euro history chp. 17

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how did Immanuel Kent define the Enlightenment?

"have the courage to use your own intelligence"

Rococo artistic style of 18th century was evident in the masterpieces of:

Balthasar Neumann

European music in the later 18th century was well characterized by ____ and ___, who shifted musical center from ____ and _______ to the _____ Empire.

Haydn and Mozart, Italy and Germany, Austrian Empire

A major inspiration for travel literature in the 18th century were the Pacific Ocean Adventures of:

James cook

For Rousseau, the "general will" was:

a social consensus to which the individual must bow.

A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in 18th century England was:

gin

What is Beccaria associated with?

less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century

Salons were:

literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed

The French philosophes mostly included people from:

nobility and the middle class

The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they:

popularize a growing skepticism towards God

For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?

private land

The punishment of crime earlier in the 18th century can be described as:

public and gruesome

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of:

religious intolerance

Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?

rousseau

Adam Smith believed that government:

should not interfere in people's economic decisions

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to:

social sciences

What were novels used for by 18th century writers?

to attack the hypocrisies of the era/provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers

scientist-philosopher who provides link between scientists of 17th century philosophes of the next was:

Fontenelle

Deism is the belief that:

God created the universe but does not actively run it.

Who founded Methodism and why?

John Wesley

John Locke argued that every person was born with:

a blank slate

Enlightenment thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended:

applying scientific methods to all aspects of human life

What argument is made in Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws ?

balance in government

What was celebrated in the weeks leading up to Christmas?

carnival

The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to:

change the general way of thinking.

What still played a major role in 18th century Europe?

churches, both Catholic and Protestant

European legal system by the end of the eighteenth century; what things were on the decline?

corporal and capitol punishment were on the decline

Montesquieu's Persian Letters was a method that allowed him to:

criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy

Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his:

encyclopedia

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism/deism in what countries did ordinary churchgoers chose new religious movements?

england and germany

High culture in 18th century Europe was characterized by the:

enormous impact of the publishing industry

The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was:

francios quesnay

Pograms were:

instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities

French philosophes:

intellectuals that wanted to change the world through reason and rationality

Who produced religious music as a way to worship God?

johann sebastian

What aided and characterized the growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century?

magazines for the general public

The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the FrenchRevolution was:

marie condorcet

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was:

marquis du chatelet

Who was the author of A Serious Proposal to the Ladies and what did this work argue?

mary astell

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by:

mary wilstonecraft

18th century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figero

mozart

Fully describe Handel's Messiah

musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order

recognized capital of the Enlightenment

paris

What was Rousseau's influential novel and what key Enlightenment themes does it deal with?

proper child rearing and human education.

European intellectual life in the 18th century was marked by the emergence of:

secularization and a search to find natural laws to life

What Newton and Locke provided inspiration for

the enlightment

What areas did Jews thrive in during the 18th century?

the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781

key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society

travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures


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