ET 3

A diffuse surface will exhibit uniform brightness if the spacing between light sources does not exceed approximately ___ times their distance from the material. (a) 1.5 b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 10

1.5

What illuminance is most suitable for the general book stacks in a high school library? (a) 30 lux (b) 100 lux (c) 500 lux (d) 700 lux

100 lux

One daylighting design guideline suggests that there should be sufficient work plane illuminance from a window up to a distance of ____ times the head height of the window (height of the window above the desk plane) . (a) 2.0 (b) 2.5 (c) 3.0 (d) 3.5

2.5

In general, with a side lighting system any interior area more than ____feet (m) from a window will need to be electrically lit. (a) 15 (4.6) (b) 20 (6.1) (c) 30 (9.1) (d) 50 (15.5)

30 (9.1)

Which daylighting analysis method(s) work(s) only for a rectilinear space. (a) CIE method (b) CIE method and graphic daylighting design method (GDDM) (c) IESNA lumen method (d) CIE method and the IESNA lumen method

CIE method and the IESNA lumen method

Which of the following is not correct? A. Energy is needed to make the hydrogen for use in fuel cells. B. The amount of embodied energy in a modern office building is about equal to the energy needed to operate the building for 20 years. C. Heat flows from where there is more to where there is less of it. D. Stratification results from natural convection.

Heat flows from where there is more to where there is less of it.

A horizontal overhang can be made from an unbroken device such as an awning or roof overhang, or it can be made of horizontal louvers in a horizontal plane. These alternatives are about equal in their ability to shade. Which one of the following is not an advantage of using the horizontal louvers in a horizontal plane? A) Reduced wind load C) Venting of hot air B) Small scale elements and rich texture D) Less maintenance

Less maintenance

There are 4 environmental conditions that affect thermal comfort. Ambient air temperature is one of the four. List the other 3 conditions.

RH, air speed, MRT

Which one of the following is not correct? A) The old S.C. is being replaced by the new S.H.G.C. B) The brise soleil was frequently used by Le Corbusier. C) Reflective glazing is better for envelope than for internally dominated buildings. D) The Price Tower in Bartlesville, OK is an example of a high rise building with extensive shadingdevices.

Reflective glazing is better for envelope than for internally dominated buildings.

Which one of the following is not a traditional outdoor shading structure? A) trellis B) pergola C) toldo D) arbor E) albedo

albedo

The first and most important step to address energy sustainability is to use _____. A) coal B) biomass C) nuclear D) efficiency

efficiencyz

Which one of the following is not correct in regard to climate? A) Windward sides of mountain ranges tend to be wetter and leeward sides dryer. B) "Degree-days" are used to show how much humidity affects comfort. C) With an "urban heat island" effect, the city is significantly warmer than the surrounding natural countryside. D) Wind roses can show both direction and windspeed.

"Degree-days" are used to show how much humidity affects comfort.

Which one of the following is not correct ? A) It takes over 3,000 times as much air as water at the same temperature to move a given amount of heat. B) The insulating effect of mass is most pronounced in hot and dry climates in the summer. C) In converting fossil fuels into electricity, about 70% of the source energy is lost. D) "Embodied" energy is a form of sensible energy.

"Embodied" energy is a form of sensible energy.

The following are key goals in daylighting design (choose three): (a) provide sufficient illumination (b) maximize the ratio of glazing to floor area (c) minimize glare (d) provide for overall visual comfort

(a) provide sufficient illumination (c) minimize glare (d) provide for overall visual comfort

Trigeneration can be used to do three things. What are they?

1. create electricity, 2. Heating (hot water), 3. Cooling (absorption cycle)

It is necessary to keep the direct sunlight from shining into the north windows of 30 story building which is the tallest building in a city that is at 36 degrees latitude. Since there is no shading from any surrounding object, it is necessary to design exterior shading devices for these north windows. To design the correct size fins, it is necessary to know the largest horizontal angle that the sun rays will make with these north windows. Thus, what is the largest horizontal angle between the sun rays and the north wall (i.e. a E-W line)? A) 17 B) 21 C) 35 D) 31 E) 27

27

At what time in the afternoon does the sun first hit the north wall at latitude 36 on the 21st day of June? A) 2:00 B) 2:30 C) 3:00 D) 3:30 E) 4:00

3:30

The recommended daylight factor for difficult prolonged tasks, such as drafting, is: (a) 1.5 - 2.5% (b) 3.0 - 5.0% (c) 4.0 - 8.0% (d) 6.0 - 9.0%

