Ethics 1

Socio-Cultural

thrifty and hard-working

Ethical Theories based on Love

Judeo-Christian Persons as Ends Noddings' Relational Ethics

Ethical Theories based on Duty

Kant's Categorical Imperative Islam's Divine Command

Duty to our organization or firm

Loyalty to our employer above all else

Duty to Ourselves

Maintaining our integrity and following our conscience may be the best alternative in many situations.

Ethical Theories based on Utility

Mill's Principle of Utility

Application of Kant's

Moral law is unconditionally binding on all rational beings. Certain actions are always wrong. Certain actions are always right. Examples: cheating, stealing and dishonesty wrong; benevolence and truth telling are right

Duty to professional colleagues

Person's strongest obligation is often to colleagues doing similar work.

Advantages of Judeo-Christan

Practical, gives help to those who need it Avoids discrimination without denying distinctions Does not presume to assign value to an individual

Types of Values

Professional Moral Aesthetic Logical Socio-Cultural

Duty to society

Public's right to know

Ethical Theories based on Rights

Rawls' Veil of Ignorance

Veil of Ignorance

Roles and social differentiations eliminated Race, class, gender, and other personality features suspended behind the veil Equality behind the veil intended to protect the weaker party and minimize risks

Deontological Ethics

Rule determines the result Rule is the basis of the act Rule is good regardless of the act Result always calculated within the rules

Logical

consistent and competent

Kant's Categorical Imperative

"Act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law" Ethics are objective Any genuine moral obligation can be universalized Categorical = unconditional What is right must be done regardless of circumstances Existence of higher truths Deontological ethic

Applying Confucius' Golden Mean

Identify all extremes Resolve competing obligations using the Golden Mean Reject any extremes .Choose the middle path

Rawl's Veil of Ignorance

"Justice emerges when negotiating without social differentiation" Fairness fundamental to justice Egalitarian perspective Fairness as quantitative in basic cases Elimination of arbitrary distinction Emphasizes the morally appropriate action, not the action that benefits the most people

Islam's Divine Commands

"Justice, Human Dignity and Truth are Unconditional Duties" Ethical Principles are commanded by Allah Whatever denies a belief in God is unacceptable Islam considers justice to be the essence of Islam itself Respecting human dignity is the second major principle revealed in the Qur'an Truth is an additional pillar of Islamic ethics

Aristotle's Mean

"Moral virtue is a middle state determined by practical wisdom" Propriety before duty or love Character over conduct Outer behavior as a reflection of inner disposition Equilibrium and harmony

Confucius' Golden Mean

"Moral virtue is the appropriate location between two extremes" Rooted in virtue. Virtue as benevolence, kindness, generosity, and balance (a mean between two extremes) Excellence dependent on character not social position

Mill's Principle of Utility

"Seek the greatest happiness for the greatest number" Consider what course will yield the best consequences for the welfare of human beings Ethical choice produces the greatest balance of good over evil Good end must be promoted, bad end must be restrained

Nodding's relational ethics

"The 'one-caring' attends to the 'cared-for' in thought and deed" Ethics rooted in relationships Emphasizes nurturing and caring for people, not avoiding harm to others Roles of the one-caring and the cared-for Three dimensions: engrossment, motivational displacement, and reciprocal

Apply Mill's

1. Calculate the consequences of various options. How much benefit and how much harm would result in the lives of everyone affected, including ourselves? 2.Choose the alternative that both A.Produces the greatest possible balance of good over evil B.Distributes this balance as widely as possible

Two Principles

1. Maximal system of equal basic liberty 2. All social goods other than liberty may be distributed unequally only if distribution favors the least advantaged side

Five Categories of Obligation

1.Duty to ourselves 2.Duty to clients/subscribers/supporters 3.Duty to our organization or firm 4.Duty to professional colleagues 5.Duty to society

Morals

A personal compass of right and wrong. Individual - Internal

Duty to clients/subscribers/supporters

If they pay the bills, do we not carry a special obligation to them? Transparency is essential for trust to develop between media and stakeholders

Judeo-Christian

All moral obligations derived from the command to love God and humankind Love for neighbor as normative Regard for others as personal, not legalistic (as with Rawls' contract) Humans made in the image of God and with unconditional value regardless of circumstance

Ethical Theories based on Virtue

Aristotle's Mean Confucius' Golden Mean

Four Quadrants of the Potter Box

Definition Values Principles Loyalties

Professional

Innovative and prompt

Ethical System

Drives the critical process of how we work through moral issues

Concerns of Judeo-Christan

Failure of adherents to practice agape love Love vs. justice Reason as distinct from discernment Whether agape is universal or had continuity with other alternatives

Rule Utilitarian

Greatest good for general welfare -Will a general rule result in a balance of good over evil

Act Utilitarian

Greatest good in a specific case -Will a particular action in a particular situation result in a balance of good over e

The Good End of Mill's

Happiness or pleasure To Mill, preventing pain and promoting pleasure are the only desirable ends. Pluralistic utilitarians argue that other values besides happiness possess intrinsic worth (friendship, knowledge, health). Rightness or wrongness assessed according to total value ultimately produced

Four Cardinal Virtues of Aristotle's Mean

Temperance Justice Courage Wisdom

Values

The accepted principles or standards of an individual or a group

Ethics

The discipline dealing with what is morally right or wrong, good or bad.

Agape Love

Unselfishness, other-regarding care Much more than friendship, charity, or benevolence To love is to accept a person as he or she is with unalterable commitment and permanent loyalty People are never given instrumental value

Appeal to ethical principles

Virtue duty utility rights love

Aesthetic

harmonious and pleasing

Moral

honest and nonviolent