge themselves to understand why the new information is correct by looking into the research supporting this fact.

(3) Three of the following strategies should foster the development of students' social skills. Which strategy, although possibly beneficial in other ways, will not foster more appropriate social skills? A) When Ms. Ackerman sees two students having a disagreement they can't resolve by themselves, she meets with them and asks each of them to look at the situation from the other person's perspective B) Mr. Brightman conducts cooperative learning activities at least once a week C) During an important district-wide achievement test, Ms. Chambers reminds her students to keep their eyes on their own papers D) Mr. Dunn will not tolerate sexist or racist jokes in his classroom and openly tells his students so

C) During an important district-wide achievement test, Ms. Chambers reminds her students to keep their eyes on their own papers

(1) In general, experimental studies have which one of the following advantages over descriptive and correlational studies? A)Only experimental studies allow us to identify the possible factors influencing behavior. B)Only experimental studies allow us to analyze data statistically and therefore arrive at precise results. C)Only experimental studies enable us to make casual explanations D)Only experimental studies allow us to be specific about our teaching objectives.

C) Only experimental studies enable us to make casual explanations

(6) From the perspective of cognitive psychology, recognition memory tasks are easier than recall memory tasks because recognition tasks: A) Can be answered by using less working memory capacity B) Don't need to be learned in a meaningful fashion C) Provide more retrieval cues D) Can usually be answered by using skills that have been learned to automaticity

C) Provide more retrieval cues

(1) Experimental research requires which one of the following? A) Being able to predict two or more variables B) Studying behavior in an actual classroom environment C)Manipulating an aspect of the environment D)Describing every variable in the study in considerable detail

C)Manipulating an aspect of the environment

(6) Which one of the following statements best characterizes working memory (sometimes known as short-term memory)? A. It holds information for several hours and includes only things that we know we will need later on B. It holds information for two to five minutes, longer if we engage in maintenance rehearsal C. It actively processes a small amount of information, typically holding it for less than a minute D. It holds processed information for several days or weeks, but rarely forever

C. It actively processes a small amount of information, typically holding it for less than a minute

(6) Three of these teachers will probably promote meaningful learning in their students. Which teacher, although possibly using a beneficial instructional strategy, is unlikely to promote meaningful learning? A. Mr. Pulos demonstrates how the area of a triangle (area = 1/2 base x height) is half of something his students already know-the area of a rectangle. B. Ms. Rubenstein asks her students to define peninsula in their own words. C. Mr. Warner encourages his third graders to practice their cursive letters at least once every day. D. Ms. Elms points out that the German word krank (meaning "sick") might be related to the English word cranky.

C. Mr. Warner encourages his third graders to practice their cursive letters at least once every day

(6) Considering developmental trends in long-term memory storage processes, choose the statement that best characterizes how kindergartners are apt to approach school learning tasks. A. They construct vivid visual and auditory images of what they see and hear in the classroom. B. They make mental lists of things to remember, but with little follow-through in studying the lists. C. They make few, if any, intentional efforts to learn and remember something. D. They continually ask "why" questions to help them make better sense of classroom subject matter.

C. They make few, if any, intentional efforts to learn and remember something.

(1) In educational psychology, a theory can best be characterized as: A)An objective measure of how a person behaves in a particular situation B)A statement that describes how a particular variable affects learning or development C)A description of the results of a particular research study D)An explanation of how and why learning or development occurs

D) An explanation of how and why learning or development occurs

(T1) Which one of the following is a legitimate reason for not relying solely on intelligence tests when identifying students who are gifted? A) Because it is so easy to get a high score on an IQ test, many nongifted children are apt to be erroneously identified as gifted. B) Because high achievement is a more important criterion than high intelligence when identifying giftedness, achievement test results are more relevant. C) Because intelligence tests measure innate intelligence, children whose giftedness is due to an enriched environment may be overlooked. D) Because traditional tests are based largely on mainstream Western culture, children from some ethnic minority groups may be overlooked.

D) Because traditional tests are based largely on mainstream Western culture, children from some ethnic minority groups may be overlooked.