4.0 - 8.0%

At a solar altitude of 30 degrees, one can expect a daylight illuminance of about 10,000 lux with no direct sun and ____ with direct sun. (a) 10,000 lux (b) 20,000 lux (c) 30,000 lux (d) 40,000 lux

40,000 lux

What is the altitude angle when the sun is highest in the sky at a latitude of 36? A) 65 B) 71 C) 77 D) 81 E) 85

77

Which one of the following is not correct about solar radiation? A. Thermal mass that receives direct sunlight should be medium to dark in color. B. A concrete floor slab used as thermal mass may be covered with a thin carpet as long as the carpet is medium to dark in color. C. Sunspaces are the least economical of the 3 main passive solar systems. D. Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon, NM, is an example of a Pre-Colombian passive solar village.

A concrete floor slab used as thermal mass may be covered with a thin carpet as long as the carpet is medium to dark in color.

Which one of the following is not correct? A. Buildings with all glass facades are bad neighbors because they reflect the sun on their neighboring buildings and streets. B. Exterior shading is about four times more effective than indoor shading. C. A parasol roof both shades the building and provides outdoor spaces that can be used in the summer. D. A fixed overhang of the correct size can keep the summer sun out while letting the winter sun in

A fixed overhang of the correct size can keep the summer sun out while letting the winter sun in.

Which of the following is not correct? A. The Shelly Ridge Girl Scout Center uses a Trombe Wall system. B. In a passive solar system, the daily indoor temperature swing can be reduced by adding thermal mass. C. Frank Lloyd Wright's Solar Hemicycle uses a colored concrete floor and stone walls for thermal mass. D. A passive solar elementary school should have its south facade face about 30 degrees west of south.

A passive solar elementary school should have its south facade face about 30 degrees west of south.

What are the three reasons that we have winter? The answers are a result of the tilt of the earth's axis of rotation (i.e. don't answer tilt)

A) number of daylight hours, B) cosine law, C) atmospheric filtering)

( 1 ) Which one of the following is not correct about solar radiation? A) On June 21 there are 24 hours of sunlight north of the Arctic Circle. B) About 70% of solar radiation is in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. C) The Tropic of Cancer is at 23.5° north latitude. D) Solar site evaluation tools predict the amount of solar access at the point of measurement.

About 70% of solar radiation is in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum

Which one of the following is not correct in regard to active solar systems? A) The higher the temperature of the collection fluid, the lower the efficiency of the collector. B) Swimming pool systems are so very economical because of the low collection temperature and the low cost of the collectors. C) Domestic hot water collection is very economical because domestic hot water is required all year. D) Active solar space heating systems are very economical because the hot water can be used for cooling during the summer.

Active solar space heating systems are very economical because the hot water can be used for cooling during the summer.

Which one of the following is not correct about "adaptive comfort"? A. Although adaptive comfort can save energy, it is less comfortable than if the regular ASHRAE comfort zone were used. B. The concept of adaptive comfort is appropriate for buildings naturally ventilated where occupants have some control over their environment. C. Adaptive comfort occurs in three ways: behavioral, physiological, and psychological. D. Adaptive comfort includes such things as adjusting blinds and wearing appropriate clothing.

Although adaptive comfort can save energy, it is less comfortable than if the regular ASHRAE comfort zone were used.

Which of the following is not correct? A. The "operative temperature" is the average of the air temperature and MRT. B. At 100°F, the body loses heat by both convection and evaporation. C. The skin temperature is usually about 80°F. D. The comfort range for indoor air movement is between 20 and 60 fpm

At 100°F, the body loses heat by both convection and evaporation.

Which of the following is not correct? A. Rain shadows occur on the leeward side of mountain ranges. B. Large bodies of water moderate temperatures. 28 C. At coastlines, winds blow toward the water during the day and toward the land at night. D. Winds tend to be up mountain sides during the day and down mountain sides at night.

At coastlines, winds blow toward the water during the day and toward the land at night.

Which of the following is not correct? A. When warmed, methane hydrates can release methane. B. China has contributed the largest portion of the total carbon dioxide in the air. C. The ancient Greeks understood the importance of orientation in using solar energy. D. The best nuclear fusion plant is 93 million miles away.

China has contributed the largest portion of the total carbon dioxide in the air.

