EPSY Test 2

Aubry, a sixth-grade student, remarks, "Analyzing fictional literature is too hard. I just can't do it." According to social cognitive theory, Aubry likely has low feelings of ______________ on tasks such as this. A. self-esteem B. self-description C. self-efficacy D. self-concept

C

If you praise a child for learning that the plural of sheep is sheep and the plural of deer is deer and the child cries excitedly, "Look at all the goat!" on seeing a herd of goats, this illustrates the learning theory principle of A. extinction. B. discrimination. C. reinforcement. D. generalization.

D

According to the constructivist viewpoint, which of the following actions is likely to be the strongest influence on the formation of new ideas? A. Discussing ideas with people who have different points of view. B. Listening to experts discuss their areas of expertise. C. Teachers reviewing test scores and telling students how they can make improvements. D. Systematic review and practice of ideas one has read about.

A

An issue is a(n) A. ill-structured problem that arouses strong emotions. B. ill-structured problem that has a set solution. C. well-structured problem that arouses strong emotions. D. ill-structured problem for which a course of action is clear.

A

Completing homework assignments in order to avoid being given an undesirable required assignment in school is an example of the operant conditioning technique of A. negative reinforcement. B. positive reinforcement. C. punishment. D. time-out.

A

For which of the following learning tasks is distributed practice likely to be most effective? A. Learn the names of 35 students. B. Memorize Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. C. Rehearse for the production of a play. D. Learn your new phone number.

A

A high school student taking a class in Japanese is faced with learning a new symbol system in order to communicate in this language. He remarks to his teacher, "I'll never be able to read Japanese because these symbols all look the same to me!" Obviously, this student's _______________ is/are not well developed at this point in the class. A. discrimination skills B. generalization skills C. perception D. motivation

A

A student who tunes out distractions as the teacher explains a concept, thinks about how the information relates to real-life experiences, and makes a mental note of how well she understands the concept, is operating in which phase of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model? A. performance phase B. strategic-planning phase C. self-reflection phase D. forethought phase

A

Mari Jo is concerned about next week's social studies test and asks her best friend, Lindsay, to show her how to use concept mapping on a chapter of their textbook. Since Mari Jo thinks she and Lindsay are very much alike, she feels confident that she can learn to use this technique to improve her reading comprehension. Mari Jo's increased self-efficacy lowers her anxiety about next week's social studies test and motivates her to use concept mapping for her other subjects. This scenario demonstrates which of the following models of learning? A. triadic reciprocal causation B. reciprocal determinism C. sociocultural causation D. positive reinforcement

A

Recent analyses of research on corporal punishment A. have been inconclusive because of differences in how punishment is defined. B. show that corporal punishment produces strong positive effects on subsequent behavior. C. show that corporal punishment produces strong negative effects on subsequent behavior. D. show that corporal punishment produces weak negative effects on subsequent behavior.

A

The purpose of the sensory register is to hold information briefly for possible processing. A. encode information for long-term use. B. encode information for immediate use. C. organize sense impressions into meaningful patterns.

A

Which of the following is a good example of contingency contracting? A. Carlos and his teacher agree that if he completes his workbook exercises successfully for four successive days, he may join the rest of the class in watching a movie on Friday. B. A teacher tells her students that if they complete Tom Sawyer by the end of the reading unit they will be allowed to do a special nonacademic project. C. Georgia earns enough tokens to purchase an extra hour of recess on Wednesday. D. Ben tells his teacher that since he has finished all his math problems, he deserves ten minutes of free time.

A

Which of the following represents the proper sequence of cognitive processes that occur as we process information? A. attention, recognition, transformation, storage, retrieval B. perception, attention, recognition, transformation, retrieval C. attention, transformation, recognition, storage, retrieval D. perception, attention, recognition, storage, retrieval

A

Within social cognitive theory, the concept of self-regulation refers to A. consistently using self-control skills in new situations. B. controlling one's actions in the absence of external reinforcement or punishment. C. how capable one feels one is to carry out a particular task. D. the ability to accurately evaluate the effect of one's behaviors on achieving a goal.

A

A person's self-efficacy beliefs have been shown to affect all but which one of the following? A. level of persistence B. career aspirations C. IQ scorterm-33es D. emotional state

C

A teacher who believes that the social and cultural environments of some students make it more difficult for them to actively construct meaningful new ideas, but who refuses to adopt simpler materials or methods to teach these students, reflects which of the following theoretical frameworks? A. cognitive constructivism. B. critical constructivism. C. direct instruction. D. information processing.

B

All but which one of the following applies to the concept of inert knowledge? A. The inability to transfer a concept from one situation to another. B. Relating new material to something learned previously. C. Learning isolated facts under limited conditions. D. The inability to recognize the need to apply a particular concept to a novel context.

