EVERYTHING FOR IGCSE COORDINATED SCIENCE (DOUBLE) except B10 because quizlet only allows 2000 cards per set
List the different sources of energy. [P7]
- fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) - nuclear - geothermal - solar - wind - hydroelectric - wave - tidal
List some effects of global warming on the environment. [B3]
- ice caps melting - hotter temperatures - extreme weather - hurricanes, tsunamis, forest fires - flooding - species extinction - habitat loss
How can you make a motor spin faster? [P11]
- increase strength of magnets - increase current
How are root hair cells adapted? [B2]
- large surface area for absorption of water and minerals - long and thin to penetrate between the soil particles
What are the three raw reactants needed for the contact process? [C6]
- liquid sulphur - air (oxygen) - water
List the uses of x-rays. [P4]
- medical imaging. - airport security (also general security)
What are the features of asexual reproduction? [B8]
- only one parent is involved - offspring are identical (no variation) - no gametes are involved - very rapid - very simple
What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle? [B9]
- ovulation - remaining follicle (called the corpus luteum) in the ovary releases progesterone to maintain the uterine lining (in case of fertilisation)
What are the uses of optical fibers in communications? - explain. [P4]
- telephone signals - internet communication - cable television signals Information is transmitted from one place to another through sending pulses of light through an optical fiber.
List the properties of gamma rays. [P4]
- very dangerous - can kill living cells - has cancer causing properties
Describe arteries in terms of their wall thickness, elastic fibres, muscle layer, width of lumen, and valves. [B5]
- very thick walls to withstand pressure - lots of elastic fibres so artery can expand and recoil to push blood - thick muscle layer to push blood along - narrow lumen (so blood forces lumen open) - no valves required
Why does a packet expand when the pressure of the environment is lower than normal atmospheric pressure? [P2]
1. Less frequent collisions on outside and with the outer wall of the packet. Thus there is less outer pressure. 2. Hence, the inside of the packet has greater pressure than the outside. 3. The packet therefore expands until collisions are equal. This thus balances the pressure.
What are the three main processes of plant reproduction? - Give their order. [B8]
1. Pollination 2. Fertilisation 3. Germination
Give a brief description of the stages of the menstrual cycle. [B9]
1. Uterus lining is shed, blood and tissue leave the body through the vagina 2. Blood vessels grow in the uterus lining, lining is repaired, thickens and becomes more stable 3. The uterus lining and blood vessels are developed 4. The uterus lining and blood vessels degenerates
In distance time graphs, how does speeding up look like? [P1]
A curve that's gradient is increasing (becomes less flat).
What does the placenta look like? [B9]
A disc-shaped structure composed of fetal and maternal tissues.
Define a wave. [P10]
A disturbance that transfers energy through a medium or vacuum without transferring matter.
How does a fuse work and what does it do? [P9]
A fuse breaks the circuit if current is too high. This protects the cable from overheating and catching fire. A fuse has a long thin wire inside it which melts if current is too high. Hence, electricity cannot flow through.
What are heating curves and cooling curves? [P2]
A heating curve is a graph showing the temperature of a substance plotted against the amount of energy it has absorbed. A cooling curve is obtained when a substance cools down and changes state.
Define a gamma ray. [P6]
A high frequency electromagnetic wave.
In velocity time graphs, what shape represents constant speed? [P1]
A horizontal line.
Define a wavefront. [P10]
A line which represents all parts of the wave that are the same/in phase (vibrating together)
Define vector. [P1]
A measurement with direction.
In beta decay, what are the changes in the composition of a nucleus? [P6]
A neutron changes into a proton and an electron. - mass number stays the same, proton number increases by 1.
Define protein. [B2]
A nutrient found in foods, consisting of joined amino acids.
What type of solvent is water? [C2]
A polar solvent.
Define an electric field. [P3]
A region in space where a charged object feels a force.