Which one of the following is not correct? A) Hydrogen has the potential of being a perfectly clean fuel, but unfortunately, it is not a source of energy. B) Coal, though fairly plentiful, will continue to be undesirable because it is dirty to burn, hard to mine, and is a major cause of global warming. C) Buildings use about 48% of all energy D) Easter Island is a case study of what happens when a society practices a sustainable way of living.

Easter Island is a case study of what happens when a society practices a sustainable way of living.

Which of the following is not correct? A. Urban heat islands are about 5°F warmer than the surrounding countryside. B. Northern sides of mountains, hills, and buildings are cooler than the southern sides. C. Evapotranspiration refers to the evaporation from plants. D. Low-lying areas tend to collect cool air.

Evapotranspiration refers to the evaporation from plants.

Which one of the following is not correct in regard to active solar? A) In cases where windows do not have access to sun, active solar panels high on the roof may still see the winter sun. B) Some active solar collectors consist of evacuated glass tubes. C) For domestic hot water, active solar collectors should have a tilt equal to the latitude - 15°. D) Hot air collectors avoid the problems of freezing and boiling.

For domestic hot water, active solar collectors should have a tilt equal to the latitude - 15°.

Which one of the following is not a source of solar energy? A. Wind C. Biomass B. Geothermal D. Hydroelectric

Geothermal

Which of the following is not correct? A. A landfill can be a source of energy by collecting the methane that is released. B. A geo-exchange system uses the ground to store heat. C. Hydrogen is a good clean source of energy. D. A fuel cell uses hydrogen to produce electricity.

Hydrogen is a good clean source of energy.

Which of the following is not correct about PV? A) In PV systems BOS stands for "battery or sun." B) PV panels must be prevented from overheating. C) Transparent PV panels use the solar infrared to generate electricity. D) PV is especially valuable in many cases because the maximum output corresponds to maximum demand, which occurs on a hot sunny day.

In PV systems BOS stands for "battery or sun."

What are the SI equivalent of the following inch-pound quantities: British Thermal unit (Btu) _______________ Btu/hour (Btu/h) __________________ Fahrenheit (°F) ______________

Joule, Watt, Celsius

Which of the following is not correct? A. It takes about 7 times as much energy to turn a pound of water into a pound of steam than it does to turn a pound of ice into a pound of water. B. When water vapor condenses into water, sensible heat is given off. C. Long-wave infrared radiation passes through glass while short-wave infrared does not. D. Even cold objects radiate heat.

Long-wave infrared radiation passes through glass while short-wave infrared does not.

Which one of the following is correct in regard to solar responsive design? A. Orientation is not important. B. Orientation is somewhat important. C. Orientation is quite important. D. Orientation is the most important.

Orientation is the most important.

Which of the following is not correct? A. Making buildings more efficient comes before generating renewable energy on-site. B. Reducing energy is about 90% of sustainability! C. The "prudence principle" states: even if the probability is low, if the consequences are serious, then action should be taken. D. Ozone causes much of the greenhouse effect that is heating the planet.

Ozone causes much of the greenhouse effect that is heating the planet.

Which one of the following is not correct in regard to PV? A) An inverter is used to convert DC to AC. B) Batteries are not needed in grid-connected systems. C) Arrays are made up of panels, which are made up of modules, which are made up of cells. D) PV panels resting on a metal roof is an example of "building-integrated PV."

PV panels resting on a metal roof is an example of "building-integrated PV."

Which of the following is not correct in regard to shading? A) In very hot climates the windows facing north will also require some shading. B) Whenever possible, windows on the east and west facades should be facing either north or south. C) Since the thermal year is symmetrical about June 21, a fixed overhang can fully shade during the overheated period and also allow full access to the sun during the underheated period of the year. D) Clerestory windows are better than skylights in regard to shading requirements.

Since the thermal year is symmetrical about June 21, a fixed overhang can fully shade during the overheated period and also allow full access to the sun during the underheated period of the year.

Which one of the following is not correct about passive solar? A. A solar chimney should be painted black. B. The New England "saltbox" house had its 2 story wall face south. C. Use clerestories to bring sunlight directly to north facing rooms. D. Skylights are excellent passive solar collectors.

Skylights are excellent passive solar collectors.

Which one of the following is not correct? A. The solar reflectance index (SRI) is a better indicator of the "coolness" of a surface than is albedo. B. The solar reflectance index includes the effect of emittance. C. The "cool" high-tech coatings for dark roofing materials create significantly cooler roofs. D. White coated metal has a higher albedo than bare metal.

