ESS Midterm 2
You see three shoots of a plant with a connected root system. This is an example of 1 ramet. 3 genets. 3 ramets. 6 genets.
3 Ramets. shoot : is the above-ground part of the plant that bears the flowering buds, lateral buds and flowering stems. Genet (biology), a colony of plants, fungi or bacteria that come from a single genetic source· Ramets are asexually produced by a genet. they are modules produced from the genet. (see lecture 15 slide 12.) Basically, think of mycelium. Plants, mushrooms, etc (genets) will clone (ramets) to cover a larger area, netting more nutrients, and extending the genets life span. Genets can connect to the Ramet modules it created by stolons or rhizomes. Rhizomes are like mycelium, specialized stems that grow below the ground surface, connecting each plant / mushroom. Stolons are specialized stems that connect the plants above the ground. There is only one Genet, this is the plant that begins the cloning colony. Forming a group of Ramets called a colonial colony. "by producing raments the GENET covers a large area and its life is extended."
An ecologist counts the number of individuals in five samples of equal area for four species of organisms. Which of these counts best represents a clumped population? 23, 21, 25, 22, 18 47, 18, 93, 12, 28 12, 13, 12, 13, 11 133, 124, 113, 128, 119
47, 18, 93, 12, 28 Recall: Populations (group of the same species) can have certain spatial arrangements. They can be randomly placed, Uniform (grid like), or Clumped, thinking clustered or groups in composition. This means that there will be clusters across the whole quadrat (the grid which is used for measuring equal area sections). 12,13,12,13,11 is a uniform structure 23,21,25,22,18 Seems random 133, 124, 113, 128, 119 seems random. however, 47,18,93,12,28 has clusters of large abundance of organisms clumped together in certain sections of the quadrat.
Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O H2O → 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e- 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Which of the following statements is true of metapopulations? A metapopulation is one unit of a population that is isolated due to geographic barriers. A metapopulation represents those populations that are unable to colonize certain areas due to interfering geographic barriers. A metapopulation is a collection of local populations that are connected through the movement of individuals among them. A metapopulation is a group of local populations that all remain distinct with no exchange of genetic material or individuals. A metapopulation is a population that occupies a suitable habitat patch within the larger landscape of an unsuitable habitat.
A metapopulation is a collection of local populations that are connected through the movement of individuals among them. Hint: "The movement of individuals is a key process in metapopulations." Slide 15 Lecture 4: Collection of local subpopulations divided by unsuitable habitat, spatially separated but connected by the movement of individuals between them. Recall: A population is a group of organisms of the same species that inhabit the same area, a Geographic range. Think of sheep on a grassland. Now just plop some desert regions in between them and now the environment has separated them into metapopulations. Individuals can travel to other grasslands that contain a metapopulation but will have to navigate certain environments to reach these metapopulations. IN TERMS OF THE UNITED STATES, THIS IS ON A STATE SCALE (see lecture 15 slide 4) Restated: However, metapopulations are just populations that a divided by inhabitable environments. They could be one population but the ENVIRONMENT/HABITAT separates them. They can still interact with each other but have to navigate inhabitable environments. E.g. Elephants migrating to suitable environments. Although they are separated into different Herds or metapopulations, they will still migrate to common / shared habitats, divided by inhabitable environments.
Which of the following human actions is most apt to result in a long-term increase in soil pH? application of NH4- containing fertilizers irrigation with high sodium salt-containing waters application of farm manure application of unlimed sewage sludge emission of gases from cars and trucks
Answer: irrigation with high sodium salt-containing waters Not - emission of gases from cars and trucks - Lecture 11 slide 30: Thought from Acid rain. But apparently it's not the most "apt" Page 290: The pH Values generally exceed 8.5 because sodium carbonate is more soluble than calcium or magnesium carbonate and so high concentrations of Co32- and HCo3- are in solution. Meaning, Na+ and Carbonate split in solution and Carbonate Drastically increases pH. Carbonate and Bicarbonate can hold onto Protons and increase the overall pH. In equilibrium with Carbonic acid <=> Bicarbonate <=> carbonate
The________________ is made up of all of Earth's ecosystems, or all the parts of Earth that support life.
Biosphere
Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance? birth rate weather conditions environmental toxins competition for food competition for space
Birth rate
Which of the following statements about population distributions and densities is true? Dispersal has little effect on local population densities. Dispersal plays a major role in range expansion for populations that have been introduced into a new region. Dispersal is not a factor in range expansion for introduced species, such as the gypsy moth. The distribution of tree species in North America has been fairly constant for the past 20,000 years. Temporal variation in environmental conditions stabilizes population ranges.
Dispersal plays a major role in range expansion for populations that have been introduced into a new region. What is Dispersal? Pg 357: The movement of Individuals in a space is referred to as Dispersal. Plants depend on passive ways of dispersal though the movement of wind, gravity, animals, or water. Why they are False: ------- * Dispersal has little effect on local population densities: Local population densities can be thought of as metapopulations, or a population separated by inhabitable environments. (see lecture 15 slide 4). If individuals were to Disperse to other local populations or metapopulation they would cause their abundances to fluxulate, which will impact the population densities. or Abundance / Area. * Dispersal is not a factor in range expansion for introduced species, such as the gypsy moth: (See pg 359) the Gypsy moth was an invasive species brought over to the united states. This has a profound impact on range expansion for populations. Human dispersal --> invasive species --> Causes species to reach continents they would not have otherwise. * The distribution of tree species in North America has been fairly constant for the past 20,000 years: (see page 360) Because North America is a relatively newly populated/industrialized Continent, there has been a huge influx in invasive species which has skyrocketed the distribution of tree species in NA. Moreover, this has also become a huge problem in Hawaii with trees from Africa. *Temporal Variation in environmental conditions stabilizes population ranges: (see page 481). Temporal Variation: because the climate can change drastically in certain environments with the seasons this causes certain species to dominate depending on their ideal environmental conditions. Therefore, this does NOT stabilize population ranges (Lecture 15 Slide 3 where a specific species inhabits a geographic area). As winter comes a species of plant might have a larger geographic area compared to summer. This causes a fluctuating population range.
