Ethics 1
Socio-Cultural
thrifty and hard-working
Ethical Theories based on Love
Judeo-Christian Persons as Ends Noddings' Relational Ethics
Ethical Theories based on Duty
Kant's Categorical Imperative Islam's Divine Command
Duty to our organization or firm
Loyalty to our employer above all else
Duty to Ourselves
Maintaining our integrity and following our conscience may be the best alternative in many situations.
Ethical Theories based on Utility
Mill's Principle of Utility
Application of Kant's
Moral law is unconditionally binding on all rational beings. Certain actions are always wrong. Certain actions are always right. Examples: cheating, stealing and dishonesty wrong; benevolence and truth telling are right
Duty to professional colleagues
Person's strongest obligation is often to colleagues doing similar work.
Advantages of Judeo-Christan
Practical, gives help to those who need it Avoids discrimination without denying distinctions Does not presume to assign value to an individual
Types of Values
Professional Moral Aesthetic Logical Socio-Cultural
Duty to society
Public's right to know
Ethical Theories based on Rights
Rawls' Veil of Ignorance
Veil of Ignorance
Roles and social differentiations eliminated Race, class, gender, and other personality features suspended behind the veil Equality behind the veil intended to protect the weaker party and minimize risks
Deontological Ethics
Rule determines the result Rule is the basis of the act Rule is good regardless of the act Result always calculated within the rules
Logical
consistent and competent
Kant's Categorical Imperative
"Act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law" Ethics are objective Any genuine moral obligation can be universalized Categorical = unconditional What is right must be done regardless of circumstances Existence of higher truths Deontological ethic
Applying Confucius' Golden Mean
Identify all extremes Resolve competing obligations using the Golden Mean Reject any extremes .Choose the middle path
Rawl's Veil of Ignorance
"Justice emerges when negotiating without social differentiation" Fairness fundamental to justice Egalitarian perspective Fairness as quantitative in basic cases Elimination of arbitrary distinction Emphasizes the morally appropriate action, not the action that benefits the most people
Islam's Divine Commands
"Justice, Human Dignity and Truth are Unconditional Duties" Ethical Principles are commanded by Allah Whatever denies a belief in God is unacceptable Islam considers justice to be the essence of Islam itself Respecting human dignity is the second major principle revealed in the Qur'an Truth is an additional pillar of Islamic ethics
Aristotle's Mean
"Moral virtue is a middle state determined by practical wisdom" Propriety before duty or love Character over conduct Outer behavior as a reflection of inner disposition Equilibrium and harmony
Confucius' Golden Mean
"Moral virtue is the appropriate location between two extremes" Rooted in virtue. Virtue as benevolence, kindness, generosity, and balance (a mean between two extremes) Excellence dependent on character not social position
Mill's Principle of Utility
"Seek the greatest happiness for the greatest number" Consider what course will yield the best consequences for the welfare of human beings Ethical choice produces the greatest balance of good over evil Good end must be promoted, bad end must be restrained
Nodding's relational ethics
"The 'one-caring' attends to the 'cared-for' in thought and deed" Ethics rooted in relationships Emphasizes nurturing and caring for people, not avoiding harm to others Roles of the one-caring and the cared-for Three dimensions: engrossment, motivational displacement, and reciprocal
Apply Mill's
1. Calculate the consequences of various options. How much benefit and how much harm would result in the lives of everyone affected, including ourselves? 2.Choose the alternative that both A.Produces the greatest possible balance of good over evil B.Distributes this balance as widely as possible
Two Principles
1. Maximal system of equal basic liberty 2. All social goods other than liberty may be distributed unequally only if distribution favors the least advantaged side
Five Categories of Obligation
1.Duty to ourselves 2.Duty to clients/subscribers/supporters 3.Duty to our organization or firm 4.Duty to professional colleagues 5.Duty to society
Morals
A personal compass of right and wrong. Individual - Internal
Duty to clients/subscribers/supporters
If they pay the bills, do we not carry a special obligation to them? Transparency is essential for trust to develop between media and stakeholders
Judeo-Christian
All moral obligations derived from the command to love God and humankind Love for neighbor as normative Regard for others as personal, not legalistic (as with Rawls' contract) Humans made in the image of God and with unconditional value regardless of circumstance
Ethical Theories based on Virtue
Aristotle's Mean Confucius' Golden Mean
Four Quadrants of the Potter Box
Definition Values Principles Loyalties
Professional
Innovative and prompt
Ethical System
Drives the critical process of how we work through moral issues
Concerns of Judeo-Christan
Failure of adherents to practice agape love Love vs. justice Reason as distinct from discernment Whether agape is universal or had continuity with other alternatives
Rule Utilitarian
Greatest good for general welfare -Will a general rule result in a balance of good over evil
Act Utilitarian
Greatest good in a specific case -Will a particular action in a particular situation result in a balance of good over e
The Good End of Mill's
Happiness or pleasure To Mill, preventing pain and promoting pleasure are the only desirable ends. Pluralistic utilitarians argue that other values besides happiness possess intrinsic worth (friendship, knowledge, health). Rightness or wrongness assessed according to total value ultimately produced
Four Cardinal Virtues of Aristotle's Mean
Temperance Justice Courage Wisdom
Values
The accepted principles or standards of an individual or a group
Ethics
The discipline dealing with what is morally right or wrong, good or bad.
Agape Love
Unselfishness, other-regarding care Much more than friendship, charity, or benevolence To love is to accept a person as he or she is with unalterable commitment and permanent loyalty People are never given instrumental value
Appeal to ethical principles
Virtue duty utility rights love
Aesthetic
harmonious and pleasing
Moral
honest and nonviolent