Define a gravitational field. [P5]
A region in space where an object with mass will experience a force.
Define the lattice structure. [C2]
A regular pattern of arrangement of atoms, molecules, or ions.
What is negative feedback? [B7]
A response that reverses the initial change.
Define glucose. [B2]
A simple sugar (monosaccharide) that is an important energy source in living organisms.
What is the micropyle? [B8]
A small hole in the surface of an ovule through which the pollen tube goes through.
Define a monomer. [C8]
A small molecule/subunit/repeating unit.
Define an alkali. [C4]
A soluble base.
Define a balanced diet. [B4]
A variety of nutrients in correct proportions. Includes energy (found in carbohydrates and fats) and other micronutrients. Depends on person - affected by age, sex, level of activity.
What is sucrose pumped by in translocation? [B2]
Active transport.
What is the function of enzymes? [B4]
Acts as a biological catalyst.
How would you increase the pressure of particles in a gas? [P2]
Add heat, increase # of particles, or decrease volume.
What gland releases adrenaline? [B7]
Adrenal glands
What type of hydrocarbon ends in -ol? [C8]
Alcohol
Name the products of the reaction between any member of Group I and water. [C3]
Alkali metal hydroxide solution and hydrogen gas.
What is group I of the periodic table? [C3]
Alkali metals
What type of elements are in Group 1 of the periodic table? [C1]
Alkali metals
Define an ecosystem. [B3]
All of the organisms and their environment interacting together in a given area.
Describe the directions alpha and beta particles are deflected, and why. [P6]
Alpha particles bend away from positive charges (since they're positively charged) and beta particles bend away from negative charges (since they're negatively charged).
List the types of radiation in order of least to most penetrating. [P6]
Alpha, beta, gamma
What are the building blocks of protein? [B4]
Amino acids
What are the monomers of proteins? [C8]
Amino acids
What is the enzyme for carbohydrates? [B4]
Amylase
What can iron deficiency cause? [B4]
Anemia --> number of red blood cells (RBCs) is reduced or there is a reduction in haemoglobin levels in the blood
Why does pressure increase as temperature increases? [P2]
As temperature increases particles gain energy and move faster and thus have STRONGER and MORE FREQUENT collisions. (don't forget that collisions are stronger)
What is the relationship between temperature and pressure (Gay Lussac's Law)? [P2]
As temperature increases, pressure increases. (when volume is kept constant)
When there is a coil connected to a battery and an unmagnetised iron bar hanging on either side of the coil, what force should be felt by these iron bars? [P11]
Attraction - they should always move towards the coil.
When moving from a slow to fast medium do waves bend towards/away from the normal? [P10]
Away from the normal.
List examples of organisms that use asexual reproduction. [B8]
Bacteria, amoeba, hydras, fungi, sponges, plants (through vegetative propagation)
What would be the treatment for heart disease? [B4]
Balanced diet (reduced fat and salt intake), exercise
What would be the treatment for starvation? [B4]
Balanced diet (sufficient)
How do you write a decomposition equation for electrolysis? [C9]
Basically breakdown the elements in the compound that is electrolysed. (e.g 2NaCl → 2Na + Cl₂)
Explain the undesirable effect of flooding and landslides caused by deforestation. [B3]
Because 25% of rainfall is absorbed by foliage and 50% is absorbed by root systems water may accumulate rapidly in river valleys causing landslides and flooding
Why are the lungs red? [B6]
Because of a rich supply of blood vessels.
Why do lungs feel spongy? [B6]
Because of the large number of air sacs (alveoli).
How do you test for reducing sugar? [B4]
Benedict's solution test --> add Benedict's solution to food. Then leave it in a boiling water bath until the colour stops changing. It should turn green → yellow → orange → brick red (depending on how much glucose is present).
What is the chemical formula for ethanoic acid? [C4]
CH₃COOH
What is the formula for methane? [C2]
CH₄
What are the environmental impacts of wave energy? [P7]
Can flood land, disrupts habitats of some animals.
