ESP 312 Final

_____________ conditioning deals with behaviors that are voluntary rather than reflexive.

Operant

When constructing a graph, behavior is plotted along the:

Ordinate

_____________ refers to repeated practice after an objective has been initially accomplished.

Overlearning

_______________ data are reported as a number of items or percent of items resulting from behavior

Permanent Product

Refining broad generalizations into specific, observable, and measurable behaviors is known as

Pinpointing

Ms. Harper wants to increase John's behavior of sharing during circle time. Each time Ms. Harper observes John sharing she provides him with a token and his behavior increased. Which type of reinforcement is she using?

Positive

John was scheduled to take a spelling test each Friday. His mother told him that if he received a 90% correct or better for three out of four spelling test he would get to buy a new video game. His mother was employing which of the behavioral techniques?

Positive Reinforcement

When a student is given a pleasant consequence to a behavior and it results in an increase in the behavior's rate of occurrence, what behavioral principle is being used?

Positive Reinforcement

Which of the following would be a good example of a rule with specificity?

Raise your hand before speaking

____________ is a naturally occurring phenomenon

Reinforcement

Dara was self-talking through each step of her math problem. She was engaged in ___________

Self-instruction

In science lab, students are provided with a list of questions to answer as well as a detailed lab manual outlining the step-by-step experimental procedures to be completed. In this class, what self-management procedure is the teacher using?

Self-instruction

Ms. Kirkland set up a picture schedule to transition students between activities. Once a student completed an activity they compared their work to a picture of the task completed. Ms. Kirkland's students were engaged in __________

Self-monitoring

John has a tendency to yell at his classmates when he doesn't get his way during recess. Mrs. Cobb taught John that when he wants to demonstrate inappropriate behavior during recess, he must sit on the playground bench for 5 minutes. Over time, John has begun to independently sit on the bench without being prompted by his teacher, when he yells at his peers during recess. What self-managment procedure is John using?

Self-punishment

Each day Sharon completes 30 minutes of working out at the gym, she places an "X" for that day on her calendar. What self-management procedure is Sharon using?

Self-recording

Ms. Sims was having difficulty getting Tia to sit during morning circle. She decided that she would reinforce Tia's attempts to sit during circle time. She began by reinforcing Tia when she was standing next to her chair, then when she had one knee on her chair. She continued this process until Tia remained seated during morning circle time. Ms. Sims employed which of the behavioral techniques?

Shaping

________________ is the process of using successive approximations to teach a new behavior or skill

Shaping

"Point to the correct answer" is an example of which component of a behavioral objective?

Target behavior

The step-by-step breakdown of brushing teeth is an example of:

Task Analysis

Excited about her classroom visitors, Ms. Phillips points to Olivia and explains that although she has a learning disability, she has made progress in math over the past two weeks. Which ethical rule has Ms. Phillips broken?

The right to a therapeutic environment

In an attempt to keep ahead with his paperwork, Mr. Martin goes ahead and writes Frankie's IEP goals, objectives, and behavioral management plan for the next year before the IEP meeting- which ethical rule is Mr. Martin ignoring?

The right to services whose overriding goal is personal welfare

Jay is allowed to use his AAC device only during break, lunch, and leisure time. According to his teacher when he device is used during instructional time, it is distracting to other students. Which ethical rule has Jay's teacher ignored?

The right to services whose overriding goal is personal welfare

Reinforcers that are exchangeable for some reinforcer of value to student is known as:

Token reinforcers

Fractionation is used to evaluate performance change when using:

an alternating treatment design

___________ are useful primarily for analysis, not for evaluation

anecdotal reports

Ana consistently increases the number of baskets she makes each game. If the number of baskets se made over the last seven games were plotted on a graph, a _______________ trend would be evident.

ascending

When using time-sampling the teacher notes occurrence or non-occurence of the behavior:

at the end of the interval

For an explanation of behavior to be"verifiable" it must:

be testable

_________ refers to procedures derived from experimental analysis of human behavior

behavior modification

The ______________ design evaluates the effectiveness of an independent variable by demonstrating that a behavior can be incrementally increased or decreased toward a terminal performance goal

changing condition

Michael counts on his fingers in order to answer arithmetic computation problems. The teacher wants to wean him off this crutch. She gives him, consecutively, various assistance strategies of lessening the concrete nature of his prompt. The most appropriate design for this example is:

changing conditions design

Mr. Mason is working to Jacy to increase the number of pizza boxes she folds during her first 30 minutes at the pizza shop during her vocational instruction. She currently folds an average of 15 boxes during a 30 minute period. Mr. Mason would like to increase this number to 100. What would be the most appropriate research design to use?

changing criterion design

To establish effective instructional practices the following should be present:

clear lesson plans, brisk instruction, and engaging teacher characteristics

A "learned" reinforcer is also known as:

conditional reinforcer

Physical restraint is considered a

conditioned aversive stimulus

Which of the following would be a procedure used by an applied behavior analyst?

