Euro Chapter 19 IDs

James Watt

(1736-1819) A Scottish engineer who built an engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines, thereby allowing for more coal to be extracted from the mines. In 1782, Watt developed a rotary engine that could turn a shaft and thus drive machinery.

Charles Louis Napolean Bonaparte

(1808-1873) Elected president of the Second Republic. He became Emperor Napolean III within four years and established an authoritarian regime.

Louis-Philippe

(1830-1848) France created a limited constitutional monarchy under him. He was overthrown when he refused to make changes on February 24, 1848.

King Frederick William IV

(1840-1861) Prussian King who agreed to establish a new constitution and work for a united Germany.

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister and leader of the Congress of Vienna in 1814. He claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy.

Guglielmo Marconi

Sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901

What was the Second Industrial Revolution, and what effects did it have on economic and social life? What were the main ideas of Karl Marx, and what role did they play in politics and the union movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

The Second Industrial Revolution came after 1870, when Europe experienced a boom in material prosperity. The new industries, new sources of energy, and new goods of the new revolution led people to believe that their material progress reflected human progress. Influenced heavily by the many new inventions, electricity, and substitution of steel instead of iron, the economy saw huge increase in international trade and, really, a true world economy. Karl Marx expressed his main ideas in 'The Communist Manifesto', where he says that eventually the proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a classless society. In the Reichstag, or the lower house of the parliament in Germany, the SPD (German Social Democratic Party) took over in 1875 and when the government attempted to destroy it, it became the largest party in Germany. Trade unions were improved in living and working conditions, which in turn made the working class a lot happier. Revolutionary socialists argued that reforms needed to be made and violent revolutions would not work, as opposed to Karl Marx's new society.

Friedrich Engels

Wrote 'The Communist Manifesto' with Karl Marx

Joint-Stock Investment

A significant difference between British and Continental industrialization. Such banks pooled the savings of thousands of small and large investors, creating a supply of capital that could then be plowed back into industry.

Revisionism

A socialist doctrine that rejected Marx's emphasis on class struggle and revolution and argued instead that workers should work through political parties to bring about gradual change

Robert Owen

A British cotton manufacturer and utopian socialist who tried to create a socialist community at New Harmony, Indiana, in the 1820s, which didn't work out.

Trade Unions

An association of workers in the same trade, formed to help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions.

Socialism

An effort for change in the first half of the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution. The term eventually became associated with a Marxist analysis of human society, but early socialism was an ideology that calls for collective or government ownership of the means of production and the distribution of goods.

Liberalism

An ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible. Economic liberalism is the idea that the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy. Political liberalism is the idea that there should be restraints on the exercise of power so that people can enjoy basic civil rights in a constitutional state with a representative assembly. They also believed in economic values based upon laissez-faire principles.

Conservatism

An ideology based on tradition and social stability that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change, especially abrupt change. By 1815, the conservative forces were dominant in Europe.

Flying Shuttle

An invention at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution that made it possible to weave faster on a loom, enabling weavers to double their output. This eventually created shortages of yarn until the spinning jenny.

What were the major ideas associated with conservatism, liberalism, and nationalism, and what role did each ideology play in Europe between 1800 and 1870? What were the causes of the revolutions of 1848, and why did these revolutions fail?

Conservatism was an ideology based on tradition and social stability, and it resisted abrupt change. By 1815, conservative forces dominated Europe. Liberalism was an ideology based on the belief that people should be as free from restraint as possible.

Karl Marx

Created Marxism in his work 'The Communist Manifesto', written alongside Friedrich Engels

Edmund Cartwright

Created the loom, powered by water and invented in 1787, allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up to the spinning of yarn.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

Thomas Edison

Developed the light bulb along with Joseph Swan

The Rocket

Engine built by George Stephenson and his son that was used on the first public railway line. It sped along at 16 MPH.

The Second Republic

Established by a new constitution, ratified on November 4, 1848.

