ESL 2 Grammar Review Fall 2016

Noun suffixes:

Adding a suffix to a verb form is one way of forming a noun. Examples:-ship (friendship) -ist (socialist); -er (writer) Arrived:our plane arrived at noon.

Future perfect progressive

Rarely used. Used to refer to something that will be continually going on at a future point. Example: "I will have been going to Starbucks for ten years next month."

Future tense

Refers to an action or event after now. Example: "I will arise now and go to Innisfree."

Past perfect progressive

Refers to something that had been continually going on before another event (Cain 6) Example: "Before the flood, I had been dancing at a Martin Luther King Jr. party."

accept

To receive something or give admittance. "Clinton, Trump vow to ___________ outcome if other wins".

Enroll

To sign up to become a member of a group or activity

Insist

To take a stand and hold firmly

If you decides to be a Nurse, ____________

You will have a good life.

4. be concerned about

(passover verb phrase) Neither of the children seemed ............. the flight, though.

My cat's favorite activity is .............

(sleep/ sleeping / slept)

The police arrested him for

(speeds / speed / speeding)

pass

(v) succeed in a test or class. Example: we should ______ this quiz, it's easy.

lend

(v) to give something temporarily to someone else. Example: my friend will ______ me the money i need to do the surgery, but I have to pay them back as soon as possible.

borrow

(v) to use something temporarily that belongs to someone else. Example: can I _____ the book to complete my assignment, please?

wish

(v) to want something to be true although it's impossible or unlikely. Example: I _____ that I win a million dollar, so i could by a car and travel the world.

hope

(v) to want something to happen that is possible or likely. Example: the instructors _______ that their students get high grades.

With relative adverbs

Adjectives clauses can also start with the relative adverbs where, when, and why. They connect the dependent clause to a noun in the sentence. The relative adverb modifies the verb in the dependent clause. That is the bench where you and I were supposed to meet. Six o'clock was the time when we were supposed to be there. That is the reason why I couldn't meet you.

a conditional sentence has an________ and ____________.

adverb and independent clause.

the word used to change the meaning of an adjective, a verb, a clause or another adverb.

adverb clause

My boyfriend called me to cancel our date ________ I left my house.

after

____________ the chores are done,we will eat ice cream

after

Verb+ infinitive--Some verbs are followed by an infinitive, or a noun or pronoun + infinitive

agree, ask, decide, encourage, expect, hope, intend, invite, lean, offer, pretend, order, plan, remind, seem, tell, want, warn

Infinitive

an addition of to + base form of the verb (to come, to drink, to swim).

except

apart from, not included. "Anything, ________ water, is likely to block a sink".

Uncountable nouns

are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself.

Present/Future Modals

modal + be + past participle {The computer can be upgraded.}

Past Time Modals

modal + have been + past participle The traffic delays could have been caused by the snow.

beside

next to, at the side of. "We walked, and the dog ran along ________".

to prohibit

to forbid by law or other authority.Example:smoking is......... in the most theaters.

Acquire

to gain something

to seem

to give the impression of being in a certain way. Example: the child .......... healthy,but the doctor is concerned

to affect

to have an influence in .....Example: rheumatic fever can ...... the heart

Require

to need something

3. concern (Verb)

to worry--The thought eased his ....... without completely removing it.

They walked _______me.

toward

________________ you're going to be running a lot of programs simultaneously, an expensive computer isn't necessary.

unless

The Silk road is ___________ any road in the world.

unlike

I will not give up to come to school----- I complete my degree

until

might

used to express possibility or probability.Example: it ...... snow tomorrow

Simple past

used to talk about events that happened previously at one point or habitually (Cain 6). Example: "I went to the zoo to see a zebra, but I did not get in because there was a flood."

Gerund

verb + ING example (doing, taking, eating).

Verbs + Gerunds

verb + being + past participle Oscar dislikes being treated like a child.

Verbs + Infinitives

verb + to be + past participle The teacher like to be informed of absences in advance.

We will go to the game _____________________

Even if

Shawn went ____ the park with his friends.

to

whose

The baby, ________ nap had been interrupted, wailed loudly.

Past perfect

"Used to describe or write about a past action or event that happened or existed before another past action or time" (Cain 6). Example: "They had had too much supper before the play, so they all had fallen asleep by the time I entered the stage."

1. almost

(Adjective) not quite all His ride had taken ..... an hour (Adverb) nearly It's ...... ludicrous what ultimately evolved to how it began.

If you need any help, please don't hesitate to .............

(ask / asking / asked)

I can't ......... my computer to work!

(get / got / gotten)

past

(n) the time that existed before the present. Example: In the_______ , I used to live with my parents.

verb suffixes:A letter or a group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning. Examples:

-ate (investigate) -en (broaden) -ify (notify) Often : student have gone to the library often.

