ERS MIDTERM

Indian Child Welfare Act of 1975

Children determined to be in danger or neglected must be placed with relatives or other non-related tribal members• Tribe members must be considered for placement before non-tribe

BPP

armed defense against police brutality

1876 Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1876, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all his men died

Cumulative Disadvantage

Inequities and negative consequences of those inequities throughout our lives.• Dispense with notion individual people are racist.

Ozawa vs. US (1922)

Japanese not white cannot become citizens

prejudice

believing one group is superior to another. Prejudice can occur without power or action

ethnocentrism

believing one's own ethnic group is superior to others

14th Amendment

Naturalized and born citizens, but excludes Native Americans [only whites can become Naturalized citizens], (1868)

SCLC

black churches fight segregation & racism

Social Security &Unemployment 1936

-Employment insurance for those not agricultural workers or domestics (80% African Americans)

3/5 Compromise

-each slave would count for 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation purposes

Mining Act of 1872

forbids Alaskan natives from claiming land ownership

genotype

genetic traits inherited from parents

UNIA

global black cooperative economics

racial microaggressions

harmful interpersonal statements or behaviors (usually by White people toward people of color) that are not noticed by individuals who are not negatively impacted by such interactions

Shelby County v. Holder (2013)

he Supreme Court overturned Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act

Redlining

he refusal to grant a loan or to insure someone (usually People of Color) because they live or hope to live in an area determined to be poor or high risk.

social policy

implementation of a course of action through formal program.

802 Indian Trade and Intercourse Act

only fed can pass laws concerning sovereign tribal nations

Poll taxes

state tax to vote until 24th Amendment, 1961

1832 Worchester v. Georgia

states have no power or authority to pass laws concerning sovereign Indian Nations (ignored by fed)

Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (1971)

Gave more than 40 million acres to native peoples and paid out more than $962 million in cash

Executive Order 13769 Protecting Nation from Foreign Terrorists Entering the US, 2017

Syria, Iraq, Iran, Yemen, Somalia, Sudan, Libya

2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

The Black Hills and the End of the Indian Wars

Page Law

1876 Prohibition on Chinese women (connection to Prostitution)

Immigration and Naturalization Act 1952

1952: Whites only clause removed (repeals 1790 Naturalization act)

FHA Loans 1936

90% white recipients, low interest home loans for poor and working class

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978

Access to sacred sites, repatriation of scared objects, use and possession of sacred objects• Freedom to worship through ceremonial & traditional rites

1924 American Indian Citizenship Act

All Native Americans born in the US recognized as US citizens

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned discrimination - In public accommodations, education, and employment• On the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin• Strong provisions for enforcement• Allowed government agencies to withhold monies• U.S. Attorney General the power to initiate lawsuits• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission created

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848

CA, NV, UT, and parts of AZ, NM, CO• Mexican citizens become US citizens or relocate south of Rio Grande to remain Mexican citizen- Despite treaty, seizing of property by white US- 55% of Mexico to USA

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality

Appropriations Act of 1871

Congress votes to not recognize tribal sovereignty • Treated collectively not as nations• Legislation rather than treaties

Thind vs. US (1923)

Eastern Indians are Caucasian, but not white cannot become citizens

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988

Federal acknowledgment of sovereignty• Established the Federal Indian Gaming Commission• Permission from the State, tribes negotiate or lobby the state, but DOI approval

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Federal agency to administer Native American and US land agreements and other treaties, 1824•Trust Services, land management•Justice Services, law enforcement, courts, detention•General Services, education, tribal governments, roads

Trail of tears 1839

Forced relocation of Cherokee after failed assimilation

Mass Lynching at Mankato

Over 7,000 Lakota/ Dakota forced off their ancestral land and hunting ground by European American settler• US Government failed to pay annuity payment promised by federal government• August 17, 1862, Chief Little Crow lead Dakota in an defense against Whites at New Ulm.• Towns abandoned • 392 Dakota tried, 303 sentenced to death, but in the end Lincoln compromised and 39 hanged

Indian Removal Act 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Immigration and Naturalization Act 1965

Quota increased to 200,000 per yearFamily reunification, refugee priority

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

Renewed every 10 years until 1903 then indefinite• Limited to laborers• Merchants, students, and teachers not included• Challenges Burlingame Treaty, 1868

Magnuson Act, 1943

Repeal of Chinese Exclusion Act

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Strategy change related to Anglo conformity • Allowed for organization into corporations• Still about white and government control

Wounded Knee Massacre, December 1890

Suppression of the Ghost Dance religion• 7th Cavalry killed and injured some 200 Lakota Sioux

1924 Immigration Act (Johnson Reed Act)

The act restricted not only all Asian immigration besides the Philippines, but also the Southern and Eastern European Immigrants as well. The use of Census helped to create quotas, allowing only 2% of the population from each nation. Using current census wasn't effective enough, so they used the 1890 census and it was very effective. waiver to northern and western Europeans

racial formation

The process in which race operates as a central part of social relations, which determine a group's place in social, economic, and political institutions

Immigration and Naturalization Act 1968

United Nations treaty on refugeesCountries obliged to refrain from forcibly returning people to territories Where their lives or liberty might be endangered

36%

White are more likely to be called back on an application by a percent of

Special Field Order #15

William T. Sherman promised freed blacks 40 acres and a mule (overturned by President Johnson).

phenotype

a biological term that refers to how we look including or visual anatomical features such as skin color, facial features (eye shape & color, nose and lip shape) hair texture/ form and color, etc.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Racism

a system of advantage based on race

Race

a system of organizing people into groups perceived to be distinct because of physical appearance

Dawes General Allotment Act of 1887

abolished communal ownership on Indian reservations; each family head got 160 acres of reservation land; 80 acres for a single person; 40 acres for each dependent child. More than two-thirds of Indians' remaining lands were lost due to this law.

15th amendment

all Male citizens of age can vote (1870)

Grandfather Clause

allowed people to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before Reconstruction (1867)

Anthony Burns

captured in Boston, imprisoned for running away, riots lead to death of a US Federal Marshal and Federal Troops used to return Burns to slavery; cost of Burns trial, use of troops, $40,000

Literacy test

civics exam

socially constructed

created by human beings in their interactions with each other

Advocacy

employment of resources to empower communities

13th amendment

ends slavery except as punishment for a crime (1865)

National Urban League

fight segregation and racism in employment

NAACP

fight segregation through courts

SNCC

fight voting restrictions, segregation in transit and restaurants

Margaret Garner

killed her children when cornered by white slave catchers rather than have them returned to slavery

GI Bill 1948

low interest loans or money for education mostly given to white American vets who applied, but often denied Veterans of color

threat of violence

lynching, beating, loss of job, foreclosure, killed, etc.

Power

possession of authority over individuals, groups, or systems

Ethnicity

shared cultural heritage including, but not limited to, a person's birthplace or country of origin, familial ties and lineage, religion, language, and other social practices

1808

trans-atlantic slave trade was legal tell

Discrimination

treating people differently based on prejudicial beliefs about their race, ethnicity, sex, class, age, sexual orientation, ability, religion, belief system, or other aspect of their status