The "cool" high-tech coatings for dark roofing materials create significantly cooler roofs.

Which one of the following is correct? A. The Center for Regenerative Studies at Cal Poly Pomona uses fruit bearing plants to create shade. B. Growth of the economy is the best way to achieve sustainability. C. People have good intuitive understanding of exponential growth. D. Resource shortages are best resolved by finding more of the resource.

The Center for Regenerative Studies at Cal Poly Pomona uses fruit bearing plants to create shade.

Which of the following is not correct? A. The Marin County Civic Center has a parasol roof shading the whole building. B. Bay windows are very popular in cloudy overcast climates. C. The classical portico had its origins in the shaded front porch. D. Michael Angelo converted one part of the Thermae of Diocletian into the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli.

The Marin County Civic Center has a parasol roof shading the whole building.

Which of the following is not correct? A. The buildings on Easter Island are good examples of sustainable design. B. Houses are almost 3 times larger today than in 1950. C. The Energy Utilization Index describes how much energy is used for heating and cooling per square foot per year. 14 D. The statement, "The greenest building is the one that already exists," argues against demolishing buildings.

The buildings on Easter Island are good examples of sustainable design.

Which one of the following is not correct? A. Phase change material is now available in sheets that are mounted on back of drywall. B. The Blue Ridge Parkway Visitor Center uses a Trombe wall system in a sawtooth fashion. C. The clerestories of Smith Middle School in Chapel Hill, North Carolina face north because of the hot climate. D. Every south window exposed to the winter sun is a passive solar heating system.

The clerestories of Smith Middle School in Chapel Hill, North Carolina face north because of the hot climate.

Which of the following is not correct? A. The daily temperature range is mostly a function of the local wind patterns. B. Commercial buildings have a small but significant heating load in the southern US. C. Ventilation is a significant energy load for commercial building in all parts of the US. D. The number of daylight hours is a function of latitude.

The daily temperature range is mostly a function of the local wind patterns.

Which of the following is not correct? A. White is the greenest color. B. Because a compact form is usually the most sustainable, ornamentation can be used to make such buildings interesting. C. Solar issues are a very large subset of the energy issues which are a very large subset of the energy issues which are a very large subset of all sustainability issues. D. The design of most buildings in the world should emphasize the winter condition rather than the summer condition.

The design of most buildings in the world should emphasize the winter condition rather than the summer condition.

Which one of the following is not correct about solar radiation? A) The earth's axis of rotation is tilted 23.5 degrees to the plane of the orbit. B) On the two equinoxes there are 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of nighttime. C) On December 21 the sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn. D) The earth is closer to the sun in July than in January.

The earth is closer to the sun in July than in January.

Which of the following is not correct in regard to the graphs in Figure 6.15a? A. Solar radiation falling on the south facade is much greater on December 21 than June 21. B. The north facade gets some direct solar radiation. C. The solar radiation falling on east and west facades is equal in quantity only different by time. D. The east and west windows get almost no direct sunshine on Dec. 21.

The east and west windows get almost no direct sunshine on Dec. 21.

Which of the following is not correct? A. The mean radiant temperature is same everywhere in a room. B. Heat sinks are used to cool buildings. C. The U-coefficient is the reciprocal of the total R-value. D. Every time energy is converted into a different form, energy is lost.

The mean radiant temperature is same everywhere in a room.

Which one of the following is not correct in regard to the graphs in Figure 6.15c? A. The solar radiation falling on the south facade on June 21 is very significant. B. The solar radiation falling on east and west facades is much greater on June 21 than on December 21. C. The north facade never receives any direct sunshine. D. The solar radiation falling on east and west facades is equal in quantity only different in time.

The north facade never receives any direct sunshine.

Which one of the following is not a potential benefit of horizontal overhangs that are white? A. They reflect solar radiation back into space. B. They remain cooler than overhangs of a darker color. C. The reflected light can be useful daylight because it enters windows from below. D. The underside will contrast less against the bright sky. E. The shading will be more effective.

The shading will be more effective.

Which one of the follow is not correct in regard to climate? A) The textbook divides the U. S. into 6 climate regions. B) Hot and dry climates experience large diurnal (daily) temperature swings. C) Cool air drains into low lying areas. D) South facing slopes of mountains receive much more solar radiation than north facing slopes.

The textbook divides the U. S. into 6 climate regions.