Restrictive Clause

A restrictive clause (also known as an essential clause) is a type of adjective clause that provides information necessary for identifying the word it modifies. Restrictive clauses begin with words such as that, when, where, who, whom, whose, which and why. In contrast, a nonrestrictive (or nonessential) clause provides additional information about a word whose meaning is already clear. Nonrestrictive clauses often begin with the word which and are set off with commas. When deciding whether to include the word that or which in an adjective clause, remember to use that for restrictive clauses and which for nonrestrictive clauses: example: Restrictive clause: I brought the pie that I baked to the holiday party. ( That I baked is a restrictive adjective clause. It contains the subject I and the verb baked. The clause modifies the noun pie, providing necessary information about it.) Nonrestrictive clause: The kangaroo, which is a type of marsupial , keeps its young in its pouch. ( Which is a type of marsupial is a nonrestrictive adjective clause. It contains the subject which and the verb is. The clause modifies the noun kangaroo, providing additional, nonessential information about it.)

Adverb Clauses Summary

Adverb clauses allow you to describe relationships such as those showing comparison and contrast, time, and cause and effect. They also help to combine short sentences into longer, complex sentences that show the relationship between the two. An adverb clause is a dependent clause that begins with a subordinating conjunction such as because, after, or although. An adverb clause must be connected to an independent, or main, clause. Use adverb clauses to emphasize the relationship between ideas and to connect short sentences. Also, a subordinating conjunction makes one idea less important that the other

Present Progressive

An action that is continually happening the very moment. He is driving to Newport.

Past Progressive

An action that was continually happening in the past. He was eating breakfast yesterday at 9 am.

Adjective suffixes:

An adjective describes a noun with qualities such as size, shape, color, worth, age, origin, and so on. Examples:-able (acceptable); -cal (classical); -ed (excited); Colorful: it was a colorful sky.

Adverb suffixes:

An adjective describes a noun with qualities such as size, shape, color, worth, age, origin, and so on. Examples:-ly (happily); Excellently: he plays tennis excellently.

Adverb Clause

An adverb clause is a dependent clause that, like an adverb, modifies an adjective, an adverb, or a verb or verb phrase. Adverb clauses begin with words such as after, although, because, before, if, since, than, until, when, and while. example: Keiko's report was the best because she did the most research . ( Because she did the most research is an adverb clause. It contains the subject she and the verb did. The clause modifies the adjective best.) We will wait until Charlie finishes making his lunch . ( Until Charlie finishes making his lunch is an adverb clause. It contains the subject Charlie and the verb finishes. The clause modifies the verb phrase will wait.)

Elliptical Clause

An elliptical clause is a type of dependent, or subordinate, clause that is missing a word or words. Often, the missing part is a verb or verb phrase. While elliptical clauses are acceptable to use, they can sometimes cause confusion for writers and readers, especially when the sentence ends with a pronoun. Here's an example: You are just as good at golfing as (her, she).

Verb followed only by a gerund

Appreciate, avoid, dislike, consider, deny, discuss, delay, enjoy, finish, keep, mention, mind, miss, quit, suggest.

-----------I graduation, I will go Ethiopia to visit my family.

As soon as

Present Passive voice referring to future

Be going to- am/is/are going to be + past participle {The show is going to be held next month.}

_________ Sentences are statements discussing known factors

Conditional sentences

Past progressive

Describes actions that were going on sometime previously, something that was happening but was interrupted, or multiple happenings that are occurring together (Cain 6). Example: "While I was studying math, a lizard crawled on to the table and ate my homework" (Cain 6).

be going to

Form used to talk about events in the future but that is conjugated in the present tense.

May not

Formal permission/prohibition. You ... ... wear sandals to work.

If I had found her address, ___________

I would had gone to her house.

If I had enough money, ______________

I would have gone to Disney land.

What does act like a nouns

Gerund

Should be cleaned

I should clean my room once a week. In passive. The room ... ... .... once a week.

What_________________ i asked you for a ride home last night.

If

With prepositions

If the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition and is left out, the preposition has no choice but to dangle. In informal, spoken English, this is fine. It is also fine in spoken English to end the clause with the preposition. However, in formal English it is better to put the preposition before the pronoun. Note that the preposition is part of the dependent clause. This movie was the sequel we had been waiting for. (Informal) This movie was the sequel, which we had been waiting for. (Informal) This movie was the sequel for which we had been waiting. (Formal) Do you know the actor Shelly is talking about? (Informal) Do you know the actor that Shelly is talking about? (Informal) Do you know the actor about whom Shelly is talking? (Formal) (Note that that becomes whom or which.)

Would

Indicating someone thinking about what will happen

Verb that is followed by infinitive:

Love

Not

Makes modal verbs negative. They might ..... come to the game tonight.

Could

Modals used to make a suggestion. You ... take the tour of the city tomorrow.

Neither

Not one and not the other two

Either

Not one or the other two

Which verb shouldn't be followed by a gerund.

Seem

________ I fell sick today, I should not got to class tonight.

Since

With understood pronouns

Sometimes the relative pronoun is understood and not written in the sentence. Have you seen the book I lost? Have you seen the book [that] I lost? The teacher I had in fifth grade really inspired me. The teacher [whom] I had in fifth grade really inspired me.