Proletariat

Formed by factory workers, an industrial proletariat constituted a majority of the working class

Richard Trevithick

In 1804, he pioneered the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line in southern Wales.

Crimean War

In 1853, war had erupted again between the Russians and Turks over Russian demands for the right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine. When the Turks refused, the Russians invaded Turkish Moldavia and Wallachia. Failure to resolve the problem by negotiations led the Turks to declare war on Russia on October 4, 1853. In the following year, on March 28, Great Britain and France, fearful that the Russians would gain at the expense of the disintegrating Ottoman Empire, declared war on Russia. After a long siege, the main Russian fortress of Sevastopol fell in 1855, and the Russians soon sued for peace. At the Treaty of Paris, signed in March 1856, Russia was forced to give up Bessarabia at the mouth of the Danube and accept the neutrality of the Black Sea. The Crimean War destroyed the Concert of Europe.

Utopian Socialists

Intellectuals and theorists in the early nineteenth century who favored equality in social and economic conditions and wished to replace private property and competition with collective ownership and cooperation; deemed impractical and "utopian" by later socialists.

Spinning Jenny

Invented by James Hargreaves in 1768, this invention allowed spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone in 1876

Nationalism

It arose out of an awareness of being part of a community that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs. It didn't become a popular force for change until the French Revolution. It was a threat to the existing political order, so conservatives tried hard to repress the radical threat of nationalism. Thus, nationalism and liberalism became strong allies.

Young Italy

New movement for Italian unity from Austrian domination. The revolt was successful at first in 1848, but eventually it failed.

Factory Act of 1833

Prohibited the employment of children under the age of nine and restricted the working hours of those under eighteen.

Charles Dickens

Quoted about the terrible living conditions in most industrial towns, "A long suburb of red brick houses - some with patches of garden ground, where coal-dust and factory smoke darkened the shrinking leaves, and coarse rank flowers; and where the struggling vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace."

What were the basic features of the new industrial system created by the Industrial Revolution, and what effects did the new system have on urban life, social classes, family life, and standards of living?

The basic features of the new industrial system created by the Industrial Revolution were, for example, inventions such as the flying shuttle, spinning jenny (created by James Hargreaves), and Edmund Cartwright's loom. Also, James Watt created the steam engine, which led to George Stephenson's 'The Rocket' and many other great inventions. Many new factories were created which brought a huge rise in populations in cities, as well as a huge increase in child labor. This new system had many effects on many different things in society, including urban life, social classes, family life, and standards of living. In urban life, death rates went down a lot, but living conditions were absolutely terrible. Sanitary conditions in these towns and cities were appalling, as rooms were not large and were frequently overcrowded. Social classes were changed due to the revolution. Factory workers came to form an industrial proletariat that constituted a majority of the working class. A new middle class was made up of people who constructed the factories, purchased the machines, and figured out where the markets were. Many historians debate whether industrialization improved the standard of living during this time. Some argue that there was increased employment and lower prices in consumer goods, while others said that wage labor made life worse for many families and housing was inadequate.

Class Struggle

The basis of the Marxist analysis of history, which says that the owners of the means of production have always oppressed the workers and predicts the inevitable revolution

Legitimacy

The idea that after the Napoleanic wars, peace could best be reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions; guided Metternich at the Congress of Vienna

Intervention

The idea, after the Congress of Vienna, that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into countries experiencing revolution to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.

Reichstag

The lower house of the parliament, which the German Social Democratic Party won into

Sergei Witte

The minister for finance of Russia, who guided the surge of industrialization in the 1890s. He pushed the Russian gov't towards a program of massive railroad construction.

Marxism

The political, economic, and social theories of Karl Marx, which included the idea that history is the story of class struggle and that ultimately the proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie and establish a dictatorship en route to a classless society

Revolutionary Socialism

The socialist doctrine espoused by Georges Sorel, who held that violent action was the only way to achieve the goals of socialism