Which one of the following is not correct about short overhangs? A. They provide valuable shade when the sun is strongest around the noon hours. B. They provide little benefit because, at high angles of incidence, most sunlight reflects of the surface of glass. C. They provide little benefit because of the cosine law. D. They provide little shade because the maximum solar transmission on east and west windows occurs around 8 am and 4 pm.

They provide valuable shade when the sun is strongest around the noon hours.

Which one of the three main passive solar systems should be used if only heat and not light is desired? A) direct gain B) Trombe Wall C) sunspace

Trombe Wall

Which one of the following is not correct about passive solar? A. Often the best solution for passive solar is to use a mix of direct gain and Trombe wall. B. Water tubes are not a good method of storing heat for passive solar C. Phase change materials are the most compact way to store heat. D. To use natural convection, the collector needs to be below the storage device.

Water tubes are not a good method of storing heat for passive solar

Which one of the following is not correct about thermal comfort? A) The amount of heat produced by the human body is mainly a function of physical activity. B) Excessive heat loss is called hypothermia. C) When a sample of air is heated its RH also increases. D) The mean radiant temperature is a function of both surface temperatures and exposure angles.

When a sample of air is heated its RH also increases.

When a light source produces energy over the entire visible spectrum in approximately equal quantities, the light appears as: (a) blue (b) green (c) orange (d) white

White

Which one of the following is not correct about traditional buildings in hot and dry climates? A) Exterior walls are usually of a light color. B) The buildings are often built very close together. C) Windows are usually large. D) Walls are usually made of massive materials.

Windows are usually large

The standard sky design condition established by the Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) for daylighting calculations is: (a) a partly cloudy sky (b) a clear sky with sun in view (c) a completely overcast sky (d) a clear sky without sun in view

a completely overcast sky

The brightest area of luminance in a cloudy sky is: (a) at the zenith (b) at the horizon (c) equal to the clear sky illuminance (d) unknown without the location of the sun

at the zenith

Name each tier in the 3 Tier approach to the design of heating, cooling, and lighting. Bottom: ________ Middle: ________ Top: ______

basic building design, passive systems, mechanical and electrical equipment.

Daylight within a space is generally most evenly distributed when: (a) bilateral lighting from opposite walls is used (b) bilateral lighting from adjacent walls is used (c) unilateral lighting from skylights are used (d) unilateral lighting from a north wall is used

bilateral lighting from opposite walls is used

The relationship between brightness and luminance can best be described in the following way: (a) luminance is the amount of light falling on a surface and brightness is the amount of light reflected towards the eye (b) both are terms used to describe light coming off of an object, however brightness is subjective and luminance is measurable (c) brightness and luminance are the same thing (d) brightness can be perceived while luminance cannot

both are terms used to describe light coming off of an object, however brightness is subjective and luminance is measurable

The SI unit of luminous intensity is the: (a) lumen (b) flux (c) candela (d) lux

candela

"Veiling reflections" are primarily a problem that occurs with (a) computer screens and specular surfaces (b) with "eggshell" paint surfaces (c) roads that face due east or west (d) people with retinal detachment

computer screens and specular surfaces

There are 4 main heat transfer mechanisms. Transport is one. What are the other three? Note that latent heat is a type of heat and not a heat transfer mechanism. Also do not include evaporation. One type comes in 2 forms : natural and forced.

convection, conduction, radiation

Illuminance is measured more frequently than luminance because: (a) photometric luminance cannot be seen by the human eye (b) illuminance is a factor in glare considerations (c) design recommendations for lighting levels are typically given in terms of illuminance (d) luminance meters are cheaper and easier to use than illuminance meters

design recommendations for lighting levels are typically given in terms of illuminance

In the formula I=P x A x T, what does I stand for? A. index D. energy consumption B. environmental impact E. building intensity C. industrial product

environmental impact

Illuminance levels and illuminance categories are used to: (a) evaluate quantitative lighting system glare potential (b) specify appropriate lighting systems and controls (c) establish quantitative lighting system design criteria (d) establish qualitative lighting system design criteria

establish quantitative lighting system design criteria

Which one of the following is not related to the others? A) fovea B) veranda C) portico D) loggia E) engawa

fovea

The daylighting analysis method that produces a family of daylight factor contours within a room rather than individual daylight factors at specific points is: (a) CIE method (b) graphic daylighting design method (GDDM) (c) IESNA lumen method (d) physical modeling

graphic daylighting design method (GDDM)

