ES FINAL

Shortening

A body of rock affected by compressive stress will likely undergo____

Brittle behavior

A body of rock to which a sudden, rapid stress has been applied is more likely to exhibit ____ then is a body of rock subjected to a gradually applied stress.

False

A compass today points directly to geographic (true) north.

Syncline

A fold shaped like an elongate trough is a(n) ____

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested multiple times, nothing has disproved it, and it explains why.

An oceanic plate subducts beneath another oceanic plate

A volcanic island arc forms and when ____

A'A'

Basalt to coladas that solidify at their surface before ceasing to flow fracture irregularly, producing a sharp surfaced lava rock named___

Gabbro; basalt

Beneath a blanket of sediments, oceanic crust is primarily composed of two rocks, ____ and ____.

Both S- and P- waves

Body waves include

False

Continental crust is thicker and denser than oceanic crust

Convergent

Deep-oceanic trenches are features of ____- plate boundaries.

A. Metamorphose rock B. Produce folds in rock C. Produce faulting in rock D. ALL OF THE ABOVE

Deformation brought on by orogeny can____

Layers of rock weather at different rates

Different you're weathering occurs when___

Cross beds

Distinct internal laminations that are inclined at an angle to the boundary of the main sedimentary layers are called____

Geoid

Earth's gravity is best represented by an equipotential surface that contains bumps and depressions where areas of more or less gravity appear over the earth. This representation is called the ____

Flow of liquid outer core

Earth's magnetic field is generated by the ____.

Earth's magnetic field

Earth's surface is protected from solar wind and cosmic radiation by:

Lithosphere plate movement

Earthquakes are a result of

a. convergent- plate boundaries only b. divergent - plate boundaries only c. transform- plate boundaries only d. ALL OF THE ABOVE

Earthquakes are likely to occur along ____.

Caldera

Explosive or voluminous corruptions may cause the volcano to collapse into the magma chamber, producing a broad depression termed as____

Exceptionally coarse grained

Gemstones are commonly found in pegmatites, which are igneous rocks that are___

within either continental or oceanic plates

Hot spots can occur ____.

Magma

Hot, liquid rock beneath the surface of the Earth is termed ____.

Strike slip

If a fault is nearly vertical in orientation and the two walls of rock on opposite sides slide past one another horizontally, the fault is termed _____

The material is much less dense rock

If a gravity anomaly is negative, what does that imply about the material underground?

Igneous

If a rock is buried, then exposed and eroded, the sediment is that a lithified, after which the rock is melted and cooled, what type of rock is the end result?

Magnetic declination

If you were using both a compass and a map marked with latitude and longitude to navigate, you might note the angle difference between your compass and what is marked on the map, called ____.

Reverse

If, during an earthquake, I hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed ____ if the fault is steep

Thrust

If, during an earthquake, I hanging wall slides upward relative to a footwall, the fault is termed _____ if the fault is shallow

Lower west coast of Africa; east coast of North America

In Wegener's evidence for continental drift, continents were proposed to fit together, such as the east coast of South America with the ____ and the upper west coast of Africa with the ____.

False

In a hot-spot volcanic island chain, such as the Hawaiian Islands, all islands possess active volcanoes simultaneously and therefore the risks of volcanic hazards are about the same for all islands

Normal

In a_____fault, the float plane is non-vertical, and the hanging wall block moves downward relative to the foot wall block.

It would need to be crystalline. It would need to have and ordered arrangement of atoms.

In order for glass to be a mineral, which of its properties would need to change?

Coordinates

In order to determine ones position on a two dimensional surface, such as the Earth, two numbers are needed, called ____.

Heliocentric

In the _____ model of the universe the Earth orbits around the sun.

Framework silicate

In which type of silicate are the greatest proportion of oxygen Adams shared by pairs of adjacent tetrahedra?

a. was once covered in wet mud b. was once covered in hexagonal plates of mud with curled-up edges c. has been covered in sediment d. ALL OF THE ABOVE

Is a geologist found preserved met cracked, he or she could conclude that the environment in which they formed____

The original geographic location of the source material

Is a geologist where to find a limestone deposit consisting of coral fragments, which of the following would not be something he or she could deduce from this discovery?