______________ is the study of the interrelationships among organisms and their surroundings.
Ecology
A(n)__________________ includes all the organisms in a defined geographical area, as well the nonliving components with which they interact.
Ecosystem
Which soil order would be expected in a coastal area that was recently covered by marine deposits by a tsunami? Entisols Ultisols Alfisols Aridisols Andisols
Entisols
The acidity and detrimental impacts of "acid rain" is primarily due to the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. (TRUE/FALSE)
False Pg 264, 265 "Combustion of fossil fuels and the smelting of sulfur-containing metal ores emit enormous quantities of nitrogen and sulfur-containing gases into the atmosphere (Figure 18). Other sources of these gases include forest fires and the burning of crop residues. The gases (mainly sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen) react with water and other substances in the atmosphere to form HNO3 and H 2SO4. These strong acids are then returned to the Earth in acid rain"
The area inhabited by all individuals of a particular species is known as the population's habitat. geographic range. density. ecosystem.
Geographic Range = the area inhabitated by a specific population Density = Abundance / Area. Ecosystem = includes all the organisms in a defined geographical area, as well the nonliving components with which they interact.
If, via global warming, the temperatures increased in Canada, the red maple might be able to extend its ________ to the North. migration route age structure population size geographic range
Geographic range
Negative effects of acidity in subsoils can be ameliorated by adding gypsum (CaSO4-2H2O) to the soil surface. Which of the following most likely helps account for this? Gypsum dissolves and leaches downward, increasing the Ca/Al ratio in the soil solution Sulfate ions from the gypsum react with H ions in the subsoil to form H2SO4 Gypsum stimulates root growth in the surface soil horizonsCalcium from the gypsum replaces hydrogen from colloids in the subsoil thereby increasing the soil pH The gypsum replace hydrogen from colloids which moves down the profile and decreases the pH of the subsoil
Gypsum dissolves and leaches downward, increasing the Ca/Al ratio in the soil solution Recall: Acid soils can be fixed with alkaline materials that supply conjugate bases of weak acids (Co32-, OH-, SO32-) Meaning, they can form a weak acid that will "trap" H+ protons which can be washed away and will increase the pH. Lecture 11 Slide 38: The negative effects of acidity in subsoils include Al toxicity, P deficiency, and loss of Macronutrients (Ca, Mg, K). Al toxicity can be improved without changing pH by adding Gypsum. Adding Gypsum (Calcium Sulfate) supplies Ca2+ and SO42-. Ratio law: By having more calcium in the solution you get the Aluminium off because of its competition. The Calcium will force the Aluminum off the exchange complex and the Aluminum will go in the solution, combining with the Sulfate and getting washed away. "the cations wont move without the anion." Ratio Law Pg 232: Just because Al has a greater soil colloid attraction than Ca, some Ca still attaches to the soil colloid. I can assume this is due to their differing sizes, allowing certain lower-strength anions to attach. Moreover, the Ratio law states an equilibrium will be reached of all cations in the solution attaching to the soil colloid. For example: if we have 20 Ca and 5 Mg in soln. we will have 20/5 which equals a ratio of 4 : 1. Meaning, in soil SOLUTION we will have a ratio of 4 Ca to 1 Mg in soln. Soil colloid attraction in order of strength follows H+ > Al > Ca > Mg > K > Na Reminder: Organic matter can also form complexes that trap the Al that can be washed away.
Gypsum is the most widely used chemical for the reclamation of sodic soils. What characteristic accounts for its popularity? Gypsum is abundant and low priced Gypsum is quite insoluble, so it remains the soil for log periods of time Gypsum provides sulfate that attract Na+ from the exchange complex Gypsum forms sulfuric acid that helps reduce the soil pH Gypsum reacts with Na+ to precipitate Na2SO4
Gypsum is abundant and low priced hasdjkhhjasdhkasdhjk asdhjkhjkasdhjkasd hjkasdhjkasd hajsdkhsdkajshjs
Which of the following is an example of trade-offs in plant adaptations? In a region of high light, you find a plant that has a very low root-to-shoot ratio with large, broad leaves and very short roots. You find a plant living in a low-nutrient environment. It has a very high root-to-shoot ratio. If you fertilize the plant, you will find that it will continue to increase its growth, particularly its root-to-shoot ratio, in direct correlation with the amount of fertilizer you've added. In a desert area you find a lot of cacti. They do not seem to lose water from their leaves during the day, and you note that their stomata are closed. Because of the high availability of light, they are growing rapidly and have ample leaf material. In a forest floor outside of Seattle, you find a plant growing in a very shaded area. You determine that it has consistently low respiration rates, but it also reaches maximum net photosynthesis at lower light levels than its neighbors growing in higher-light environments. In a region of low-nutrients, you find a plant with a high volume of roots. This plant also has a very high volume of shoots to maximize photosynthesis.
