ESL 2 Grammar Review Fall 2016
Noun suffixes:
Adding a suffix to a verb form is one way of forming a noun. Examples:-ship (friendship) -ist (socialist); -er (writer) Arrived:our plane arrived at noon.
Future perfect progressive
Rarely used. Used to refer to something that will be continually going on at a future point. Example: "I will have been going to Starbucks for ten years next month."
Future tense
Refers to an action or event after now. Example: "I will arise now and go to Innisfree."
Past perfect progressive
Refers to something that had been continually going on before another event (Cain 6) Example: "Before the flood, I had been dancing at a Martin Luther King Jr. party."
accept
To receive something or give admittance. "Clinton, Trump vow to ___________ outcome if other wins".
Enroll
To sign up to become a member of a group or activity
Insist
To take a stand and hold firmly
If you decides to be a Nurse, ____________
You will have a good life.
4. be concerned about
(passover verb phrase) Neither of the children seemed ............. the flight, though.
My cat's favorite activity is .............
(sleep/ sleeping / slept)
The police arrested him for
(speeds / speed / speeding)
pass
(v) succeed in a test or class. Example: we should ______ this quiz, it's easy.
lend
(v) to give something temporarily to someone else. Example: my friend will ______ me the money i need to do the surgery, but I have to pay them back as soon as possible.
borrow
(v) to use something temporarily that belongs to someone else. Example: can I _____ the book to complete my assignment, please?
wish
(v) to want something to be true although it's impossible or unlikely. Example: I _____ that I win a million dollar, so i could by a car and travel the world.
hope
(v) to want something to happen that is possible or likely. Example: the instructors _______ that their students get high grades.
With relative adverbs
Adjectives clauses can also start with the relative adverbs where, when, and why. They connect the dependent clause to a noun in the sentence. The relative adverb modifies the verb in the dependent clause. That is the bench where you and I were supposed to meet. Six o'clock was the time when we were supposed to be there. That is the reason why I couldn't meet you.
a conditional sentence has an________ and ____________.
adverb and independent clause.
the word used to change the meaning of an adjective, a verb, a clause or another adverb.
adverb clause
My boyfriend called me to cancel our date ________ I left my house.
after
____________ the chores are done,we will eat ice cream
after
Verb+ infinitive--Some verbs are followed by an infinitive, or a noun or pronoun + infinitive
agree, ask, decide, encourage, expect, hope, intend, invite, lean, offer, pretend, order, plan, remind, seem, tell, want, warn
Infinitive
an addition of to + base form of the verb (to come, to drink, to swim).
except
apart from, not included. "Anything, ________ water, is likely to block a sink".
Uncountable nouns
are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself.
Present/Future Modals
modal + be + past participle {The computer can be upgraded.}
Past Time Modals
modal + have been + past participle The traffic delays could have been caused by the snow.
beside
next to, at the side of. "We walked, and the dog ran along ________".
to prohibit
to forbid by law or other authority.Example:smoking is......... in the most theaters.
Acquire
to gain something
to seem
to give the impression of being in a certain way. Example: the child .......... healthy,but the doctor is concerned
to affect
to have an influence in .....Example: rheumatic fever can ...... the heart
Require
to need something
3. concern (Verb)
to worry--The thought eased his ....... without completely removing it.
They walked _______me.
toward
________________ you're going to be running a lot of programs simultaneously, an expensive computer isn't necessary.
unless
The Silk road is ___________ any road in the world.
unlike
I will not give up to come to school----- I complete my degree
until
might
used to express possibility or probability.Example: it ...... snow tomorrow
Simple past
used to talk about events that happened previously at one point or habitually (Cain 6). Example: "I went to the zoo to see a zebra, but I did not get in because there was a flood."
Gerund
verb + ING example (doing, taking, eating).
Verbs + Gerunds
verb + being + past participle Oscar dislikes being treated like a child.
Verbs + Infinitives
verb + to be + past participle The teacher like to be informed of absences in advance.
We will go to the game _____________________
Even if
Shawn went ____ the park with his friends.
to
whose
The baby, ________ nap had been interrupted, wailed loudly.
Past perfect
"Used to describe or write about a past action or event that happened or existed before another past action or time" (Cain 6). Example: "They had had too much supper before the play, so they all had fallen asleep by the time I entered the stage."
1. almost
(Adjective) not quite all His ride had taken ..... an hour (Adverb) nearly It's ...... ludicrous what ultimately evolved to how it began.
If you need any help, please don't hesitate to .............
(ask / asking / asked)
I can't ......... my computer to work!
(get / got / gotten)
past
(n) the time that existed before the present. Example: In the_______ , I used to live with my parents.
verb suffixes:A letter or a group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning. Examples:
-ate (investigate) -en (broaden) -ify (notify) Often : student have gone to the library often.