Perseverance

Steadily continuing in spite of difficulty

It is possible to change it. The infinitive is used as :

Subject

Suffixes :

Suffixes are word endings that add a certain meaning to the word. Examples: -less (helpless, fearless, homeless); let (booklet,droplet) -th (depth,length, strength)hopeful:I was hopeful that the rain would end

Present progressive

Tense that indicates continuing action, something going on now. Example: You are taking a long time.

Future progressive

Tense that indicates continuing action, something that will be happening, going on, at some point in the future. Example: I will be running in the college race next year.

Simple present

Tense used to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes. Example: I work in London.

which

The hypothesis, ________ I tested throughout the research, was rejected.

who

The lady _______ lives across the street is my aunt.

That versus Which

The relative pronoun that always begins a restrictive clause. That can be used to replace who, whom, or which in restrictive clauses, but many teachers prefer students to use that only with non-human antecedents. example: The oranges that you need for this recipe are on the table. The workers who built this bridge did a good job. The relative pronoun which generally begins a nonrestrictive clause. It can begin a restrictive clause, but most style manuals prefer writers use it only for nonrestrictive clauses. example: The oranges, which have been sitting on the table for a week, are starting to look brown.

that

The results ___________ I obtained may invoke positive social change.

Ought to

To give advice. You ... ... have your car service before winter.

Leave

To go away from something

Present perfect progressive

Used to "describe or write about actions that began in the past and continue to the present" and to "emphasize the duration of actions that began in the past and continue to the present" (Cain 4). Example: "I have been walking dogs since I was fourteen."

Present perfect

Used to describe "actions that happened in the past and continue in the present" or "recently completed actions that affect the present" or "actions or events that happened at an unspecified time in the past" (Cain 4). Example: "I have finished eating lunch just now, so I would love to go to the park with you."

Future perfect

Used to describe what will have happened in the future before a different action takes place, or by a specific time. Example: I will have built my house by 2017.

Conditional sentences are ___________

Used to express the main action

Passive Voice

When the person or thing doing the action is obvious, unknown or Unimportant / When you don't want to mention the person doing the action. / When you want to emphasize the receiver of the action or the results of the action / When you are described.

You can put the package __________________

Wherever you like

The women took notes______________

While being taught to cook

Count Nouns

a noun that can form a plural and, in the singular, can be used with the indefinite article (e.g., books, a book ).

Nouns

a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things common noun, or to name a particular one of these proper noun.

the snow made my vision ___ blurry__ _night.

as______as

Chen is good ______ speaking in front of large groups.

at

Reading is the best thing I like to do _____ night.

at

In the present or future modals are always followed by :

base form

I like to learn new things everyday,------it makes me more confidential.

because

Samba is sitting _______________ his car because he locked himself out.

beside

Ameera can understand their accent_______ listening carefully.

by

in addition to if, conjunctions such as unless and even if are used.

conditional sentences

preposition

connects a noun or a pronoun to the rest of a sentence.

We are going out _____________ it snows.

even if

I loved ESL class _________________ Mr. Frasch gave me hard time.

even though

Skim

glance through quickly

Past Perfect Passive Voice

had been + past participle {The dinner had been prepared before we arrived.}

Verbs followed by gerund or infinitive

hate, continue, begin, like, love, prefer, start

__________ are set phrases whose prepositions and word order can't be changed.

idiomatic expressions with prepositions

Rachid lives_____ Cincinnati.

in

Samba arrived ______ June.

in

5. besides (preposition/transition)

in addition ...... Besides, she was as hungry as she was exhausted.

word that can stand alone as a sentences it has both a subject and verb.

independent clause

A gerund is a verbal ending in ....... that is used as a noun.

ing

Verbs forms

is an action word who can be (present tense, past tense, future tense).

adjective clause

is restrictive (also called essential) if it narrows down the word it modifies. It tells which one of the noun you are writing about. A restrictive adjective clause is necessary to the meaning of the sentence. It is not separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. examples: The players who are wearing the red uniforms are winning the game. If we take out the clause, we won't know which players are winning the game. It's a restrictive or essential clause.

worse

not as good as. "The news is even ________ than we expected".

loss

not winning or no longer having something. "A new treatment for hair ______ that gives you new, red hair."

I like to travel _______airplanes.

on

I have been here _______ 9:00PM.

since

____________ he has long hair, he ate vegetables in oder to stay healthy

since

_____________ he would not ruin the carpet he took off his

so that

An

the form of a used before words beginning with vowel sound.Example: a new car must have .......airbag

2. most/most of (Adjective/quantifier)

the greatest number or amount Of course, ........ the boys she dated were much younger than Yancey.

hit

was hit

build

were built

create

were created

injure

were injured

If you know ______________ they live you can drop in for a visit

where

___________ there is music, people will often dance

wherever

Simple Future Passive Voice

will be + past participle {We will be tested on this material in two weeks.}

Future Perfect

will have been + past participle { We will have been given the registration materials by then.}

I finished the test ______ difficulty.

with