In a forest floor outside of Seattle, you find a plant growing in a very shaded area. You determine that it has consistently low respiration rates, but it also reaches maximum net photosynthesis at lower light levels than its neighbors growing in higher-light environments. Lecture 13 Slide 8: Respiration is the oxidation of sugars and reduction of oxygen. PRODUCES ENERGY and does not require sunlight. Celluar Respiration / Rate of Respiration: This process happens in the mitochondria, it happens in every cell in the mitochondria. It's important to remember that, even though plants make Oxygen from photosynthesis, they are also always making Co2 because they are alive. Most organisms that are just alive make Co2. This does not require sunlight. Pg 315: Being chemical reactions, both Photosynthesis and Respiration respond directly to temperature. This is a factor for the low respiration rates in a shaded area. Rate of respiration: On a light-response curve, when PAR (photosynthetically active radiation: shortwave radiation (400-700nm) is zero, there is no solar energy to have photosynthesis. So, because respiration doesnt depend on solar energy or PAR's, it will continue to proceed without the effect of Photosynthesis. As Photosynthesis converts co2 to O2 with PAR, and Respiration is the inverse O2 -> Co2 + ATP (Energy). This is the rate of Respiration within the Cells of the mitocondria.
As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance __________. increases cannot be determined from the graph remains constant decreases
Increases
What are the 12 Soil orders and their specific properties?
Lecture 10 Slide 25 Alfisols Andisols - Ande's Mountians, Soils formed from Volcanic material Aridisols - Soils located in Arid (dry) climates Entisols - Entry soils, Little horizon development, Similar to what we saw on the hike. Gelisols - Soils containing Permafrost Histosols - Soils formed in Organic Inceptisols - Beginning of Horizon development, especially B layer Mollisols - Grassland soil type, Some of the most important and productive agricultural soil. Latin root mollis = soft. Oxisols - From soil colloids, Fe and Al Oxides are prominent in forest, Extreme weathering. Spodosols - Contain a Spodic Horizon, an illuviation of organic matter and with or without Aluminum oxides. Found in Cold and moist regions, Very susceptible to Acid rain. Pg 656 Ultisols - Found in Wet and warm forests. Acidic Silicate and Fe and Al Oxides. Weathered, but not as much as an Oxisol. Vertisols - Smectite and Vermeculite. Swelling/expanding type clay.
Over the past 50 years, the average human ___________ has increased due largely to fewer children dying in infancy.
Life expectancy
Dolomitic limestone is favored over other liming materials when which essential nutrient element is in low supply? Mn Fe Ca S Na Mg K
Mg Lecture 11 slide 35: Raise the soil pH by liming. You form Bicarbonate which can increase the pH by taking up H+. Similar to Na+, all related to carbonic acid <=> Bicarbonate <=> Carbonate Pg 275: "Dolomitic limestone products should be used if soil magnesium levels are low."
Which soil order is LEAST likely to occur where the natural vegetation is a forest? Spodosols Ultisols Alfisols Mollisols Oxisols
Mollisols Lecture 10 Slide 20 Lecture 10 Slide 25 Memorization
The very high pH found in some arid region soils are most likely due to high levels of exchangeable ? Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Al3+ Al(OH)2+
Na+ Think Saline and Sodic soils? Why do we have a seperate category for Na+ When it is a salt? Because of its Electro negativity and its tendency to stay as an ion rather than forming an insoluble ionic compound?
What are the 12 Soil orders and what are their Formative Elements?
Note: their Formative Elements begin with a vowel (A-E-I-O-U). searching for a Vowel and stopping at 2 - 3 letters sometimes nets u the Formative Element. Moreover, the suborders always end with a S. An example would be a suborder of the Andisol being Aquands. They stem from Latin, French, Japanese, and Greek roots. Each having some meaning, listed the notable ones and also memorizing tips. Entisol : Ent : Hiking soil Inceptisols : Ept : Latin, Inceptum, beginning of B layer Gellisols : El : Contain Permafrost Mollisols : Oll : Latin. Mollis soft. Andisols : And : Japanese. Ando, Black soil, Andes mountains (volcano range) Oxisols : Ox : The ending Soil colloid is Fe and Al Oxides. This occurs in Tropical regions with the right water and temperate. Histosols : Ist : Organic soils, just memorize Alfisols : Alf : Mildly acid clays Aridsols : Id : Arid meaning dry Vertisols : Ert Spodosols : Od : Containing a Spodic layer Ultisols : Ult : Latin, Ultimus, Last. (All soil would go to ultimately end here but not all are tropical regions.) Strongly acid clays
Population growth patterns and identifying them. (population size vs Time plot) spot exponential growth, logarithmic growth. What is Carrying capacity? Quiz week 6 # 14
Pg 454: "The carrying capacity represents the maximum sustainable population size that can be supported by the available resources." This population size maximum is due to Intraspecific competition, the competition of individuals in the same population (same species and same Geological range) Carrying capacity is the Y bound (population size max) More info on Lecture 16 Slide 20
To overcome constraints imposed by the physical environment, plants often have to make trade-offs involving the acquisition of above- and below-ground resources. Which of the following is FALSE? Adaptations that enable a plant to thrive under one set of environmental conditions usually limit its ability to grow equally well under different conditions. Plants adapted to dry, sunny environments tend to have characteristics such as larger leaves and increased production of roots to both take advantage of the high light levels and withdraw sufficient water from the parched soil. Allocating carbon to the production of leaves and stems increases the plant's access to the resources of light and carbon dioxide but limits carbon allocation for the production of roots. Plants adapted to cool, shaded environments tend to have characteristics such as larger leaves and lower root biomass. Allocating carbon to the production of roots increases access to water and soil nutrients but limits carbon allocation for the production of leaves.
Plants adapted to dry, sunny environments tend to have characteristics such as larger leaves and increased production of roots to both take advantage of the high light levels and withdraw sufficient water from the parched soil.
Which of the following soil ecosystem processes tends to raise the soil pH (make the soil more alkaline and less acid)? precipitation of soluble aluminum as gibbsite uptake of cations by plants acid weathering of minerals to release cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ that are then adsorbed by the soil colloids oxidation of nitrogen compounds microbial decomposition of organic matter
Ratio law, Adding Ca2+ and Mg2+ can help compete with Al on Soil complexes.