Restrictive Clause
A restrictive clause (also known as an essential clause) is a type of adjective clause that provides information necessary for identifying the word it modifies. Restrictive clauses begin with words such as that, when, where, who, whom, whose, which and why. In contrast, a nonrestrictive (or nonessential) clause provides additional information about a word whose meaning is already clear. Nonrestrictive clauses often begin with the word which and are set off with commas. When deciding whether to include the word that or which in an adjective clause, remember to use that for restrictive clauses and which for nonrestrictive clauses: example: Restrictive clause: I brought the pie that I baked to the holiday party. ( That I baked is a restrictive adjective clause. It contains the subject I and the verb baked. The clause modifies the noun pie, providing necessary information about it.) Nonrestrictive clause: The kangaroo, which is a type of marsupial , keeps its young in its pouch. ( Which is a type of marsupial is a nonrestrictive adjective clause. It contains the subject which and the verb is. The clause modifies the noun kangaroo, providing additional, nonessential information about it.)
Adverb Clauses Summary
Adverb clauses allow you to describe relationships such as those showing comparison and contrast, time, and cause and effect. They also help to combine short sentences into longer, complex sentences that show the relationship between the two. An adverb clause is a dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction such as because, after, or although. An adverb clause must be connected to an independent, or main, clause. Use adverb clauses to emphasize the relationship between ideas and to connect short sentences. Also, a subordinating conjunction makes one idea less important that the other
Present Progressive
An action that is continually happening the very moment. He is driving to Newport.
Past Progressive
An action that was continually happening in the past. He was eating breakfast yesterday at 9 am.
Adjective suffixes:
An adjective describes a noun with qualities such as size, shape, color, worth, age, origin, and so on. Examples:-able (acceptable); -cal (classical); -ed (excited); Colorful: it was a colorful sky.
Adverb suffixes:
An adjective describes a noun with qualities such as size, shape, color, worth, age, origin, and so on. Examples:-ly (happily); Excellently: he plays tennis excellently.
Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a dependent clause that, like an adverb, modifies an adjective, an adverb, or a verb or verb phrase. Adverb clauses begin with words such as after, although, because, before, if, since, than, until, when, and while. example: Keiko's report was the best because she did the most research . ( Because she did the most research is an adverb clause. It contains the subject she and the verb did. The clause modifies the adjective best.) We will wait until Charlie finishes making his lunch . ( Until Charlie finishes making his lunch is an adverb clause. It contains the subject Charlie and the verb finishes. The clause modifies the verb phrase will wait.)
Elliptical Clause
An elliptical clause is a type of dependent, or subordinate, clause that is missing a word or words. Often, the missing part is a verb or verb phrase. While elliptical clauses are acceptable to use, they can sometimes cause confusion for writers and readers, especially when the sentence ends with a pronoun. Here's an example: You are just as good at golfing as (her, she).
Verb followed only by a gerund
Appreciate, avoid, dislike, consider, deny, discuss, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, mention, mind, miss, quit, suggest.
-----------I graduation, I will go Ethiopia to visit my family.
As soon as
Present Passive voice referring to future
Be going to- am/is/are going to be + past participle {The show is going to be held next month.}
_________ Sentences are statements discussing known factors
Conditional sentences
Past progressive
Describes actions that were going on sometime previously, something that was happening but was interrupted, or multiple happenings that are occurring together (Cain 6). Example: "While I was studying math, a lizard crawled on to the table and ate my homework" (Cain 6).
be going to
Form used to talk about events in the future but that is conjugated in the present tense.
May not
Formal permission/prohibition. You ... ... wear sandals to work.
If I had found her address, ___________
I would had gone to her house.
If I had enough money, ______________
I would have gone to Disney land.
What does act like a nouns
Gerund
Should be cleaned
I should clean my room once a week. In passive. The room ... ... .... once a week.
What_________________ i asked you for a ride home last night.
If
With prepositions
If the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition and is left out, the preposition has no choice but to dangle. In informal, spoken English, this is fine. It is also fine in spoken English to end the clause with the preposition. However, in formal English it is better to put the preposition before the pronoun. Note that the preposition is part of the dependent clause. This movie was the sequel we had been waiting for. (Informal) This movie was the sequel, which we had been waiting for. (Informal) This movie was the sequel for which we had been waiting. (Formal) Do you know the actor Shelly is talking about? (Informal) Do you know the actor that Shelly is talking about? (Informal) Do you know the actor about whom Shelly is talking? (Formal) (Note that that becomes whom or which.)
Would
Indicating someone thinking about what will happen
Verb that is followed by infinitive:
Love
Not
Makes modal verbs negative. They might ..... come to the game tonight.
Could
Modals used to make a suggestion. You ... take the tour of the city tomorrow.
Neither
Not one and not the other two
Either
Not one or the other two
Which verb shouldn't be followed by a gerund.
Seem
________ I fell sick today, I should not got to class tonight.
Since
With understood pronouns
Sometimes the relative pronoun is understood and not written in the sentence. Have you seen the book I lost? Have you seen the book [that] I lost? The teacher I had in fifth grade really inspired me. The teacher [whom] I had in fifth grade really inspired me.