(2) From a Vygotskian​ perspective, scaffolding serves what purpose in​ instruction? A) It gives an idea of what they need to do to get good grades B) It keeps school tasks within students' actual developmental levels C) It lets students learn by watching one another D) It supports students as they perform difficult tasks

D) It supports students as they perform difficult tasks

(5) You have referred the following four students to the school psychologist for evaluation. Which student is the psychologist most likely to identify as having an intellectual disability? A) Matthew has difficulty in math but performs at grade level in reading, spelling, and writing skills. B) Wanda is hyperactive and frequently expresses her boredom with class material. C) Mark is a low achiever in all areas; he is a leader of a local neighborhood gang. D) Lacy shows low achievement in all areas and prefers to play with younger children.

D) Lacy shows low achievement in all areas and prefers to play with younger children.

(1) The textbook offers several suggestions for studying a textbook effectively. Which one of the following is not necessarily recommended? A) Draw inferences from the things you read. B)Occasionally stop and check to make sure you understand. C)Relate new ideas to things you already know. D) Take detailed notes on the bookʹs content.

D) Take detailed notes on the bookʹs content.

(1) Which of the following best explains how college students should gain knowledge about teaching and learning?A) Rely on textbooks like this one.B) Reflect on their own experiences in classrooms.C) Use common sense and logic.D) Use credible and consistently replicated research findings.

D) Use credible and consistently replicated research findings

(5) In the United States, Public Law 94-142, also known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), provides several specific guarantees for students with disabilities. Which of the following is NOT one of the PL 94-142's guarantees? A. A fair, nondiscriminatory evaluation is conducted to determine a student's specific educational needs B. Instruction is tailored to meet a student's unique educational needs C. Educational decisions are made by a multidisciplinary team D. A student's education must occur entirely within the regular classroom

D. A student's education must occur entirely within the regular classroom

(T1) Which of the following individuals is in Kohlberg's law and order stage of moral reasoning? A. Adam does what the teacher says because he knows he will be punished if he doesn't B. Barbara obeys the teacher because she understands that the only way schools can run smoothly is if students behave appropriately C. Clara obeys the teacher because she wants the teacher to think nice things about her D. Don obeys the teacher because school rules say he must obey her, and it is his duty to obey school rules

D. Don obeys the teacher because school rules say he must obey her, and it is his duty to obey school rules

(T1) Jules is discovering that by being able to write all the alphabet letters in cursive, he is winning the approval of his teacher. Without knowing anything else about Jules, the best guess is that he is in Erikson's stage of: A. Trust versus mistrust B. Autonomy versus shame and doubt C. Initiative versus guilt D. Industry versus inferiority

D. Industry versus inferiority

(T1) From a Vygotskian perspective, scaffolding serves what purpose in instruction? A. It gives students an idea of what they need to do to get good grades B. It keeps school tasks within students' actual developmental levels C. It lets students learn by watching one another D. It supports students as they perform difficult tasks

D. It supports students as they perform difficult tasks

(T1) Roger is shown two piles of sand and says that each pile has the same amount. However, when one pile is flattened with a shovel, Roger now claims emphatically that the flattened pile has less sand. Based on this information, Roger is probably in Piaget's ________ stage of development. A. concrete operations B. Sensorimotor C. Formal observations D. Preoperational

D. Preoperational

(6) Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory depends on three of the following factors. On which one does retrieval not depend? A. The part of long-term memory being searched B. How the information was stored in the first place C. The presence of relevant retrieval cues D. The capacity of a learner's sensory register

D. The capacity of a learner's sensory register

(T1) Mr. Remick asks 9-year-old Anne to divide a pitcher of lemonade equally between two glasses, one each for her and her friend Kate. The two glasses are different shapes, with Anne's being tall and thin and Kate's being short and wide. After Anne pours the lemonade, Mr. Remick says to her, "look, the lemonade in your glass is higher than the lemonade in Kate's glass. Did you give yourself more than you gave Kate?" "No," Anne replies, "my glass is skinnier." Mr. Remick continues to ask Anne questions to determine how well she understands that height compensates for width in this situation. Mr. Remick's strategy can best be described as illustrating: A. Equilibrium B. Class inclusion C. Formal observations D. The clinical method