Which of the following statements about shade plants is FALSE? Shade plants have a lower light compensation point. Shade plants have lower growth rates. Shade plants have small, thick leaves. Shade plants have a lower rate of respiration. Shade plants obtain a lower maximum net photosynthesis.
Shade plants have small, thick leaves. Light compensation point: Lecture 14 slide 50: Shade (tolerant) plants have a lower light compensation point. Shade plants have a lower growth rate: Lecture 14 slide 50. Lower A_max (growth rate) Shade plants have a lower rate of respiration: Lecture 14 slide 33. Rate of respiration is when PAR = 0 on a light response curve. Recall: ask teacher.
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate statement about the pattern of evolutionary constraints and trade-offs plants may exhibit? The set of phenotypic characteristics that enable an organism to enhance its relative fitness under one set of environmental conditions inevitably limits its relative fitness under different environmental conditions. Species adapted to low-light environments exhibit higher rates of respiration that enable them to maintain positive rates of photosynthesis under low light levels, but these characteristics increase maximum rates of photosynthesis and plant growth under high light levels. The set of phenotypic characteristics that enhance a species's carbon gain (photosynthesis and plant growth) under high resource/energy environments limits its ability to tolerate (survive and grow) low resource/energy conditions. Species adapted to low-light environments exhibit lower rates of respiration that enable them to maintain positive rates of photosynthesis under low light levels (reduced light compensation point), but these characteristics reduce maximum rates of photosynthesis and plant growth under high light levels. The phenotypic characteristics that enable a species to survive, grow, and reproduce under low-resource/energy conditions limit its ability to maximize growth rate in high-resource/energy environments.
Species adapted to low-light environments exhibit higher rates of respiration that enable them to maintain positive rates of photosynthesis under low light levels, but these characteristics increase maximum rates of photosynthesis and plant growth under high light levels. PG 320: Shade-tolerant plants have a higher rate of respiration. But this trade off causes them to have lower maximum rates of photosynthesis under higher light levels.
Where does the Calvin (Dark) cycle occur? for C3 and CAM plants
The Stroma In plants, photosynthesis occurs in the Chloroplasts, the light reactions occur along the thylakoid membranes (closest to the outer part of the chloroplast to recieve solar energy). While the Calvin cycle, sugar making reaction, occur in the Stroma, the fluid between the inner membrane of the chloroplasts and thylakoids.
Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity? The population continues to grow at a constant rate. The birth rate equals the death rate. The population growth rate equals zero. The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied.
The birth rate equals the death rate. The population growth rate equals zero. The rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied.
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. water ... NADPH NADPH ... oxygen carbon dioxide ... sugar carbon dioxide ... oxygen NADPH ... NADP+
The light reactions of photosynthesis use WATER and produce NADPH. Lecture 13 Slide 14: In the light reaction of photosynthesis, water is split and oxygen is released. Then NADP+ Is converted to NADPH with a Proton. (see lecture diagram)
The nomenclature of Soil Taxonomy is characterized by all but which one of the following statements? The names reflect a soil's parent material. The names of all orders end with "sols" The names are based on measurable properties. The subgroup name also tells you the names of the great group, suborder, and order. Soil names identify major characteristics (except for the series level).
The names reflect a soil's parent material. Lecture 10 slide 20: All soil orders end in sol Lecture 10 slide 6: Soil Taxonomy Identify soils based on Measurable/Quantifiable values. Depth, etc. Lecture 10 slide 21: The soil orders Have sub groups which all connect to the group above Lecture 10 Slide 20: Aridsol (Arid meaning dry soil) Mollisoli = molli in latin = soft, most Ideal A horizon for farming and on.)
Which of the following statements about r-strategists is FALSE? They typically produce a large number of offspring. They are typically short lived. They typically produce large offspring. They are typically fast growing. They typically give minimal parental care.
They typically produce large offspring.
At light levels below the light compensation point, the rate of carbon loss due to respiration exceeds the rate of uptake in the process of photosynthesis. (True/False)
True Light composition point: Is the point where the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration, on a light response curve. While @ PAR = 0 is equal to the Rate of Respiration
CAM plants typically live in hot, dry deserts. (True/False)
True Lecture 13 Slide 18: Usually for C3 photosynthesis, the plant opens its stoma (aperture) allowing Co2 to enter. PG 233: However, in CAM plants, usually desert cacti. Take in Co2 at night while the humidity is high and convert it to an organic acid. during day time, they close their stomas to prevent any escape and water loss. Lecture 14 slide 44: CAM plants have the highest water use efficiency.
In extremely acid soils (pH3-4), most of the Al3+ and H+ ions are bound tightly by organic matter and silicate clays and are not readily exchangeable. (TRUE/FALSE)
True Soil Colloids: Organic soil Colloids are highly dependant on pH. As you decrease the pH, more acidic, Most of the H+ and Al3+ are bound to the Organic colloids. While Ca>Mg>K>Na do not have high enough priority, due to size and electronegativity.
Small trees are often the same age as large individuals in the canopy. (True/False)
True Walk through: ----- Pg 514: The canopy is the highest layer of trees. It is the primary sight of energy, these trees receive direct solar energy. The Understory is where smaller trees are located. Then a ground layer of herbs and shrubs The Understory plants are often shade-adapted or shade-tolerant. Meaning they are adapted to shaded conditions. (Lecture 14 Slide 50). On a light response curve, shade-adapted plants have a lower light compensation point (the point where respiration = photosynthesis and Net photosynthesis = 0 ). This means it starts gaining net positive photosynthesis at lower light levels when compared to shade-intolerant/canopy plants. Moreover, shade plants have a higher rate of respiration when compared to canopy shade-intolerant plants. This is because, see Pg 320, the production of Chlorophyll (the light-harvesting pigment in leaves) is higher in canopies. Like any reaction, producing Chlorphyl costs energy. Because Shade-intolerant plants don't need to devote as many resources and energy to Chlorophyl production and photosynthesis, their respiration rates increase. ... in summary, they are adapted to be smaller in shaded environments, whilst the canopy Is composed of larger trees. However, a canopy must form to provide shade then, and only then shade-tolerant plants will begin to grow. While the Canopy is formed of shade-intolerant plants.
