Euro Chapter 16 Test

How did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

He synthesized (physics) science, astronomy, and math

What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah enlightenment movement?

interactions with Jews and Christians increased (they got along) and rabbinic controls diminished

What were Joseph II's peasant labor changes?

decreed peasants could pay landlords in cash rather than through labor on their land; opposed by nobility and peasants (they didn't have the cash to do so) (he went from bartering to cash)

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa

reduced nobles' power over their serfs. (diminished power of the lords)

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe

EXTRA CREDIT: What was Gabrielle-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil's book?

translated Newton's Principia (principles) into French

What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?

To discover what did occur in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

What was Voltaire's view on religion?

he viewed God as a clockmaker who did not intervene in human affairs

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and society.

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the (How did reading revolutionize?)

shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually. (people read diverse literature). (Shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually)

The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

What were the different views of Catholics and Protestants to Copernicus?

Catholics paid too little attention prior to 1600 because they never held literal interpretation of the Bible. Protestants rejected notion that the Earth moved which contradicted the Bible. (Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that te earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the 17th century)

The author of "On Crimes and Punishments" was

Cesare Beccaria

Diderot's co-editor (Encyclopedie)

Jean le Rond d'Alembert

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

What did John Rousseau think of women?

He believed it is unnatural for women to be active, they should be passive. (women were best suited to a passive role in social relations)

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for

Which book by the Baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?

Persian Letters (through the eyes of Persian travelers)

Who wrote "Historical" and "Critical Dictionary"?

Pierre Bayle

Which country spearheaded the trend in Scientific expeditions?

Portugal

Johannes kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

Produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

Rococo

What helped legitimate and justify the tremendous growth of slavery that occurred during the 18th century?

Scientific Racism (Immanuel Kant)

What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.

The fundamental goal of Encyclopedia was to

change the general way of thinking

Public sphere that emerged during he enlightenment refers to

an idealized space where individuals gather to discuss social and political issues

EXTRA CREDIT: Who was Madame du Châtelet?

She believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education. She was Voltaire's lover and studied advanced calculus and geometry.

How did Catherine the Great come to power?

She overthrows her husband Peter III and Orlov kills her husband for her.

What did Rousseau think about General Will?

he believed it is not necessarily will of the majority.

Who was Frederick the Great?

he had enlightenment policies; he simplified Prussian laws and reformed them

What was the Republic of Letters?

A cosmopolitan network involving Western Europe and its colonies as well as Eastern Europe and Russia where enlightened thinkers and philosophers communicated and shared ideas. (cosmopolitan network)

How did the governments respond to the new science?

States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.

Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of

The dialogue of the two chief systems of the world

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

Why did Leopold II cancel Joseph II's radical reforms?

To restore order.