D. The clinical method

(5) Which one of the following is a true statement about IQ scores? A. They are calculated from this formula: (MA/CA) x 100 B. They are calculated from this formula: (CA/MA) x 100 C. They reflect the percentage of typical adult-level intelligence that a person has acquired D. They are derived from comparisons with the test performance of others

D. They are derived from comparisons with the test performance of others

(T1) Kristen has large scars on her neck from surgeries she has received to correct a problem with her esophagus. In the past she has been fed with a tube, but now she is learning to eat through her mouth. Her doctor wants her to snack throughout the day to increase her calorie intake. According to the guidelines set forth by IDEA, the most appropriate school response would be to: A. excuse Kristen from having to do homework in light of the fact that she is going through so much outside of school. B. educate Kristen in a self-contained classroom so that she won't be subjected to other children staring at her scars and so that she can eat on a different schedule. C. ask Kristen's parents to hire someone to come in and oversee her meal and snack times. D. give Kristen frequent short breaks from classroom tasks so that she can eat her snacks.

D. give Kristen frequent short breaks from classroom tasks so that she can eat her snacks.

(4) Three of the following are recommended strategies for addressing gender stereotypes in the classroom. Which one does the textbook not recommend? a. Communicate a harmless "white lie": that gender stereotypes no longer exist in modern Western societies. b. Introduce students to male and female adults who have counterstereotypical professions (e.g., female engineers, male nurses). c. Explain that different roles for men and women made a lot of sense in pre-industrial societies many years ago. d. Show students how traditionally gender-stereotypical subject areas (e.g., math, cooking) can be equally useful to both males and females. c

a. Communicate a harmless "white lie": that gender stereotypes no longer exist in modern Western societies.

(4) Three of the following alternatives describe reasons why, for cultural reasons, children may be relatively quiet in class. Which alternative is false? a. In some cultures, children rarely hear spoken language until age 3 or 4. b. Children from some cultural backgrounds may have been taught that it's rude to initiate a conversation with an adult. c. In some cultural groups, children are accustomed to learning more from quiet observation than from asking questions. d. In some cultures, attentive listening is valued more highly than speaking.

a. In some cultures, children rarely hear spoken language until age 3 or 4.

(T1) Which one of the following teachers is using a strategy that reflects the concept of distributed intelligence? a. Mr. Arvis encourages his students to use their calculators when solving algebraic word problems. b. Mr. Baker asks students to exchange and grade one another's homework assignments. c. Mr. Chinn gives easy writing assignments at the beginning of the year and raises his expectations as the school year progresses. d. Mr. Devlin encourages his students to relate what they are learning in social studies to their own personal experiences.

a. Mr. Arvis encourages his students to use their calculators when solving algebraic word problems.

(4) Biological differences appear to play a role in three of the following gender differences. Considering research findings presented in the textbook, choose the difference that is least likely to be the result of biology. a. Preference for short versus long hair b. Differences in physical aggression c. Preferences for "boy" versus "girl" toys d. Differences in visual-spatial ability

a. Preference for short versus long hair

(T1) Three of the following examples illustrate specific strategies that can be effective in helping students with learning disabilities learn classroom material. Which strategy is least likely to be effective with these children? a. Russell's teacher suggests that he listen to his favorite radio station while he studies for tomorrow's spelling test b. Nattie's teacher shows her how to use a weekly calendar to keep track of what assignments she needs to complete and when they are due c. Josie's teacher gives her special memory tricks to help her remember how to spell certain words (e.g., "The principal is my pal."). d. Vern's history teacher loans Vern a videotape that depicts some of the historical events about which the class is reading a. Russell's teacher suggests that he listen to his favorite radio station while he studies for tomorrow's spelling test

a. Russell's teacher suggests that he listen to his favorite radio station while he studies for tomorrow's spelling test`

(T1) When we say that different cultural and ethnic groups have different worldviews, we mean that: a. Their basic assumptions about how the world operates may be different. b. They tend to think of their country of origin as being the best possible place in which to live. c. They may have little understanding of geographic regions other than their own. d. Their native language inevitably distorts how they think about their physical and social environments.

a. Their basic assumptions about how the world operates may be different.