Perseverance
Steadily continuing in spite of difficulty
It is possible to change it. The infinitive is used as :
Subject
Suffixes :
Suffixes are word endings that add a certain meaning to the word. Examples: -less (helpless, fearless, homeless); let (booklet,droplet) -th (depth,length, strength)hopeful:I was hopeful that the rain would end
Present progressive
Tense that indicates continuing action, something going on now. Example: You are taking a long time.
Future progressive
Tense that indicates continuing action, something that will be happening, going on, at some point in the future. Example: I will be running in the college race next year.
Simple present
Tense used to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes. Example: I work in London.
which
The hypothesis, ________ I tested throughout the research, was rejected.
who
The lady _______ lives across the street is my aunt.
That versus Which
The relative pronoun that always begins a restrictive clause. That can be used to replace who, whom, or which in restrictive clauses, but many teachers prefer students to use that only with non-human antecedents. example: The oranges that you need for this recipe are on the table. The workers who built this bridge did a good job. The relative pronoun which generally begins a nonrestrictive clause. It can begin a restrictive clause, but most style manuals prefer writers use it only for nonrestrictive clauses. example: The oranges, which have been sitting on the table for a week, are starting to look brown.
that
The results ___________ I obtained may invoke positive social change.
Ought to
To give advice. You ... ... have your car service before winter.
Leave
To go away from something
Present perfect progressive
Used to "describe or write about actions that began in the past and continue to the present" and to "emphasize the duration of actions that began in the past and continue to the present" (Cain 4). Example: "I have been walking dogs since I was fourteen."
Present perfect
Used to describe "actions that happened in the past and continue in the present" or "recently completed actions that affect the present" or "actions or events that happened at an unspecified time in the past" (Cain 4). Example: "I have finished eating lunch just now, so I would love to go to the park with you."
Future perfect
Used to describe what will have happened in the future before a different action takes place, or by a specific time. Example: I will have built my house by 2017.
Conditional sentences are ___________
Used to express the main action
Passive Voice
When the person or thing doing the action is obvious, unknown or Unimportant / When you don't want to mention the person doing the action. / When you want to emphasize the receiver of the action or the results of the action / When you are described.
You can put the package __________________
Wherever you like
The women took notes______________
While being taught to cook
Count Nouns
a noun that can form a plural and, in the singular, can be used with the indefinite article (e.g., books, a book ).
Nouns
a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things common noun, or to name a particular one of these proper noun.
the snow made my vision ___ blurry__ _night.
as______as
Chen is good ______ speaking in front of large groups.
at
Reading is the best thing I like to do _____ night.
at
In the present or future modals are always followed by :
base form
I like to learn new things everyday,------it makes me more confidential.
because
Samba is sitting _______________ his car because he locked himself out.
beside
Ameera can understand their accent_______ listening carefully.
by
in addition to if, conjunctions such as unless and even if are used.
conditional sentences
preposition
connects a noun or a pronoun to the rest of a sentence.
We are going out _____________ it snows.
even if
I loved ESL class _________________ Mr. Frasch gave me hard time.
even though
Skim
glance through quickly
Past Perfect Passive Voice
had been + past participle {The dinner had been prepared before we arrived.}
Verbs followed by gerund or infinitive
hate, continue, begin, like, love, prefer, start
__________ are set phrases whose prepositions and word order can't be changed.
idiomatic expressions with prepositions
Rachid lives_____ Cincinnati.
in
Samba arrived ______ June.
in
5. besides (preposition/transition)
in addition ...... Besides, she was as hungry as she was exhausted.
word that can stand alone as a sentences it has both a subject and verb.
independent clause
A gerund is a verbal ending in ....... that is used as a noun.
ing
Verbs forms
is an action word who can be (present tense, past tense, future tense).
adjective clause
is restrictive (also called essential) if it narrows down the word it modifies. It tells which one of the noun you are writing about. A restrictive adjective clause is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. It is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. examples: The players who are wearing the red uniforms are winning the game. If we take out the clause, we won't know which players are winning the game. It's a restrictive or essential clause.
worse
not as good as. "The news is even ________ than we expected".
loss
not winning or no longer having something. "A new treatment for hair ______ that gives you new, red hair."
I like to travel _______airplanes.
on
I have been here _______ 9:00PM.
since
____________ he has long hair, he ate vegetables in oder to stay healthy
since
_____________ he would not ruin the carpet he took off his
so that
An
the form of a used before words beginning with vowel sound.Example: a new car must have .......airbag
2. most/most of (Adjective/quantifier)
the greatest number or amount Of course, ........ the boys she dated were much younger than Yancey.
hit
was hit
build
were built
create
were created
injure
were injured
If you know ______________ they live you can drop in for a visit
where
___________ there is music, people will often dance
wherever
Simple Future Passive Voice
will be + past participle {We will be tested on this material in two weeks.}
Future Perfect
will have been + past participle { We will have been given the registration materials by then.}
I finished the test ______ difficulty.
with