A soil has a thick black A horizon, a distinct B horizon, a reasonably stable structure and was formed under natural grassland vegetation? In which suborder is it most likely classed? Udolls Ustalfs Aquents Udults Cambids
Udolls This problem is testing the Formative Element. When you see Grassland vegetation you should Instantly think of Mollisols. This is not listed however Udolls contain the Formative element of a Mollisol. This means it is a Mollisol but it is just a more specific name. As a check: Ustalfs = Alfisols Aquents = Entisols Udults = Ultisols Cambids = Aridisols Having a list of the 12 orders and also removing the s on the suborder helps. Lecture 10 Slide 31: Mollisols are the soil order for grasslands. However, Udolls are a suborder for mollisols
In which soil order would you find a soil with a high clay content, but that is not sticky when wet nor hard when dry? Aqualfs Durids Hemists Turbels Ustox
Ustox Lecture 10 Slide 34 Lecture 10 Slide 20
Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth? Select all that apply. As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly. As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more rapidly. The population grows at a steady rate. When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing.
When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing. As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly.
You are visiting a mature pine forest and the guide explains that these habitats are important to protect because they contain the Red Cockaded Woodpecker, an endemic species. Your friend asks you to explain what endemic means. You explain that it is a term for a species that has very general habitat requirements, such as the red cockaded woodpecker in the mature pine forest. You explain that it is a species that is rare or on the verge of becoming extinct, such as the red cockaded woodpecker in the mature pine forest. You explain that it is a species with a distribution that is restricted to a particular localized habitat, such as the red cockaded woodpecker in the mature pine forest. You explain that it is a species that is found in a clumped distribution, such as the red cockaded woodpecker in the mature pine forest. You explain that it is a species with a geographically widespread distribution, such as the red cockaded woodpecker in the mature pine forest.
You explain that it is a species with a distribution that is restricted to a particular localized habitat, such as the red cockaded woodpecker in the mature pine forest. Ubiquitous species - wide geographic ranges - state wide Endemic species - narrow geographic ranges - have highly specialized habitat requirements. for example, the California new only found in California. Super specific
A soil pedon is ? a category in Soil Taxonomy a 3-D unit that embodies the primary characteristics of an individual soil a diagnostic subsurface horizon a surface horizon used to characterize soil suborders and great groups a subsurface horizon that is impermeable to water
a 3-D unit that embodies the primary characteristics of an individual soil Individual soil soil profile - Pedon poly (many) pedon = polypedon Lecture 10 Slide 2
Which of the following soil ecosystem processes tends to raise the soil pH (make the soil more alkaline and less acid)? precipitation of soluble aluminum as gibbsite uptake of cations by plants acid weathering of minerals to release cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ that are then adsorbed by the soil colloids oxidation of nitrogen compounds microbial decomposition of organic matter
acid weathering of minerals to release cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ that are then adsorbed by the soil colloids
When a population's __________ has a wide base and narrower top, the population is predicted to grow larger over time.
age structure diagram
Aluminum toxicity problems can be overcome by _____ . applying lime to raise the soil pH applying organic amendments to form organo-aluminum complexes applying gypsum to lower the amount of exchangeable and dissolved aluminum in the soil all of the above none of the above
all of the above Lecture 11 Slide 27 Weathering (Hydrolosis: Al3+ getting replaced by Protons H+) causes Al3+ into soil solution. Then, Al3+ has a high tendency to Hydrolyze, Lec 11 Slide 28, meaning they split water into H+ and OH-. Al3+ combines with OH- to form Al(OH)3. This will then decrease the soil pH and make the over all soil solution more acidic. So, Reducing Hydrolosis to occur, low ph, will reduce this chain of effects to happen. Lecture 11 Slide 25 Organic matter can help form Complexes with non acidic nutrients (Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+). From google, Complexes are bonds between organics, Carbon, and Aluminum. Lecture 11 Slide 28: Al3+ Ions have the tendency to split water into OH- and H+. Therefore, by locking the ions up in organic compounds Al3+ wont be in soln to split up H2O. Lecture 11 Slide 59 Page 303,300, 279. Gypsum does not change soil pH, which Al is highly dependant on. And it also reduces the number of exchangeable Al3+ ions.
Which of the following statements depict(s) a major problem associated with sodic soils? extremely slow movement of air and water extremely high pH (between 8.5 and 10.5) toxicity of sodium and bicarbonate ions all of the above Fe toxicity
all of the above Pg 260: - Extremely slow movement of air and water: Because Na+ has one charge, it will fit in an expanding clay and instead of attracting the layers (T/O/T-) it will attract one and repel the other. Note, the Na+ is hydrolyzed, meaning H2O is attracted to Na+ charge. This will cause clay dispersion, meaning it will greatly expand the clay. This will decrease/shrink the macro pores, which hold a majority of air after saturated. This expanding can shut certain pathways for air and water to flow. Extremely high pH: Carbonic acid is a key chemical that changes pH. If we have Sodium in solution it will become an ion rather than stay as sodium bicarbonate/carbonate. While if we had Calcium it would more likely stay as an insoluble carbonate. Carbonic acid can form an equilibrium with bicarbonate and carbonate, picking up Protons (H+) and subsequently having more OH- hydroxide to H+, increasing pH
A soil pH of 3.0 would be typical of which of the following? a humid region forest soil an acid sulfate soil a sodic soil a calcareous soil a humid region cropland soil
an acid sulfate soil Lecture 11 Slide 62 Lecture 11 Slide 8 Cont.