What are the environmental impacts of hydroelectric energy? [P7]
Can harm marine life.
What are the environmental impacts of wind energy? [P7]
Can kill birds.
What are the uses of mild steel? [C7]
Car bodies and machinery
What is the source of oxides of nitrogen? [C6]
Car engines.
List the main nutrients. [B4]
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins (C and D), mineral salts (calcium and iron), fibre, water
Explain briefly what catalytic converters are and how they work. [C6]
Catalytic converters are fitted into cars so that they can remove oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide from the exhaust gases. Put simply the oxides of nitrogen are converted into nitrogen and oxygen and the carbon monoxide reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide. (there are catalysts involved in order to speed up these reactions)
Review: What are cations and anions? [C9]
Cations are positive ions. Anions are negative ions.
Give another name for positive ions. [C2]
Cations.
Define corrosive. [C4]
Causing the gradual destruction of a substance through chemical action.
What are the parts of an animal cell? [B1]
Cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm.
What parts of a plant cell are not in animal cells? [B1]
Cell wall (made of cellulose), vacuole, chloroplasts
What are the two main parts of the human nervous system? [B7]
Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Define stimuli. [B1]
Change in environment that can be detected.
What causes changes of states of matter? [P2]
Change in temperature/pressure/both
What do changing the forces do to an object? [P5]
Change its size, shape, and motion
Describe the function of the ciliary muscles. [B7]
Change the shape of the lens in the eye to help with focusing (depending on if an object is near or far).
What is the function of the salivary glands? [B4]
Chemical digestion - the saliva produced by salivary glands contains amylase which is an enzyme that will start carbohydrates digestion.
Define fertilisers. [B2]
Chemical or natural substances added to soil to increase fertility.
What are the uses of stainless steel? [C7]
Chemical plants and cutlery
Define respiration (as a characteristic of all living organisms). [B1]
Chemical reactions inside cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism.
Define ATP. [B6]
Chemical that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells.
What are the sources of water pollution? [B3]
Chemical waste, discarded rubbish, untreated sewage and fertilisers
What are the symptoms of heart disease? [B4]
Chest pain, high blood pressure, potential heart attack
Give examples of common STIs. [B9]
Chlamydia, syphilis, herpes, gonorrhoea, etc...
What is the chemical formula for chlorine and chloride? [C3]
Chlorine - Cl, chloride - Cl₂ This is very important to know for when you do moles calculations!! it works the same way for fluorine and fluoride, bromine and bromide, etc.
What are the effects of magnesium deficiency in plants? [B2]
Chlorosis occurs, meaning the leaves become yellow and cannot photosynthesise properly, resulting in poor growth.
Smoking can cause the following diseases... [B6]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD)
Describe what the eye does when looking at near objects. [B7]
Ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments release tension, and hence the lens becomes thicker. (thus refracting light more)
What does the circuit symbol for light dependent resistors (LDRs) look like? [P9]
Circle with rectangle inside and arrows from the left above pointing down at it. See - https://www.electrical4u.com/light-dependent-resistor-ldr-working-principle-of-ldr/
Define accuracy. [P1]
Close to the actual value.
Describe what occurs in the arteries in coronary heart disease. [B5]
Clots form in the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart, which can cause a heart attack. This means that oxygen and glucose cannot reach some cells. In the heart, the muscle will not be able to work properly.
What can fibre deficiency cause? [B4]
Constipation and cramps
Define haploid. [B1]
Containing half the genetic material.
What is the function of dermis on the skin? [B7]
Contains sweat gland, hair follicles, etc.
Define xylem. [B2]
Dead, hollow cells that conduct water and dissolved minerals (potassium, magnesium, nitrates).
In the carbon cycle, name the process of carbon compounds in plants and animals moving to dead organic matter. [B3]
Death.
