Ethics in IT - Test 3 (Ch. 7-10)
System testing
After successful integration testing, the various subsystems are combined to test the entire system as a complete entity.
integration testing
After successful unit testing, the software units are combined into an integrated subsystem that undergoes rigorous testing to ensure that the linkages among the various subsystems work successfully.
quality management
focuses on defining, measuring, and refining the quality of the development process and the products developed during its various stages
black-box testing
involves viewing the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings are unknown (a black box)
product liability
liability of manufacturers, sellers, lessors, and others for injuries caused by defective products
strict liability
means that the defendant is held responsible for injuring another person, regardless of negligence or intent
system safety engineer
one who has explicit responsibility for the system's safety
risk
potential of gaining or losing something of value
risk management
process of identifying, monitoring, and limiting risks to a level that an organization is willing to accept
deliverable
products, statements of requirements, flowcharts, and user documentation
redundancy
provision of multiple interchangeable components to per- form a single function in order to cope with failures and errors
quality assurance (QA)
refers to methods within the development process that are designed to guarantee reliable operation of a product
ISO 9001 family of standards
serves as a guide to quality products, services, and management. ISO 9001 provides a set of standardized requirements for a quality management system.
True
A CPOE system enables physicians to place orders (for drugs, laboratory tests, radiology, physical therapy) electronically, with the orders transmitted directly to the recipient. True or False?
the company that contracts for the services does not generally supervise or control the contractor's employees
Coemployment legal problems with offshore outsourcing are minimal because _________________. a. the primary rational for outsourcing is to lower costs b. the company that contracts for the services does not generally supervise or control the contractor's employees c. the services are provided by an organization whose employees are in a foreign country d. the IT professionals involved can do their work anywhere—on a company's premises or thousands of miles away
False
Cyberharassment encompasses both cyberabuse and cyberstalking. True or False?
$10 million
If the annualized rate of occurrence is one percent and the annual loss expectancy is $100,000, the single loss expectancy is ____________ . a. $1,000 b. $10,000 c. $100,000 d. $10 million
mitigation
Risk mitigation involves the reduction in either the likelihood or the impact of the occurrence of a risk
False
State laws that prohibit the use of social networks by registered sex offenders are effective in fighting sexual predators. True or False?
False
The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects the right to freedom of expression from private employer interference; however, it does not prohibit free speech interference by the government. True or False?
static testing
This is a software-testing technique in which software is tested without actually executing the code. It consists of two steps—review and static analysis.
From the moment an employee becomes known as a whistle-blower, a public battle may ensue, with negative publicity attacks on the individual's personal integrity
Which of the following statements about whistle-blowing is true? a. Violators of the False Claim Act are liable for four times the dollar amount that the government is defrauded. b. From the moment an employee becomes known as a whistle-blower, a public battle may ensue, with negative publicity attacks on the individual's personal integrity. c. Whistle-blowing is an effective approach to take in dealing with all work-related matters, from the serious to mundane. d. A whistle-blower must be an employee of the company that is the source of the problem.
The worker is protected by workplace safety and employment antidiscrimination laws
Which of the following statements indicate that the worker is not an independent contractor? a. No federal income tax, Social Security tax, or Medicare taxes are withheld from his paycheck. b. The worker is protected by workplace safety and employment antidiscrimination laws. c. He is not eligible for unemployment compensation benefits. d. The worker sets his own work hours.
transference
a common way to accomplish risk transference is for an individual or an organization to purchase insurance, such as auto or business liability insurance
reliability
a measure of the rate of failure in a system that would render it unusable over its expected lifetime
best practice
a method or technique that has consistently shown results superior to those achieved with other means, and that is used as a benchmark within a particular industry
waterfall system development model
a sequential, multistage system development process in which development of the next stage of the system cannot begin until the results of the current stage are approved or modified as necessary
software development methodology
a standard, proven work process that enables systems analysts, programmers, project managers, and others to make controlled and orderly progress in developing high-quality software
N-version programming
an approach to minimizing the impact of software errors by independently implementing the same set of user requirements N times (where N could be 2, 3, 4 or more); N versions of software are run in parallel; and, if a difference is found, a "voting algorithm" is executed to determine which result to use.