contingency contracting

Antecedent stimuli or conditions may be defined by the teacher to set up appropriate response. They may include:

demonstration, verbal instruction and manner of assistance

A ______________ position holds that human behavior is lawful and its causes can be identified in environmental events

deterministic

On average, students in science Group A ask for assistance 8-12 times per 20 minute period. The teacher wants to decrease this behavior. She tells the group that if they are able to complete their 20 minute lab assignment with no more than 3 requests for assistance, they will receive 5 bonus points for their work. This is an example of:

differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior

Mrs. Jones had her students help establish a list of classroom rules, when they finished there were 35 rules for the class. This addresses which component of verbal structure?

economy

Mrs. Golden wanted to collect baseline data on how often Lauren speaks to her neighbor during silent reading. She divided the 15 minutes into equal 30-second intervals and made a notation of Lauren's talking during each. The method of data collection she used was:

event recording

The data collection technique that notes every time a behavior occurs within an observation period is:

event recording

While in the community, Miss Nelson records whether or not Ethan is able to independently perform each step of the shopping task analysis. This is an example of what recording procedure?

event recording

_______________ refers to the researcher's efforts to ensure that changes in the dependent variable are directly related to manipulations of the independent variable

experimental control

When determining __________ of a behavior, we count the number of times the behavior occurs within an observation period.

frequency

Which of the following is not one of Bloom's levels of learning?

generalization

Ms. Tammy's self-contained class was working on a hygiene regiment, including teeth brushing. Three of the five students required significant instructions for brushing teeth. Ms. Tammy created a step-by-step breakdown of the procedures and decided to start off providing physical guidance and gradually reduce the prompt level. The instructional procedure used was:

graduated guidance

In explaining behavior, a useful theory must be:

inclusive, verifiable, have predictive utility, and be parsimonious

The goal of behavior of behavior analysts is to ________________ the number of options available to people

increase

A positive reinforcer is a consequence stimulus which:

increases the future rate, is delivered contingently and immediately following a desired behavior

When Dolores screams, her mother picks her up ad holds her close. "Picking up and holding Dolores close" is considered the:

independent variable

This procedure of generalization requires that the procedure successfully used to change a behavior in one setting be applied to all the settings in which the desired behavior change should occur

introduce to natural maintaining contingencies

Initially, Isabel is taught to use her AAC to indicate if it's time for lunch when prompted by the teacher and when she feels hunger. Through instruction over time and withdrawal of the teacher's verbal prompt, Isabel now independently indicates time for lunch when her stomach begins growling. This is an example of what generalization technique?

introduce to naturally maintaining contingencies

One disadvantage of an AB design is:

it does not allow for determining a functional relation

When teaching students to generalize, this procedure provides that the teacher delivers reinforcement only for responses that are different from previous responses to the cue

lag schedule of reinforcement

When the bell rang, it took Blake 11 minutes to get to his next class- is an example of what behavioral dimension?

latency

Ms. Markham is concerned about Peter's arithmetic computation and work completion behaviors. The appropriate design for use in this instance is:

multiple baseline design

Justin often attempts to jump off the classroom chairs. His teacher decided to reduce the behavior by having him repeatedly jump off the classroom chair, while under close supervision. This is an example of

negative practice

When structuring the physical arrangement of the classroom one must consider:

observation of all students, physical spacing of students, and delineation of work areas

Which of the following is considered a form of an aversive stimulus?

overcorrection

A teacher giving a written test is using:

permanent product recording

After finishing lunch Jose left his trash on the table, his teacher responded by having him pick up the trash left behind at each table. This procedure is known as

positive practice

During basketball practice, Coach Reeves' team continually forgot his directive to pass the ball at center court. For 15 minutes, the coach has his players practice passing the ball at center court. This educational procedure is called

positive-practice overcorrection

Miss Kennedy wants Oliver to learn the skills necessary to successfully participate in a job interview. She provides stimulated training opportunities with Oliver that incorporate the same questions an interviewer would ask and the same environmental configuration. In addition, she has Oliver wear the outfit he will wear to his interview. Which technique for promoting generalization is Miss Kennedy using?

program common stimuli

Ms. Wilson's class went two days a week to work at a local grocery store. To assist with generalization, such as sorting, she created a simulation of the grocery store in their classroom. This is an example of what generalization technique:

programming common stimuli

The primary consideration that guides teachers in designing a program to change a student's behavior is:

proven effectiveness of a technique

For an explanation of behavior to have predictive utility it must:

provide reliable answers about what people are likely to do under certain circumstances

Joe was on a CRF schedule to reinforce the behavior of raising his hand before speaking out. his teacher decided she needed to thin his schedule of reinforcement from a CRF to VI 10 schedule. Joe's use of hand raiding decreased and he began to call out without raising hid hand. This behavioral principle that explains this situation is ____________________

ratio strain

The relationship between behavior and the environment is

reciprocal

The best way to determine wether something is reinforcing a student is to use

reinforcer sampling

All of the following are reasons for identifying the target behavior in the behavioral objective EXCEPT:

required by law

A driver is taught to push the accelerator when the traffic light turns green. While at work, she opens the dishwasher door, only when the light turns green. This is an example of:

response generalization

Mr. Hughes was stopped by the police for emptying his ashtray on the roadway while he was driving at 35 m.p.h. The judge sentence him to an entire weekend of picking up trash on the side of the road. This is an example of

restitutional overcorrection

After lunch, Mrs. Davis began to work with Marquis on acquisition of his sight words. Marquis was reinforced on a CRF schedule with primary reinforcers (popcorn). However, Mrs. Davis notices that the popcorn was not serving as a reinforcer. What behavioral term describes the phenomenon that Mrs. Davis was observing?