True

Large scale volcanic a Russians can cause a drop in global temperatures

Magnetic polarity reversals

Marine magnetic anomalies result from sea-floor spreading in conjunction with ____.

Pillow basalt

Mavic lava corrupted at a submarine volcano will produce___

A fixed crystalline structure

Minerals are all naturally occurring solid substances with a definable chemical composition. They must also possess___

False

Motion along all faults is either strike slip or dip slip; combinations of these two types of displacement I never found together in a single fault

Fault breccia

Movement along faults often produces sharply angled rock fragments termed ____

True

Movement on a fault may occur without generating earthquakes

Dome

On a geologic map, if the contacts between sedimentary rock units form a bull's-eye pattern of concentric circles, with the oldest unit in the center, the underlying structure is a(n) ____

Slower; can't

S- waves travel ____ than P- waves; however, unlike P- waves , they ____ travel through solid liquids.

along mid-ocean ridges

Sea-floor spreading is driven by volcanic activity ____.

Produce most of the damage to buildings during earthquakes

Surface waves ____

23.5 degrees

The Earth's rotational axis is tilted ____ with respect to an imaginary line perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the sun.

Equator

The _____ marks the middle location on the Earth's surface, halfway between the geographic North and South Poles.

Doppler effect

The _____ refers to the change in wavelength (and, therefore, frequency) of waves that happens if the source of the waves is moving.

Increases

The age of oceanic crust ____ with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge.

Polar wander

The apparent tendency of the north (or south) magnetic pole to vary in position over time is termed ____.

is able to flow over long periods of time

Unlike the lithosphere, the asthenosphere ____.

Tiny shards of glass/ pyro clastic flow

Volcanic ash consist of___. An avalanche of hot ash flowing down the flanks of a volcano is known as a___.

A. May continue for days after the initial earthquake B. Are mostly much smaller than the original earthquake C. May occur on the same font as the original earthquake, or a different fault D. All OF THE ABOVE

Aftershocks following a major earthquake _____

Orogeny

An episode of mountain building is termed a(n) ____

nebular hypothesis

An explanation for the origin of planets, moons,asteroids, and comets is the _____.

Mars, Mercury, and Venus

Aside from earth, the terrestrial planets are...

move toward one another

At a convergent-plate boundary, two opposite plates

earthquakes and volcanoes are common

At transform-plate boundaries ____.

agree that continental drift occurs; the mechanisms that drive drift are at work in the ocean basins and upper mantle and were unknown in Wegener's time

Currently most geologists ____

Solid; liquid

The cord consist of two layers: the ____ inner core and ____ outer core.

False

The deep-ocean floor is flat and nearly featureless.

Asthenosphere

The lithosphere lies directly above the ____.

Denser

The metal alloy that makes up the core of Earth is ____, as compared to the rocky mantle

200 million

The oldest basalts on the ocean floor are about ____ years old.

Displacement

The quantity of offset that occurs along a fault is termed ____

is commonly regarded as correct

The theory of plate tectonics is a theory because it ____

at the edges of ocean basins

The thickness of clay and other sediments is greatest ___.

False

Wegener's evidence for a united Pangaea was so compelling that virtually all geologists agreed with the idea of continental drift during his lifetime.

magnetite

What iron bearing mineral is integral to paleomagnetism?

Melting

What process transforms a metamorphic rock into an igneous rock?

Petroleum

Which of the following is not a mineral?

Cemented

Which of the following is not part of the definition of sediment?

Blind fault

Which type of fault does not by definition have a fault trace

Oxidation

Which type of weathering process is happening to materials when the rust?

Chemical composition and gas content of lava vary

Why do all lava flows not look the same?

a. plates in constant motion b. mountain building c. formation of new oceans d. all of the above

Without plate tectonics, we would not have ____.