(4) When considering students' cultural and ethnic backgrounds, it is important to keep in mind that: a. some students may simultaneously be active participants in two or more cultural groups. b. students' ethnic identities are almost always stronger than their need to "belong" to mainstream Western culture. c. students' need to "belong" to mainstream Western culture is almost always stronger than their ethnic identities. d. in the elementary grades, students typically have little conscious awareness that their ethnic backgrounds might be different from those of their classmates

a. some students may simultaneously be active participants in two or more cultural groups.

(4) Akela is the star player on the junior high basketball team. While playing basketball during recess, Akela misses the final shot and her team loses. Some of the other kids tease her gently, suggesting she might need glasses or perhaps a third hand. The teacher supervising recess that day is best advised to: a. take the students' cultural backgrounds into account before responding. b. ignore it, because it's just gentle teasing, and Akela already knows she's good. c. immediately stop it, reminding the students that it's not nice to tease each other. d. join in with gentle teasing, but then carefully guide the conversation in a more positive direction.

a. take the students' cultural backgrounds into account before responding.

(T1) Vygotsky's concept of zone of proximal development refers to: a. the range of tasks children can accomplish only with support. b. children's ability to estimate how much they know. c. the range of tasks children can perform by themselves. d. the degree of maturation necessary to accomplish complex physical tasks.

a. the range of tasks children can accomplish only with support.

(6) A __________ best describes an integrated set of concepts and principles developed to explain a phenomenon. a. theory b. model c. theorem d. formula

a. theory

(T1) Compared to their wealthier peers, students from low-income families are less likely to attend and graduate from college. One reason is that many public schools in low-income neighborhoods are of poor quality. Three of the following characteristics are typical of schools in low-income communities. Which characteristic is not typical? a) Outdated and poorly maintained equipment b) Little or no discipline for serious behavior problems c) Lower expectations for students' achievement d) Fewer opportunities to engage in advanced thinking skills

b) Little or no discipline for serious behavior problems

(T1) Which one of the following most accurately describes the general concept of temperament? a. The extent to which people like or dislike themselves b. An inherited predisposition to interact with one's environment in certain ways c. The extent to which people use or don't use their inherited intellectual potential d. The ways that individuals have learned to react to environmental stimuli as a result of their past experiences

b. An inherited predisposition to interact with one's environment in certain ways

(T1) Three of the following students show warning signs of being at risk. Which student is least likely to be at risk? a. Ann never stays after school for extracurricular activities, and she seems to have no friends at school. b. Barbara is so busy with student government, cheerleading, and varsity sports that her grades have gone from As to Cs and Ds. c. Carol is 14 years old and still in sixth grade, so she has little in common with her classmates. d. Donna has gotten low achievement test scores since elementary school.

b. Barbara is so busy with student government, cheerleading, and varsity sports that her grades have gone from As to Cs and Ds.

(T1) Three of the following are common outcomes of learning two languages rather than only one in the early years of life. Which one is not necessarily an outcome of bilingualism? a. Greater phonological awareness b. Better ability to focus attention c. Smaller-than-average vocabulary in each of the two languages d. Ability to maintain good social relationships with different groups of people

b. Better ability to focus attention

(4) Three of the following are recommended strategies for addressing students' stereotypes about cultures and ethnic groups very different from their own. Which one is not recommended? a. Invite professionals from diverse ethnic groups to speak to students about topics related to the curriculum. b. Gently discourage students from talking openly about racism in the local community. c. Assign short stories and novels set in various cultures. d. Create cooperative groups in which students from diverse backgrounds each have unique talents to offer.

b. Gently discourage students from talking openly about racism in the local community.

(T1) Which one of the following teachers will probably be least effective in improving his or her students' sense of self? a. Mr. Anderson teaches his students strategies for solving math word problems. b. Ms. Berry tells her students how wonderful they are. c. Mr. Carrera encourages his students to improve their creative writing skills. d. Ms. D'Amato helps her students to throw a softball farther than they could before.

b. Ms. Berry tells her students how wonderful they are.