B

Eighth-grade students are participating in a nationwide science learning project. Students, business professionals, and scientists from across the country communicate via the Internet. They discuss various ways to solve particular problems that are set in realistic contexts. They also have opportunities to solve real problems, like protecting their local environments. Students are exposed to a variety of viewpoints, new information, and alternate solutions. This is an example of meaningful learning according to which of the following theories? A. distance learning B. social constructivism C. cognitive constructivism D. doctrine of formal discipline

B

If you were required to help your students learn the capitals of all fifty states, the best approach to follow would be to A. have them work at the task for an hour every Monday morning. B. divide the states into groups of five and have them study a group during fifteen-minute periods spread out through the week. C. organize the states into geographic areas and have students learn all the capitals in one part of the country before going on to those in the next. D. put a map on the wall and have students put pins in each state as they memorize each capital.

B

Long-term memory is to schemata as A. long-term memory is to a scanner. B. a computer hard drive is to specific files of information. C. short-term memory is to working memory. D. a computer hard drive is to the sensory register.

B

Ms. Young becomes dissatisfied with her school's absentee policy after reading about factors likely to influence students' self-esteem, motivation, and attendance rates. Although she is nervous about challenging the established policy at her school, she makes her findings known to her principal and school board members. Mrs. Young's behavior illustrates the process of A. problem generating. B. problem finding. C. problem framing. D. problem representation.

B

Remembering an important date in history because it is the same date as your father's birthday is an effective type of learning because A. the date is firmly established in short-term memory. B. the new information is associated with something you already know. C. it is a type of maintenance rehearsal that enhances learning. D. this kind of chunking always makes memorizing dates easier.

B

Sonya, a student in an educational psychology course, is studying for an exam, and it is very late at night. She suddenly realizes that she has not comprehended the paragraph that she has just read. Which concept refers to the ability that allowed Sonya to recognize her failure to comprehend? A. perceptual intervention B. metacognitive processing C. metaphysical inference D. cognitive flexibility

B

Students who believe that they are capable of successfully performing a task are more likely than students who have doubts about their capabilities to A. wait until the last minute before completing a project or studying for an exam. B. use self-regulating learning skills. C. brag to other students about their superior ability. D. be among the less popular students in their class.

B

Which of the following best illustrates the idea of Type I punishment? A. A child cleans up his room to avoid hearing his father nag him. B. A young child who is caught playing with her mother's makeup is scolded by her grandmother. C. A fifth grader who teases his classmates is asked to sit at his desk quietly while the rest of his classmates work together on a class project. D. A youngster who is overtired, cranky, and ill mannered with her friends is told to spend fifteen minutes of quiet time in her room.

B

Which of the following is not a reason why mnemonic devices are effective? A. Organization and structure are provided. B. Material is maintained in working memory. C. Retrieval cues are paired with the material. D. The learner has to be an active participant.

B

You call the post office for a ZIP code that you need, just after you looked up the phone number. Unfortunately, you dial the wrong number. You attempt to dial again, only to discover that you've forgotten the phone number. From an information-processing standpoint, how can this be explained? A. Information in long-term memory was not properly stored. B. Information in working memory began to disappear after twenty seconds or so. C. Information in the sensory register was not sufficiently attended to. D. Information in short-term memory was improperly encoded.

B

A student who finds himself relating a lecturer's statement that molecular structure is of a crystalline nature to a recollection of looking at crystals through a microscope is engaging in A. chunking. B. metacognition. C. elaborative rehearsal. D. maintenance rehearsal.

C

A student who is dissatisfied with her score on an exam because it is lower than the last one and decides that the cause was the use of inappropriate study skills is operating in which phase of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model? A. forethought phase B. performance phase C. self-reflection phase D. task analysis phase

C

Christi works diligently until her teacher checks her homework problems. Then she slows her work pace until the time approaches when the teacher will check her homework again. At this point, Christi increases the intensity of her work. The schedule of reinforcement being used by the teacher is A. variable ratio. B. variable interval. C. fixed interval. D. fixed ratio.

C

Effective problem framing A. involves being able to recognize that a problem exists and needs to be solved. B. determines how effectively we can access previously learned information in our working memories. C. is influenced by one's prior knowledge and the ability to recognize underlying principles. D. is best facilitated when one focuses on the surface features of a problem.

C

Students for whom English is a second language need to understand the difference between words such as for and four. That is, they must learn to A. generalize. B. extinguish. C. discriminate. D. reinforce.

C

The task of solving an algebra problem can best be described as a(n) A. issue. B. ill-structured problem. C. well-structured problem. D. unstructured problem.

C

Time-out is an appropriate remedy in all but which of the following situations? A. Julio gets angry because James isn't sharing and starts to grab toys away from him. B. Sarita keeps interrupting a girl she doesn't particularly like. C. For the third time this week, Grace forgets to complete her homework. D. Timmy gets too excited on the playground and starts to shove his friends.