annualized rate of occurrence (ARO)
an estimate of the probability that this event will occur over the course of a year
failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)
an important technique used to develop ISO 9000-compliant quality systems by both evaluating reliability and determining the effects of system and equipment failures.
software defect
any error that, if not removed, could cause a software system to fail to meet its users' needs
warranty
assures buyers or lessees that a product meets certain standards of quality
Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) models
collections of best practices that help organizations improve their processes
Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALE)
estimated loss from the risk over the course of a year ARO x SLE = ALE
single loss expectancy (SLE)
estimated loss that would be incurred if the event happens
software quality
degree to which a software product meets the needs of its users
failure mode
describes how a product or process could fail to perform the desired functions described by the customer.
safety-critical system
system whose failure may cause human injury or death
high-quality software systems
systems that are easy to learn and use because they perform quickly and efficiently, they meet their users' needs, and they operate safely and reliably so that system downtime is kept to a minimum
white-box testing
treats the software unit as a device that has expected input and output behaviors but whose internal workings, unlike the unit in black- box testing, are known
hazard log
used at each stage of the software development process to assess how it has accounted for detected hazards
decision support system (DSS)
used to improve decision making in a variety of industries
True
Employers can legally reject a job applicant based on the content of the individual's social media activity only if the company is not violating federal or state discrimination laws. True or False?
professional employer organization (PEO)
A _______________ hires the employees of its clients and then assumes responsibility for all human resource functions. If this arrangement is terminated, the workers continue to be employed by the client company. a. temporary staffing firm b. professional employer organization (PEO) c. employee leasing firm d. temporary employment agency
contributory negligence
A legal defense that may be raised when the defendant feels that the conduct of the plaintiff somehow contributed to any injuries or damages that were sustained by the plaintiff. demonstrate that the plaintiff's own actions contributed to their injuries
defect
A software ____________is any error that, if not removed, could cause a software system to fail.
static testing
A software-testing technique in which the software is tested without actually executing the code is ____________ . a. dynamic testing b. white-box testing c. static testing d. black-box testing
CMMI-Development (CMMI-DEV)
A specific application of CMMI frequently used to assess and improve software development practices.
development methodology
A standard, proven work process that enables systems analysts, programmers, project managers, and others to make controlled and orderly progress in developing high-quality software is called a software ____________ .
five to seven years to result in a substantial increase in productivity
A study of 527 large U.S. firms from 1987 to 1994 found that the benefits of applying IT grow over time and that an IT investment can take . a. one to three years to break even b. three to five years for its users to become efficient in its use c. five to seven years to result in a substantial increase in productivity d. over seven years to fully recover the initial investment costs
agile
A system development methodology in which systems are developed in iterations, often called "sprints," lasting from one to four weeks is called ____________ development.
45 percent
Almost every job has partial automation potential, and research suggests that of human work activities could be automated using existing technology. a. about 25 percent b. almost one-third c. 45 percent d. well over half
avoidance
An organization may choose to eliminate the vulnerability that gives rise to a particular risk in order to avoid the risk altogether
decision support
Clinical _______________ is a process and a set of tool designed to enhance healthcare- related decision making based on the use of clinical knowledge and patient-specific information to improve healthcare deliver
True
It appears that the current supply of U.S. computer and information science graduates exceeds the long-term BLS forecast of new job openings. True or False?
False
Millennials (born 1981 to 1997) spend the most time on social media. True or False?
dynamic testing
One approach to QA is to test the code for a completed unit of software by actually entering test data and comparing the results to the expected results
True
One of the most important and challenging areas of safety-critical system design is the system-human interface. True or False?
India
The top country of birth for H-1B workers in the United States in 2015 was ________________ a. Canada b. Mexico c. China d. India
False
The National Labor Relations Act, Civil Rights Act, Air Labor Standards, and Employee Retirement Income Security Act each all have a uniform, consistent definition of employee and the same way of distinguishing between employees and independent contractors. True or False?
False
The average annual growth rate of nonfarm labor productivity has never exceeded 3 per- cent. True or False?
True
The cost to identify and remove a defect in an early stage of software development is typically much less than the cost of removing a defect in an operating piece of software after it has been distributed to many customers. True or False?
The most popular social platform based on unique monthly visitors is _____________________. a. YouTube b. Twitter c. Facebook d. Instagram
is approaching 4 billion
The number of Internet users worldwide _______________. a. exceeds half the population of the world b. is approaching 4 billion c. is between 2 and 3 billion d. is under 3 billion
redundancy
The provision of multiple interchangeable components to perform a single function to cope with failures and errors is called ____________ . a. risk b. reliability c. redundancy d. availability
True
The rate at which activities become automated and workers are affected will vary across different activities, occupations, and wage and skill levels. True or False?
increasing product sales and raising brand awareness
The two primary objectives of social media marketers are ____________________. a. developing loyal fans and increasing product sales b. providing market insight and generating leads c. generating leads and increasing product sales d. increasing product sales and raising brand awareness
interactions with stakeholders
The types of work activities least likely to be automated are activities related to ______________. a. data collection b. interactions with stakeholders c. data processing d. physical tasks performed in a structured and predictable environment
unit testing
This involves testing individual components of code (subroutines, modules, and programs) to verify that each unit performs as intended. accomplished by developing test data that ideally force the code to execute all of its various functions and user features.
user acceptance testing
Trained end users conduct independent user acceptance testing to ensure that the system operates as they expect.
2.3 percent
U.S. nonfarm labor productivity from 1948 to 2016 has averaged about per year. a. 1.1 percent b. 2.3 percent c. 3.0 percent d. 3.3 percent
Just under 50 percent
What percent of U.S. Internet users have personally experienced cyberabuse? a. About 25 percent b. Nearly one-third c. Just under 50 percent d. Over 60 percent
acceptance
When the cost of avoiding a risk outweighs the potential loss of a risk, an organization will likely accept the risk.
Programmers and engineers hired to work at private technology companies
Which group of foreign workers is not exempt from the annual cap on the number of H-1B visas granted? a. Scientists hired to teach at U.S. universities. b. Those hired to work in government research labs. c. Those hired to work in nonprofit organizations. d. Programmers and engineers hired to work at private technology companies.
The contingent worker's experience may be useful to the next firm that hires him or her
Which of the following is not an advantage for organizations that employ contingent workers? a. The company can release contingent workers when they are no longer needed. b. Training costs are kept to a minimum. c. Contingent workers provide a way to meet fluctuating staffing needs. d. The contingent worker's experience may be useful to the next firm that hires him or he
explanation facility
Which of the following is not one of the three main components of a machine learning system ? a. a model b. parameters c. the learner d. explanation facility
All of the above
Which of the following measures is employed by social networking platforms to avoid the posting of objectionable material? a. The terms of user agreement for most social networking platforms states that the site reserves the right to delete material or terminate user accounts that violate the site's policies. b. Social media companies employ people to review material submitted. c. Other users sometimes report objectionable material. d. All of the above
A health information exchange can be helpful in sharing patient-level electronic information between different organizations
Which of the following statements about electronic healthcare records is true? a. EHRs contain the health-related information of an individual from a single healthcare organization. b. The data in an EHR system from one EHR can always be easily shared electronically with a physician who uses an EHR system from another software vendor. c. A health information exchange can be helpful in sharing patient-level electronic information between different organizations. d. The data in an EHR is not intended to be shared with others outside the organization that collects the patient's data.
The development and use of new medical technology in the United States has clearly led to a reduction in healthcare costs
Which of the following statements about healthcare spending is not true? a. Lifestyle changes have had a dramatic impact on increasing healthcare costs. b. Much of the growth in healthcare costs is due to the continued aging of the population in the United States. c. The development and use of new medical technology in the United States has clearly led to a reduction in healthcare costs. d. U.S. spending on health care is expected to increase on an average of 5.6 percent per year from 2016 until 2025.
It advances the development of permanent IT workers in the United States
Which of the following statements about the offshore outsourcing of a major IT project is not true? a. It advances the development of permanent IT workers in the United States. b. There are likely additional costs associated with selection of a vendor, communications, and travel. c. Managers must make trade-offs between using offshore outsourcing firms and devoting time and money to retain and develop their own staff. d. Cultural and language differences can cause misunderstandings.
Companies cannot use an H-1B worker classified as an entry-level IT employee to fill the position of a higher paid experienced worker
Which of the following statements is not true? a. All companies that employ H-1B workers are required to offer a wage not less than 95 percent of the average salary for the occupation. b. Congress sets an annual cap on the number of H-1B visas to be granted—although the number of visas issued often varies greatly from this cap due to various exceptions. c. Companies cannot use an H-1B worker classified as an entry-level IT employee to fill the position of a higher paid experienced worker. d. Companies with 15 percent or more of their workers on H-1B visas can use those workers to replace U.S. workers if those workers are paid at least $60,000 per year
Many software developers are incompetent or lazy
Which one of the following is not a major cause of poor software quality? a. Many developers do not know how to design quality into software or do not take the time to do so. b. Many software developers are incompetent or lazy. c. Software developers are under extreme pressure to reduce the time to market of their products. d. Programmers make mistakes in defining system requirements.
The need for such systems is a fairly recent occurrence
Which one of the following statements is not true about high-quality software systems? a. They are easy to learn and easy to use. b. The need for such systems is a fairly recent occurrence. c. They operate quickly and efficiently. d. They keep system downtime to a minimum
Quality management
____________ focuses on defining, measuring, and refining the quality of the development process and the products developed during its various stages.
Strict liability
____________ means that the defendant is held responsible for injuring another person, regardless of negligence or intent. a. Product liability b. Strict liability c. Negligence d. Contributory negligence
CMMI-DEV
_____________ is a collection of best practices that help organizations assess and improve their software development practices. a. FMEA b. CMMI-DEV c. ISO 9000 d. DOD-178B
Reliability
_____________ is a measure of the rate of failure in a system that would render it unusable over its expected lifetime.
FMEA
_____________ is an important technique used to develop ISO 9000-compliant quality systems by both evaluating reliability and determining the effects of system and equipment failures. a. N-version programming b. FMEA c. Redundancy d. Agile system development
Organic media marketing
________________ employs tools provided by or tailored for a social network platform to build a social community and interact with it. a. Paid media marketing b. Organic media marketing c. Earned media d. Unearned med
Impressions
________________ is a measure of the number of times an ad is displayed, whether it was actually clicked on or not.
A little more than half
__________________ of employers used social media to research job candidates in 2016. a. Around half b. About one-fourth c. A little more than half d. Nearly three-quarters
Cyberstalking
___________________ involves a long-term pattern of unwanted persistent pursuit and intrusive behavior (involving the use of an electronic communications device) that is directed by one person against another that causes fear and distress in the victim.
coemployment relationship
___________________ is one in which two employers have legal rights and duties with respect to the same employee or group of employees.
machine learning
____________________ involves computer programs that can learn some task and improve their performance on that task with experience.
Telemedicine
____________________ is the component of telehealth that provides medical care to people at a location different from the healthcare provider
Labor productivity
_______________________ is the amount of output produced per unit of input.
agile development
a system is developed in iterations (often called sprints) lasting from one to four weeks
breach of warranty
buyer or lessee can sue if the product fails to meet the terms of its warranty
business information system
set of interrelated components—including hardware, software, databases, networks, people, and procedures—that collects and processes data and disseminates the output