(T1) Which type of cells can best be thought of as having a variety of specific functions that help provide support for neurons as well as general brain functioning? a) Stem b) Basal c) Glial d) Myelin

c) Glial

(T1) Poor nutrition is a problem for many children who live in poverty. Which one of the following situations is likely to be associated with poor nutrition? a) Hilda has problems with mathematics but is otherwise a bright and attentive student. b) Even though Yvonne tries hard in school and pays attention most of the time, she has difficulty learning anything abstract. c) Jill appears to have trouble remembering things and does not seem motivated to achieve in school. d) Lonnie learns things easily but does not work very hard in class. He is often too busy fooling around with friends to pay attention in class

c) Jill appears to have trouble remembering things and does not seem motivated to achieve in school.

(T1) Which type of aggression is best described as a behavior that is intended to produce mental anguish or reduce self-esteem in another individual? a) Reactive aggression b) Proactive aggression c) Psychological aggression d) Retroactive aggression

c) Psychological aggression

(T1) Several parents who are making costumes for an elementary school play ask the young cast members to assist them with such tasks as cutting fabric, pinning pieces together, and sewing simple hems. Using the language of Vygotskian theorists, we can say that the parents are: a)presenting tasks that exceed the students' zone of proximal development. b)encouraging the separation of thought and language. c)engaging the students in guided participation. d)creating a cognitive apprenticeship.

c)engaging the students in guided participation.

(T1) Which one of the following statements reflects Kohlberg's preconventional moral reasoning? a. "Cheating is against school rules, so I shouldn't do it." b. "It isn't fair to the students who studied hard if I cheat." c. "It's okay to cheat on this exam because the teacher isn't watching me." d. "The most popular boy in school cheats all the time, so I guess I can too."

c. "It's okay to cheat on this exam because the teacher isn't watching me."

(4) Mr. Sanders teaches in a school district where students are predominantly Native Americans. In this situation, which one of the following would best illustrate culturally responsive teaching? a. Conducting math "races" in which students in a particular row go to the chalkboard and try to solve math problems more quickly than their classmates b. Asking students to take turns responding to teacher questions during whole-class discussions c. Conducting cooperative learning activities in which students work together to create maps of their local community d. Posting a class "honor roll" of students who get the five highest scores on class spelling tests each week

c. Conducting cooperative learning activities in which students work together to create maps of their local community

(5) The practice of inclusion involves which of the following? a. Keeping students with disabilities together in one class so that they can take part in all of their classroom's activities b. Selecting high-achieving students to help with the instruction of special needs students c. Educating all students, including those with special needs, in the general education classroom d. Incorporating instruction in social skills into the regular classroom curriculum

c. Educating all students, including those with special needs, in the general education classroom

(T1) Three of the following teachers are using strategies that are appropriate for students with intellectual disabilities. Which teacher is not using an appropriate strategy? a. Ms. Akers has students practice simple new spelling words many times over. b. Mr. Britton gives students explicit instructions, such as, "Hang up your coat, then come sit at your desk and take out a pencil." c. Ms. Chang teaches basic math facts but refrains from teaching students how to use them in real-life situations. d. Mr. DiStefano presents new material at a slower pace than he does for his nondisabled students.

c. Ms. Chang teaches basic math facts but refrains from teaching students how to use them in real-life situations.

(4) Ten-year-old Svana has recently immigrated from Iceland to the United States. If we say that Svana is undergoing acculturation, we mean that she is: a. refusing to speak any English at school. b. maintaining all of the customs of her homeland. c. adopting some American behaviors and attitudes. d. afraid to engage in social activities with her American peers.

c. adopting some American behaviors and attitudes.

(T1) In Piaget's theory, a scheme can best be described as: a. a mental picture of oneself . b. a set of motor skills that children acquire during the preschool years. c. an organized set of similar thoughts or actions. d. a lifestyle or family pattern.

c. an organized set of similar thoughts or actions.