In general, daylight will penetrate further into a space and have a more uniform quality if windows are placed: (a) high on a wall (b) in the center of a wall (c) low on a wall (d) none of the above

high on a wall

Daylight factor (DF) is defined as the ratio of ____. (a) indoor illuminance to cloudy-sky-condition outdoor illuminance (b) outdoor cloudy-sky-condition illuminance to outdoor sunny-sky-condition illuminance (c) indoor luminance to available outdoor luminance (d) indoor illuminance to available outdoor illuminance

indoor illuminance to available outdoor illuminance

Which one of the following is not a basic principle of "The Next Industrial Revolution" by William McDonough and Michael Braungart? A. waste equals food B. respect diversity C. use solar energy D. industrialize the building process

industrialize the building process

A large surface area to volume ratio would indicate what kind of building? A) envelope dominated B) internally dominated C) neither A nor B

internally dominated

Heat of vaporization and heat of fusion are examples of which kind of heat? ______________

latent

All of the following strategies can reduce the potential for glare, except: (a) splay the walls of an aperture (b) locate windows to allow direct views outside (c) provide daylight filters (d) use walls adjacent to apertures are reflectors

locate windows to allow direct views outside

The relationship between illuminance and luminance for an opaque surface is best described as: (a) luminance and illuminance are numerically identical (b) luminance and illuminance have the same magnitude, but opposite signs (c) luminance is illuminance as modified by reflectance (d) luminance and illuminance are not at all related in this situation

luminance is illuminance as modified by reflectance

Which one of the following is not a greenhouse gas? A) nitrogen B) carbon dioxide C) CFC's D) methane

nitrogen

One of the most toxic and terrible materials known to humankind and produced in the "breeder" reactor is called? A) lithium B) potassium C) plutonium D) beryllium E) iridium

plutonium

What are the variables called in the formula (I = P • A • T) where I = environmental impact? P = _________ A = ___________ T = ___________

population, affluence, technology

If 4 pieces of sheet metal with the different coatings listed below are exposed to direct sunlight, which one will be the hottest? A) black B) white C) selective coating D) polished metal

selective coating

The part of the infrared spectrum that passes though glass is called __________________, and the part that does not is called __________________________.

short wave or solar, long wave

Which one of the following is not typical of traditional upper class homes in the American Southeast? A) white exterior D) light weight construction B) column supported porches E) high ceilings C) small windows with shutters

small windows with shutters

Consider light shining on a window. As the "angle of incidence" gets larger, the transmission of light gets ____? A) smaller B) larger C) remains the same

smaller

The reflection that occurs with a smooth surface such as polished glass or a mirror is called: (a) diffuse reflection (b) specular reflection (c) special reflection (d) selective reflection

specular reflection

Illuminance is best defined as: (a) the lighting power that it takes to maintain user comfort (b) the density of luminous energy, expressed as lumens per unit area (c) a measure of photometric power, expressed as the time rate flow of perceived luminous energy. (d) a measure of the degree of diffusion of a concentrated beam of light through a translucent surface.

the density of luminous energy, expressed as lumens per unit area

The externally reflected component (ERC) of the total daylight factor (DF) represents: (a) the light reflected from exterior obstructions including ground-reflected light (b) the light reflected from exterior obstructions excluding the ground-reflected light (c) the incident skylight and light reflected from the ground (d) the incident skylight and light reflected from exterior obstructions

the light reflected from exterior obstructions excluding the ground-reflected light

A "bearing angle" of 90° indicates that: (a) the sun plane is perpendicular to the vertical surface in question (b) the sun plane is parallel to the vertical surface in question (c) the sun is not falling on the vertical plane (d) the sun is below the horizon

the sun plane is parallel to the vertical surface in question

Besides south facing glazing what else needs to be added to a building to make passive solar really work in the winter? Hint: It reduces the daily temperature swings.

thermal mass

Photometric readings are usually taken at the height of a "working plane" because: (a) this is the only height at which human perception and photometric devices register all colors in the spectrum (b) this approximates the height of typical visual tasks (c) the angle of incidence at this height is 0 degrees (d) lux and lumen levels are equal at this point and this allows for calibration of the photometric device

this approximates the height of typical visual tasks

If 4 pieces of sheet metal with the different coatings listed below are exposed to direct sunlight, which one will be the coolest? A) black B) white C) selective coating D) polished metal

white