euro history chp. 17
how did Immanuel Kent define the Enlightenment?
"have the courage to use your own intelligence"
Rococo artistic style of 18th century was evident in the masterpieces of:
Balthasar Neumann
European music in the later 18th century was well characterized by ____ and ___, who shifted musical center from ____ and _______ to the _____ Empire.
Haydn and Mozart, Italy and Germany, Austrian Empire
A major inspiration for travel literature in the 18th century were the Pacific Ocean Adventures of:
James cook
For Rousseau, the "general will" was:
a social consensus to which the individual must bow.
A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in 18th century England was:
gin
What is Beccaria associated with?
less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century
Salons were:
literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed
The French philosophes mostly included people from:
nobility and the middle class
The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they:
popularize a growing skepticism towards God
For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?
private land
The punishment of crime earlier in the 18th century can be described as:
public and gruesome
Voltaire was best known for his criticism of:
religious intolerance
Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?
rousseau
Adam Smith believed that government:
should not interfere in people's economic decisions
The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to:
social sciences
What were novels used for by 18th century writers?
to attack the hypocrisies of the era/provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers
scientist-philosopher who provides link between scientists of 17th century philosophes of the next was:
Fontenelle
Deism is the belief that:
God created the universe but does not actively run it.
Who founded Methodism and why?
John Wesley
John Locke argued that every person was born with:
a blank slate
Enlightenment thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended:
applying scientific methods to all aspects of human life
What argument is made in Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws ?
balance in government
What was celebrated in the weeks leading up to Christmas?
carnival
The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to:
change the general way of thinking.
What still played a major role in 18th century Europe?
churches, both Catholic and Protestant
European legal system by the end of the eighteenth century; what things were on the decline?
corporal and capitol punishment were on the decline
Montesquieu's Persian Letters was a method that allowed him to:
criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy
Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his:
encyclopedia
In reaction to significant elements of rationalism/deism in what countries did ordinary churchgoers chose new religious movements?
england and germany
High culture in 18th century Europe was characterized by the:
enormous impact of the publishing industry
The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was:
francios quesnay
Pograms were:
instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities
French philosophes:
intellectuals that wanted to change the world through reason and rationality
Who produced religious music as a way to worship God?
johann sebastian
What aided and characterized the growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century?
magazines for the general public
The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the FrenchRevolution was:
marie condorcet
An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was:
marquis du chatelet
Who was the author of A Serious Proposal to the Ladies and what did this work argue?
mary astell
The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by:
mary wilstonecraft
18th century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figero
mozart
Fully describe Handel's Messiah
musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order
recognized capital of the Enlightenment
paris
What was Rousseau's influential novel and what key Enlightenment themes does it deal with?
proper child rearing and human education.
European intellectual life in the 18th century was marked by the emergence of:
secularization and a search to find natural laws to life
What Newton and Locke provided inspiration for
the enlightment
What areas did Jews thrive in during the 18th century?
the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781
key new type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society
travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures