Eukaryotic Cells

Granum

(Only Plant Cells) a stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast

Chloroplast

(Only Plant Cells) carries out photosynthesis, producing sugars

Central Vacuole

(Only Plant Cells) large, fluid-filled sac that stores metabolites and helps maintain turgor pressure

Cell Wall

(Only Plant Cells) outer surface that shapes, supports, and protects cell

Centrioles

(Only in Animal Cells) short cylinders of microtubules

Lysosome

(Only in Animal Cells) vesicle that digests macromolecules and even cell parts

Centrosome

Animal Cells: microtubule organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles Plant Cells: microtubule organizing center (lacks centrioles)

Plasma Membrane

Animal Cells: outer surface that regulates entrance and exit of molecules Plant Cells: surrounds cytoplasm, and regulates entrance and exit of molecules

Ribosomes

Animal Cells: particles that carry out protein synthesis Plant Cells: carry out protein synthesis

Nucleolus

Animal Cells: region that produces subunits of ribosomes Plant Cells: produces subunits of ribosomes

Nucleus

Animal and Plant Cells: command center of cell

Chromatin

Animal and Plant Cells: diffuse threads containing DNA and protein

Nuclear Envelope

Animal and Plant Cells: double membrane with nuclear pores that encloses nucleus

Smooth ER

Animal and Plant Cells: lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecules

Mitochondrion

Animal and Plant Cells: organelle that carries out cellular respiration, producing ATP molecules

Nuclear Pore

Animal and Plant Cells: permits passage of proteins into nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of nucleus

Golgi Apparatus

Animal and Plant Cells: processes, packages, and secretes modified proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Animal and Plant Cells: protein and lipid metabolism

Cytoplasm

Animal and Plant Cells: semifluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles

Rough ER

Animal and Plant Cells: studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins

Signal Peptide

Binding of a ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum occurs only if the protein being synthesized by a ribosome begins with a sequence of amino acids (called a signal peptide)

Eukaryotic Cells

One of the three different types of cells that exist in nature; Eukaryotes have a nucleus and are compartmentalized. Membranes create internal spaces that divide the labor necessary to conduct life functions. Ex: Animal and Plant cells

Prokaryotic Cells

One of the three different types of cells that exist in nature; Prokaryotes (lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus) as a group are one of the most abundant and diverse life-forms on Earth, and they are present in great numbers in the air, water, and soil, as well as living in and on other organisms.

Endosymbiotic Theory

The scientific evidence that shows the relationship that the mitochondria and chloroplasts, two energy-related organelles, arose when a large eukaryotic cell engulfed independent prokaryotes.

Microtubules

Type of Cytoskeleton Animal Cells:protein cylinders that move organelles Plant Cells: protein cylinders that aid movement of organelles

Actin Filaments

Type of Cytoskeleton Animal and Plant Cells: protein fibers that play a role in cell division and shape

Intermediate Filaments

Type of Cytoskeleton Animal and Plant Cells: protein fibers that provide stability of shape

Cytoskeleton

Vesicles move around by means of this, an extensive network or lattice of protein fibers, which also maintains cell shape and assists with cell movement.

Organelles

The compartments of a eukaryotic cell-it carries out specialized functions that together allow the cell to be more efficient and successful. Nearly all organelles are surrounded by a membrane with embedded proteins, many of which are enzymes.

Vesicle

small membrane-bounded sac that stores and transports substances

Polyribosome

string of ribosome simultaneously synthesizing same protein