Briefly give the structure of a sensory neuron. [B7]
Dendrites - axon - cell body - axon - axon terminals (remember the cell body is in the middle of the axon)
Briefly give the structure of a motor neuron. [B7]
Dendrites - cell body - axon - axon terminals
Briefly give the structure of a interneuron. [B7]
Dendrites - dendritic process - cell body - axon - axon terminals (remember there is a dendritic process)
What is the source of water? [B4]
Drinking, fruit and vegetable intake (e.g watermelon)
Why are alkenes very reactive? [C8]
Due to the presence of the C=C double bond they can undergo addition reactions.
Define polyatomic ions. [C2]
Elements that are bonded together to form commonly found combinations that have an overall charge.
Define metalloids. [C3]
Elements with properties of both metals and non metals.
Why is potassium useful in plants? [B2]
Enzymes - it is a necessary mineral for photosynthesis and respiration enzymes to work.
Define laterally inverted. [P4]
Flipped sideways
Give some examples of sinks in translocation. [B2]
Flower, fruits, buds, growing regions.
Explain how gas exerts pressure on a container? (3 marks) [P2]
Gas particles move randomly. The particles collide with the surface of the container. They thus cause a force exerting pressure. (make sure you mention all three things)
What causes gas pressure? [P2]
Gas pressure is caused from particles hitting/colliding with the surface of their container. Gas particles move in all directions so gas acts in all directions.
Define greenhouse gases. [B3]
Gases that absorb the sun's energy, contributing to the greenhouse effect.
Are alkanes reactive or unreactive? [C8]
Generally unreactive
Define exothermic. [C6]
Gives off heat
What do you call columns in the periodic table? [C1]
Groups
What is the function of protein? [B4]
Growth and repair
What is the importance of protein? [B4]
Growth and repair, enzymatic funcitons
Define tropisms. [B7]
Growth responses to light or gravity.
What is the chemical formula for hydrochloric acid? [C4]
HCl
Describe how to find the center of mass of a plane lamina. [P5]
Hang lamina from a point, then mark the vertical line. Repeat the same for a second point, and mark the vertical line. The point when these lines cross is the center of mass. Just to check you should also repeat with a third point.
Describe the nuclei of a gamete. [B8]
Haploid
What are the properties of mild steel? [C7]
Hard but easily worked
Describe the dentine. [B4]
Hard substance - protects and covers pulp, bulk of tooth. Function is another layer of protection.
Define speed. [P1]
How fast an object is moving. Distance per unit time.
Define electronegativity. [C2]
How highly an atom pulls the electrons in a covalent compound.
What does HIV stand for? [B9]
Human immunodeficiency virus
Explain why humans respire anaerobically. [B6]
Humans respire anaerobically when exercising intensely (e.g sprinting, weight training). This is because breathing rate cannot keep up with the oxygen requirement.
Explain why temperature cannot be too high during the Haber Process. [C6]
If temperature is too high it encourages the reverse reaction because the reverse reaction is endothermic.
Why are pollen grains in a wind pollinated flower small and light? [B8]
In order to be easily carried by the wind.
Why does sound travel fastest in solids? [P10]
In solids particles are closer and there are stronger forces between particles. Sound needs particles and vibrations in order to travel.
Why is the carbon dioxide in the air increasing? [C10]
Increased combustion of fossil fuels + deforestation + volcanic activity + decomposition of limestone (to produce cement, concrete, iron)
What is the role of bile in emulsification? [B4]
Increases the surface area for fat digestion (chemical digestion of fat to fatty acids and glycerol by lipase).
What are the two different ways glucose can be polymerised? [B2]
Into starch or into cellulose.
Define spectator ions. [C3]
Ions that emerge from the chemical process with their states unchanged. (not involved in the formation of the precipitate)
Define spectator ions. [C4]
Ions that remain in a solution. They are not involved in the formation of the precipitate.