Light and dark reactions products and reactants
asd
As population size (N) increases, the per capita birthrate and death rate increase. birthrate and death rate decrease. birthrate increases and death rate decreases. birthrate decreases and death rate increases.
birthrate decreases and death rate increases. Think of japan i guess. Or think of the Density dependant factors that limit growth. Competition for resouces and rick of disease. When compared
What treatment(s) would be effective in reclaiming 100 hectares of saline sodic soil? flood the soil with an excess amount of the highest quality (lowest salinity) fresh water available irrigate with diluted sulfuric acid solution mix finely ground gypsum into the soil and then irrigate with an excess of water both answers 2 and 3 above are correct all of the above
both answers 2 and 3 above are correct Recall: A Saline soil is a soil that has excess levels of salt. While a Sodic soil has an Excess level of Na+. We differcientate Saline and Sodic because Na+ often splits into an Anion in soln. For example Sodium Carbonate/Bicarbonate will drastically increase the soil pH. Q1) Flooding the soil with Excess amount of low salinity wont remove the ions in solution. Q2) Sulfuric acid is a strong acid. Therefore, As H+ levels are mitigated due to Na+ not forming a stable Carbontate, Bicarbonate. Carbonic acid <=> Bicarbonate <=> Carbonate. Replacing lost Protons that are trapped in the equilibrium of Carbonic acid will help balance the pH to, hopefully, 7. Q3) Gypsum improves sodic (saline) soils by removing sodium from the soil and replacing it with calcium. Calcium Carbonate is more likely to not break off into ions in solution. Therefore improving the High pH levels. TlDR: Gypsum improves sodic conditions because it will lock Na+ in an insoluble compound which can be washed away easily.
So-called acid rain has been shown to accelerate the acidification of humid region ecosystems. The acidification occurs because the rain contains _______ as a result of fossil fuel combustion. carbonic acid sulfuric acid nitric acid phosphoric acid both nitric and sulfuric acid
both nitric and sulfuric acid Lecture 11 Slide 30 Lecture 11 Slide 31
Age structure diagrams
broad base = rapid growth; narrow base = negative growth; uniform shape = zero growth. Just basic depending on the percentage of age groups.
In the Calvin-Benson or C3 photosynthetic pathway, the enzyme rubisco catalyzes the reaction called respiration. carboxylation. photoreduction. chemosynthesis.
carboxylation. REFER TO LECTURE 14 SLIDE 38... Lecture 13 Slide 14
Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants? roots and shoots chloroplasts vascular tissue pollen embryo development within gametangia
chloroplasts
Which of the five soil-forming factors is most responsible for the difference between Gelisols and Ultisols? climate frequency of disturbance, e.g. fire time organisms topography parent material
climate Lecture 10 Slide 25: Climate ( TEMP, RAINFALL --> Weathering) Impacts what Soil order is formed.
In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells. thylakoids stomata cytoplasm stroma grana
cytoplasm
A(n) __________ studies the population dynamics of humans.
demographer
Plants using the C4 photosynthetic pathway use rubisco to catalyze the reaction between O2 and RuBP. divide photosynthesis between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. have a lower rate of photosynthesis than plants using the C3 photosynthetic pathway. are mostly trees.
divide photosynthesis between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. Lecture 14 Slide 25: The reaction is divided between the Mesophyll Cell and Bundle sheath cell. use rubisco to catalyze the reaction between O2 and RuBP.: This happens in the C3 plants, the unwanted reaction. have a lower rate of photosynthesis than plants using the C3 photosynthetic pathway.: Lecture 14 Slide 26: "C4 plants generally have a higher maximum rate of photosynthesis than c3 plants." C4 and CAM plants thrive in deserts so not really trees.
The California newt is found only in California. This is an example of a(n) ________ species. ubiquitous invasive metapopulation endemic
endemic Species (a group of organisms that have similar features and are capable of breeding with one another but not with other species.) have 2 geographic ranges. see lecture 15 slide 5 Ubiquitous species - wide geographic ranges - state wide Endemic species - narrow geographic ranges - have highly specialized habitat requirements. for example, the California new only found in California. Super specific
The exchange complexes of strongly acidic (pH 4.5) mineral soils are saturated mainly with? exchangeable H+ ions exchangeable Al3+ ions exchangeable Na+ ions tightly bound Al3+ ions tightly bound H+ ions
exchangeable Al3+ ions Lecture 11 Slide 8
The average number of children born to each woman in a human population is known as the total______________ rate.
fertility
The C4 photosynthetic pathway is most common in algae, bryophytes, and ferns. gymnosperm trees. angiosperm trees. grasses and shrubs in warm and dry climates.
grasses and shrubs in warm and dry climates. What is C4 Photosynthesis? Because C3 photosyntheis has the inefficient process of photorespiration (taking in O2 instead of Co2) plants have formed adaptations to this problem. Co2 enters and is turned into an organic acid which is then reformed into Co2 again which can be used in the Calvin cycle. This C4 cycle uses water more efficiently, this is why they are commonly found in warm and dry climates.