satiation

In __________________, students report an occurrence of their behavior

self-recording

Mr. Henderson wanted to shop Elijah's hand flapping. He consulted with the IEP committee and they decided to use hand weight to make the hand flapping more difficult in order to reduce the behavior. The behavioral procedure employed is __________

sensory extinction

Ms. Coulter was successful using a token reinforcement system with Jordan to decrease his inappropriate behaviors in class. Mr. Johnson is now going to implement the same token system in his class in hopes that Jordan's behavior will improve. This is an example of what generalization technique?

sequentially modify

Objectives on the IEP include:

short-term objective, person responsible, criteria for mastery, and review date

The process of pinpointing behavior refines a broad generalization into:

specific, observable, and measurable behavior

Self-instruction is a strategy of providing oneself verbal prompts for:

task completion

A scale break indicates:

that the ordinate scale is not continuous

Confirmation of the reinforcing properties of a stimulus lies in:

the effect on behavior

Spontaneous recovery refers toL

the possible reappearance of an extinguished behavior

The best person to manage a student's behavior is:

the student

Aversive or exclusionary procedures may create problems in all but one of the following ways-

their use is always appropriate when used by professionals

Jennifer learns to discriminate between hot and cold by operating sink controls in the science lab. She has maintained 100% accuracy on this skill over several weeks. When she has to wash her hands at Burger Barn next week, it is anticipated that she will independently use the water controls. The generalization technique being used here is:

train and hope

Mr. Hawkins wants Abel to learn to purchase a newspaper from a newspaper vending machine. Over two weeks, Abel purchases newspapers from four different newspaper machines. This is an example of what generalization technique?

train to sufficient exemplars

Students may be trained to be reinforced by generalization as a response class. This is described as:

training to generalize

"Jack can't learn because he has Down Syndrome" is an example of what explanation of behavior?

Biophysical explanation

____________ are phases of an intervention during which different approaches or techniques are used

Conditions

Derrick, a student in Mr. Davis' class, repeatedly exhibited tantruming behavior including screaming, crying, and hitting. Mr. Davis' is unsure of the cause of the behavior. What steps should he take to determine the function of the behavior?

Conduct a functional assessment

The schedule of reinforcement having a one-to-one ratio is:

Continuous

When data are converted to the seconds/minutes/hours for which a behavior occurred, the type of recording used to collect the data was:

Duration recording

Types of data collection procedures that have been successfully used by students as means for self-recording are:

Event

Cole has difficulty making it to the bus stop on time each morning. His parents purchased hum a new alarm clock that sounds promptly at 6:15 a.m. Cole has yet to fail to get out of bed once his alarm has sounded. However, 45 minutes does not seem to be enough time for Cole to eat breakfast and get ready for school. Cole's parents have decided that he probably needs yo get up earlier. What recording procedure could his parents use to determine how much earlier to set the alarm clock?

Event Recording

Ms. Harper wants to increase John's behavior of sharing during circle time. Each time Ms. Harper observes John sharing she provides him with a token and his behavior increased. What type of data collection system should Ms. Harper use to record the number of occurrences of John's sharing behavior?

Event Recording

Mike's job coach was concerned with his production on the job site. Mike had mastered the assembly skills but was having difficulty keeping up with the competitive job production of his coworkers. Mike's job coach should work on which of the following?

Fluency

When presented with a fast food menu at Burger Barn, Brooke will place her order within 30 seconds, 8 out of 10 trials over 3 consecutive weeks. This objective represents the ____________ level of response competence.

Fluency

Self-recording appears to be most effective in:

Identifying necessary variations in intervention

The Premack Principle is the reinforcement system used most often by teachers. which of the following is an example of the Premack Principle?

If you finish all your work, then you may have free time for 10 minutes

What recording procedure should a teacher use if he wanted to be as exact as possible in recording frequently occurring aggressive behaviors (hitting, kicking, and biting) during a 20-minute activity period?

Interval Recording

Which is considered the least intrusive strategy for reducing behavior?

Jerry is taught to point to a picture to tell his teacher he is hungry instead of pushinig materials off his desk

What is known as a "demonstration of behavior"?

Modeling

Mrs. jakes wanted to address Murray's reading comprehension using a new instructional program. For baseline, she measured:

Murray's current reading comprehension using the instructional program already in place

David can currently read 12 sight words. the curriculum criterion states that he must be able to read 50 sigh words. His teacher plans to systematically introduce 4 new sight words at a time as David masters each set. David's teacher should employ a:

None of the above (multiple baseline design, ABAB design, or reversal design)