(5) If we consider both Gardner's and Sternberg's views of intelligence, we would be most likely to conclude that: a. we can bring about dramatic improvements in students' IQs in a year or two if we provide a stimulating classroom environment. b. regardless of cultural background, students with high intelligence will do well in school. c. many of our students are likely to be "intelligent" in one way or another. d. students who are fluent in two or three languages will be more intelligent than students who are fluent in only one. a

c. many of our students are likely to be "intelligent" in one way or another.

(T1) Three of the following teachers are using strategies that are recommended for teaching students with special needs. Which one is using a strategy that is not recommended? a. Mr. DeWolfe stays in close touch with Katie's parents so that they can be consistent in their expectations for her at school and at home. b. Ms. Gagnon begins each year by working hard to get to know the strengths, weaknesses, and interests of each of her students. This helps her to adapt her instruction to the unique needs of each student. c. Mr. Hartell makes sure that at least once a month his students with special needs get a chance to make some choices about what goals they will work toward and what topics they will study. d. At the beginning of each year, Ms. Toor specifies one set of class rules but actually holds another, more lenient set of rules for students who have disabilities.

d. At the beginning of each year, Ms. Toor specifies one set of class rules but actually holds another, more lenient set of rules for students who have disabilities.

(T1) Three of the following are characteristic of students with intellectual disabilities. Which one is not necessarily associated with intellectual disabilities?Select one: a. Poor reading skills b. Awkwardness on physical tasks c. Difficulty managing ordinary aspects of daily living d. Disruptive classroom behavior

d. Disruptive classroom behavior

(7) Which one of the following pairs of students best illustrates a difference in epistemic beliefs? a. Irene likes going to school because that's where she sees her friends every day, but Isabelle likes going to school because of all the new things she learns there. b. Julie thinks that doing well in high school is important for getting into a good college, but Janette thinks that she can get into college with mediocre grades as long as she has high SAT scores. c. Loren is well aware of the criteria that his teacher is using to evaluate his classroom performance, but Luke is clueless about why he is doing poorly in the same teacher's class. d. Keith thinks that learning geography means memorizing place names, but Kareem thinks that learning geography means understanding migration and settlement patterns.

d. Keith thinks that learning geography means memorizing place names, but Kareem thinks that learning geography means understanding migration and settlement patterns.

(4) Ms. Youmans has a class of 24 sixth graders—12 girls and 12 boys. Given what we know about gender differences in verbal ability and visual-spatial ability, which one of the following is Ms. Youmans justified in concluding about her students? a. Her highest reading group will have almost all girls, and her lowest reading group will have mostly boys. b. All of the boys should do better than all of the girls on a test of visual-spatial ability. c. About 80% of the boys should do better than 80% of the girls on a test of visual-spatial ability. d. Ms. Youmans probably won't notice differences in the average abilities of boys and girls.

d. Ms. Youmans probably won't notice differences in the average abilities of boys and girls.

(4) Which one of the following is the most accurate statement about group differences among students? a. When we have knowledge about typical group differences, we have a very good idea of how individual students are likely to perform in the classroom. b. We can make fairly accurate predictions about individual students when we know their ethnic background, but not when we know their gender. c. We can make fairly accurate predictions about individual students when we know their gender, but not when we know their ethnic background. d. The average for two groups may be different, but variability within each group keeps us from predicting individual performance

d. The average for two groups may be different, but variability within each group keeps us from predicting individual performance

(5) Which one of the following statements best reflects most developmental theorists' current views about the relative impacts of heredity and environment on intellectual development? a. heredity clearly has a greater influence b. environment clearly has a great influence c. Favorable environmental conditions are most important for children who are born with high genetic potential d. determining the relative effects of heredity versus environment may ultimately be impossible.

d. determining the relative effects of heredity versus environment may ultimately be impossible.

(T1) Which one of the following high school teachers clearly has high self-efficacy about his or her teaching? a.Mr. Abbot thinks that teaching is simply a matter of reading textbook passages aloud to his history class. b.Ms. Bouthot has a hypothesis about why some students in her English class rarely turn in their assignments. c.Ms. Crosby insists that students complete their math homework using a particular format. d.Mr. Driver is confident that he can get even seemingly "unmotivated" students excited about science.

d.Mr. Driver is confident that he can get even seemingly "unmotivated" students excited about science.