C

Which of the following appears to be true regarding insight into our own learning processes? A. Younger children are more aware of their own thinking than older children are. B. Developmentally, second graders and sixth graders are about the same in terms of knowing what they need to do in order to learn information. C. Insight into what it takes to learn something or perform a task increases as one gets older. D. Most children under the age of nine are able to determine how much new material they are able to comprehend in a short span of time.

C

Which of the following best illustrates maintenance rehearsal? A. associating information from this course with material from a course you took in the past B. developing a plan to prepare for a final exam C. repeating an address over and over while you write it on an envelope D. studying algebra for two hours each day

C

Which of the following is an example of a learning strategy? A. constantly repeating a phone number to yourself in order to commit it to long-term memory B. using the sentence "Every good boy does fine" to remember the notes of the lines on a treble staff (EGBDF) C. looking through a chapter ahead of time, determining how to go about studying for the final, and thinking about how much time will be required for it D. using elaborative rehearsal to master the concept of learning strategies

C

Which of the following is not an example of a learning tactic? A. Learning a social security number by breaking it into three chunks. B. Organizing the first letters from the names of each of the Great Lakes into the word HOMES for easy recall. C. Determining ahead of time how best to go about studying for the German exam you will have in three weeks. D. Remembering the word "Mahalanobis" by thinking of your friend Hal riding on a bus (My Hal on a bus).

C

Which of the following scenarios would most likely give rise to negative feelings about being able to handle a given task successfully? A. Martina has never played tennis before and is curious about whether she will be able to play tennis well. She is, however, an excellent racquetball player. B. Jason is thinking about enrolling in a gymnastics class but is unsure if he is coordinated enough to do well. His friends and parents express their confidence in his abilities. C. Samantha has to take a chemistry class, but she has always been frightened by the formulas involved. She enrolls in a chemistry class taught by a well-liked, humorous teacher, but later finds out that her best friend failed the class the semester before. D. Lavonne is quite comfortable with math concepts, but didn't have as much time to prepare for an upcoming exam as he would have liked.

C

A critical control process that needs to take place during the sensory register stage of the information-processing model is known as A. perception. B. chunking. C. recognition. D. selective attention.

D

A student on a class field trip misbehaves on the bus and is told to sit by herself for ten minutes. This technique represents an attempt at implementing A. negative reinforcement. B. type I punishment. C. extinction. D. time-out.

D

A token economy is one in which A. students can change the reward system whenever they deem necessary. B. a limited number of positive reinforcers are handed out. C. the student and teacher both sign an agreement in which the student agrees to exhibit certain behaviors desired by the teacher and the teacher agrees to provide certain reinforcers desired by the student. D. the reward system is flexible; tokens can be cashed in for various rewards of predetermined value.

D

All but which of the following apply to the concept of contingency contracting? A. the type of positive reinforcement (reward) is negotiated. B. requirements (amount of work) for positive reinforcement are negotiated. C. if the contract is not working out, it can be renegotiated. D. one party can alter the contract at any time.

D

As part of her lesson plan for an environmental science unit, Ms. April decides to takes her class to nearby ponds and streams to collect water samples and have them analyzed for pollutants. What learning theory concept does this activity best reflect? A. Positive reinforcement. B. Observational learning. C. Encoding specificity. D. Situated learning.

D

Determining how best to improve the quality of public education in the next five years is best described as a(n) A. unstructured problem. B. well-structured problem. C. issue. D. ill-structured problem.

D

If you were to use the Premack principle, you might be heard to say, A. "Let's go out for recess before we settle down to work." B. "I am happy to see the first row by the window sitting quietly." C. "If you finish this quiz early, you may get a book out to read." D. "After you finish this worksheet, you may spend fifteen minutes on your selected play activity."

D

Margaret enjoys rock climbing but hates algebra because it is too confusing. In an effort to help her become a better math student, her instructor asks her to put in order the steps required to get to the top of a large rock. She then asks Margaret to list some similarities between algebra and rock climbing. Soon, Margaret begins to make the connection between the logical processes involved with each activity. The form of learning that Margaret's instructor has asked her to engage in is A. cooperative learning. B. social learning. C. operant conditioning. D. discovery learning.

D

Mr. Torres is looking to purchase computer software that students will find engaging and that will allow them to work collaboratively in small groups. Which of the following types of programs best meets this description? A. drill-and-practice B. tutorial C. virtual environments D. all of the above

D

One claim of constructivism is that meaningful learning is the result of A. teachers using their extensive knowledge and experience to construct general frameworks that help students make sense of new information. B. a careful analysis and logical sequencing of the subject matter by the teacher. C. extensive drill and practice. D. individuals using their knowledge and experience to create a personal view of the world.

D

Which of the following behaviors is indicative of a student in the forethought phase of Zimmerman's self-regulatory model? A. focusing one's attention on the task B. monitoring one's performance C. thinking about the adequacy of one's performance D. creating a strategy to achieve a goal

D