Normal alkaline soils are characterized by all but which one of the following? high levels of exchangeable sodium low levels of exchangeable iron high levels of molybdenum low levels of available manganese low levels of available boron
high levels of exchangeable sodium Lecture 11 Slide 42: She doesnt clealy state what normal alkaline soils are... Alkaline soils Increase toxicity of Mo and B micro nutrients. Boron is odd, it decreases up until 8.5. So because its a wrong answer I'm going to say 8.5 is where ill judge the answers from. low levels of available manganese: This is true occurring from the chart on Lec 11 Slide 42. High levels of exchangeable sodium: A sodic soil is from pH 9-10 so It might be this but It should have levels of Sodium, idk how she defines high. Low levels of exchangeable iron: This is true, Manganese and Iron decrease according to the chart as you increase in pH.
You are studying plant acclimation in an area experiencing a drought during a particularly warm summer. Which of the following is NOT one of the plant responses you could encounter? leaves turning yellow and being dropped from the trees increased leaf surface temperatures curling of leaves partial or complete closure of stomata increased rates of photosynthesis
increased rates of photosynthesis Recall: Photosynthesis equation 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 If we are in a drought There will not be enough H2O which will Decrease rates of photosynthesis
Which of these constrains the availability of phosphorus in acid soils? iron calcium sulfur manganese sodium
iron Lecture 11 Slide 16 Page 272 At acidic conditions, Fe constrains P. At basic conditions, Magnesium constrains P. Iron considerably Restrains the Availability of P at pH 4-6.
Poor plant growth in a well-drained irrigated soil in an arid region (pH = 8) is most likely due to ? iron deficiency iron toxicity phosphate toxicity calcium deficiency manganese toxicity potassium retention
iron deficiency In summary, As we go towards pH 8, more basic conditions. Phosphate (P) likes to precipitate out with micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn) and also precipitate out with Ca. Recall: pH 7 = Neutral. So an pH of 8 is referring to an Alkaline soil. pH controls which elements are available. pH is the main driver of microbes, which do decompose organic matter. Microbes are much more sensitive to changes in pH than changes in temperature. Recall: at high pH Calcium and Magnesium might precipitate out with phosphate: Calcium phosphate, Magnesium Phosphate, they are very hard to dissolve. They become limiting at high pH. At low pH, Phosphorous likes to make precipitate with Aluminum. Aluminum Phosphates. Or at very low pH they can make Iron Phosphates. In summary, Phosphate likes to precipitate out once the pH changes from 7. Lecture 11 Slide 8: Al toxicity and P deficiency at low pH (below 7) Fe and P deficiency at High pH (above 7)
What is Total Fertility Rate ?
is the average number of children born per woman in her lifetime for a given population.
What is Replacement Fertility Rate?
is the fertility level needed to maintain a stable population size.
Which of the following was propagated and promoted for use by the Soil Conservation Service but is now listed as a Federal Noxious Weed? evening primrose Australian paperbark tree kudzu purple loosestrife
kudzu pg 360 just memorization idk why tested
Normal alkaline soils are characterized by all but which one of the following? high levels of exchangeable sodium low levels of exchangeable iron high levels of molybdenum low levels of available manganese low levels of available boron
low levels of available manganese
An acid soil is known to contain toxic quantities of a certain plant nutrient. Which is these essential elements is it most likely to be? manganese phosphorous nitrogen boron molybdenum
manganese Lecture 11 slide 16: From chart. Mn increases at acidic conditions while Fe constricts P Pg 269: At Neural pH Manganese isn't soluble, however, at lower, more acidic, pH levels, Manganese is in solution and can cause toxicity in plants.
If a population has more deaths than births in a given year, its _________ will be a negative value.
natural rate of population change
Which of the following sampling techniques represents an index of abundance rather than an estimate of density? number of oak trees within a quadrat number of bear droppings along a trail ratio of marked and unmarked mice in a field number of ducks on a pond
number of bear droppings along a trail Recall: Populations, plants and animals can be described in terms of their density (Abundance/Area) and Abundance (population size). Therefore, the number of oak trees within a quadrat is a Density (Abundance/Area). Ducks in a pond, marked and unmarked mice in a field, all relate to density. While bear droppings along a trail relates to population size, the number of shit in a population.
A population's density is calculated as the unit of area divided by the number of individuals. number of individuals within the population. area over which the population is distributed. number of individuals per unit area.
number of individuals per unit area. Lecture 15 Slide 15: Population Density = Abundance (the number of individuals in the population) / Area. Moreover, on rudimentary level (assuming we use software now), we use a quadrat to isolate equal sections of area to measure density. Each section of equal area can have a random, uniform, or clumped distribution of individuals in a population. Refer to Lecture 15 Slide 17
Which of the following is not a feature of a population? distribution size density number of species
number of species Lecture 15 Slide 3: A population is a group of individuals of the same species that inhabit a given geographic area: the populations range. Moreover, you can describe populations by their Abundance (population size) and Density = abundance per area. Lecture 15 Slide 15.
Which of the following epipedons has the lowest concentration of organic matter? mollic ochric histic melanic umbric
ochric Epipedons are diagnostic/quantified surface horizons. If a horizon has certain properties of an Epipedon but isn't thick enough then it cannot be classified as an Epipedon. Epipedons are organized by their Carbonic content, Base Saturation, and formation. (2) O horizons ---- Organic Epipedons, Differentiated by drainage: Folistic - Classic O horizon, in a soil that's not water logged, leaves on top, branches etc. Freely drained. Histic - O horizon that has been Saturated. Wetter, more decomposed, and thicker. (3) A horizons ---- Carbon-rich (C-rich) Epipedons: Mollic - Ideal farming soil/perfect A horizon thick dark colored, high base status (full of Ca, K, Mg, all the good cations). Around pH 7 maybe higher (grasslands) Umbric - Less lucky as a farmer - found in areas with wetter climates, just a mollic A horizon with more weathering. (forests) Melanic - Kinda like a Mollic horizon but its made affiliated with soils made from volcanic material. Same as Mollic but has amorphous, noncrystalline clays (Si, O and Al). (1) A horizon - Carbon poor epipedon Ochric - least developed, least nutrient rich, least developed. Just doesn't fill the criteria to be Mollic, Umbric, or Melanic. (2) Epipedons formed by humans Anthropic - Urban soils. dig a hole in a city, find human-made debris Plaggen - Agricultural soils. a special type of epipedon found in farming from long term manuring and plowing. Lecture 10 slide 11: Poor Carbon mineral epipedon. Reminder: Epipedons are diagnostic surface horizons. Lecture 10 slide 6. Folistic (Organic) Histic (Organic) Mollic ( C Rich) Umbric ( C Rich) Melanic ( C Rich) Ochric ( C Poor)
Which of the following soil pH levels indicates an alkaline soil? pH = 5.5 pH=3.5 pH = 7.5 additional information is needed to answer pH = 6.5
pH = 7.5 Lecture 11 Slide 8: Cut off is at a pH of 7. Lower than 7 is acidic Higher than 7 is Alkaline (basic)
Saline soils are characterized by ? pH values less than 8.5 high CaCO3 levels near the surface low chloride and sulfate contents sodium adsorption ratios of 13 of higher electrical conductivity of less than 4 dS/m
pH values less than 8.5 Lecture 11 Slide 53: Saline soils have a pH < 8.5 Sodic soils have a pH > 8.5
In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____. a shift to C4 photosynthesis photorespiration photosynthesis the light reactions the opening of stomata
photorespiration To conserve water plants will close their stomata. This intern will reduce its access to CO2, in tern causing available O2 to be used for Photorespiration
Net photosynthesis is equal to photosynthesis / respiration. photosynthesis - respiration. photosynthesis x respiration. photosynthesis + respiration.
photosynthesis - respiration. Lecture 13 Slide 9. Net photosynthesis = (gross) photosynthesis - respiration
A(n)_______________ consists of all the members of a species that live together in a specific geographic region. population
population
Electrical conductivity (EC) of a soil-water paste is measured to estimate the ______________ of the soil. salinity cation exchange capacity alkalinity sodicity acidity
salinity Lecture 11 slide 53: Electrical Conductivity only occurs when we have ions in soln or e-, copper wires. Therefore, the ability to conduct electricity is dependant on salts in solution, which is salinity.
In general, the range of temperatures over which net photosynthesis is at its maximum __________. is stable, despite differences in the thermal conditions under which the plant is grown is not directly impacted by shifts in the thermal conditions under which the plant is grown because moisture, not temperature, is the fundamental determinant of photosynthetic activity shifts in the direction of the thermal conditions under which the plant is grown shifts in the opposite direction of the thermal conditions under which the plant is grown shifts to include thermal conditions under which the plant is grown as well as the opposite direction of the thermal conditions under which the plant is grown
shifts in the direction of the thermal conditions under which the plant is grown. Lecture 14 Slide 12: T_opt, the range of temperatures in which net photosynthesis is maximized, is variable for different individuals of the same species. Pg 329: "That is to say, individuals grown under cooler temperatures exhibit a lowering of T_opt, whereas those individuals grown under warmer conditions exhibit an increase in T_opt."
Sodic soils tend to have very high pH levels primarily because ___________. Na+ ions are very basic and form hydroxyls faster than Ca2+ ions do Na+ ions displace any Al3+ or H+ ions that could lower pH sodium ions form inner sphere complexes with the surface of 2:1 clays and are not easily displaced by acid cations sodium carbonate is more soluble than calcium carbonate, so more carbonate ions are available to react with water, thereby producing OH- ions sodic soils do not usually have high pH levels; rather, they have high levels of salinity and alkalinity
sodium carbonate is more soluble than calcium carbonate, so more carbonate ions are available to react with water, thereby producing OH- ions Page 290: The pH Values generally exceed 8.5 because sodium carbonate is more soluble than calcium or magnesium carbonate and so high concentrations of Co32- and HCo3- are in solution. Meaning, Na+ and Carbonate split in solution and Carbonate Drastically increases pH. Carbonate and Bicarbonate can hold onto Protons and increase the overall pH. In equilibrium with Carbonic acid <=> Bicarbonate <=> carbonate
A trade-off for having many offspring would be that they would likely be small in size. that they would likely be large in size. that they would require a large amount of parental care. that they would have high survivorship.
that they would likely be small in size. R-strategists
The CO2 fertilization effect refers to __________. the increased rate of photorespiration that occurs under elevated atmospheric CO2 CO2 that enters the leaf through the stomata CO2 that is added to the ground to be taken up by the roots increased nitrogen availability due to elevated atmospheric CO2 the higher rates of diffusion and photosynthesis under elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO2
the higher rates of diffusion and photosynthesis under elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO2 Leaves have small openings called stomata, these can open and close to get CO2 from the atmosphere. But as CO2 increases in the atmosphere, the Stomata opens for a very short time. This doesn't allow enough water to escape as the stomata opens and it can become trapped in the plant. Resulting in Less water Transpiration.
The value of photosynthetically active radiation above which no further increase in photosynthesis occurs is referred to as the light compensation point. chlorophyll compensation. the light saturation point. photoinhibition.
the light saturation point. Lecture 14 Slide 33: This is where light intensity (PAR) Does not increase photosynthesis. The reaction can only occur so fast.
C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____. open their stomata only at night use PEP carboxylase to fix carbon dioxide are better adapted to wet conditions use malic acid to transfer carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs
transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs
Which of the following is a density-independent factor? shelter availability weather event food availability availability of mates
weather event Density dependent factors include: Competiton for resources, risk of disease, intraspecifc competition... Density-independant: Things that will change density / population size that isnt based on population.