List the parts of the eyeball (13). [B7]
Iris, pupil, cornea, aqueous humour, ciliary muscle, suspensory pigments, lens, vitreous humour, sclera, choroid, retina, fovea, optic nerve.
Many transition metals can be used as catalysts. What element can be be used as a catalyst in the Haber process (making ammonia)? [C3]
Iron (Fe)
List the features of gas exchange surfaces in humans. [B6]
Large surface area, thin surface, good blood supply, good ventilation with air.
Name some structural adaptations of the red blood cell, and why they exist. [B1]
Large surface area: volume ratio and no nucleus (in order to carry the most oxygen), flexible (in order to squeeze through capillaries), contains haemoglobin (protein that carries oxygen).
Is the current from the source in a parallel circuit larger/smaller than the current in each branch? [P9]
Larger.
Give some examples of sources in translocation. [B2]
Leaf, storage organs such as root tubers (e.g potatoes, onions).
What is the source of fibre? [B4]
Leafy vegetables, unrefined grains, wholewheat bread, cabbage, almonds, walnuts
The pulmonary vein enters the _______ (part of the heart). [B5]
Left atrium
The aorta leaves the _______ (part of the heart). [B5]
Left ventricle
Why is not much pollen required for an insect pollinated flower? [B8]
Less wastage of pollen compared to with wind pollination.
Describe the anther in a wind pollinated flower (also where is it located?). [B8]
Loose and outside the flower.
What is the ionising ability of gamma rays? [P6]
Low
Explain the undesirable effect of species extinction caused by deforestation. [B3]
Many species are dependent on forest
____ is a measure of inertia. [P5]
Mass
What is the name of the process of nuclear division that produces gametes? [B8]
Meiosis
Name the state change from solid to liquid. [P2]
Melting
What are the melting/boiling points of alkali metals like? What is the trend for them? [C3]
Melting/boiling points are LOW. They DECREASE as you go down. (just remember that as reactivity increases it means that the attraction is weaker between shells and thus it makes sense that melting/points will also lower)
What are the best conductors made of? [P8]
Metals
What products are formed at the negative electrode when a MOLTEN COMPOUND is electrolysed? [C9]
Metals.
What is the main constituent of natural gas? [C8]
Methane
What are the safety issues of microwave radiation? [P4]
Microwaves can cause internal heating of body tissues.
Give two steel alloys (the ones you have to know about). [C7]
Mild steel, stainless steel
What is the source of vitamin D? [B4]
Milk, eggs, produced naturally in skin on exposure to sunlight
Name the process that has to happen for asexual reproduction to occur. [B8]
Mitosis
Explain what mitosis is. [B8]
Mitosis is a type of nuclear division. The chromosome number in the daughter cells is the same as the parent cell. It is followed by the cell splitting.
How do you find the mass of a certain quantity of an element/compound if you know its molar mass and number of moles? [C1]
Molar Mass x Number of Moles
What is the chemical formula for ammonia? [C4]
NH₃ (this is super important, ammonia is often mentioned, don't confuse it with ammonium)
What is the chemical formula for sodium hydroxide? [C4]
NaOH
What is the use of nitrogen in fertilisers? [C6]
Necessary for making proteins and chlorophyll; helps plants with rapid growth, increasing seed and fruit production, and improving the quality of leaf.
What is the mechanism of homeostasis? [B7]
Negative feedback
Describe the general movement of ions in electrolysis. (also describe the movement of electrons) [C9]
Negative ions move into the anode and positive ions move into the cathode. (anode gains electrons, cathode loses electrons).
What ions do non-metals become (positive or negative)? [C2]
Negative ions.
What are some safety precautions when handling radioactive materials? [P6]
Never directly touching a radioactive source. Handling sources at a distance of at least 5 cm, using tongs. Wearing gloves. Keeping radioactive sources in a lead lined box. Monitoring and limiting exposure to radiation from the sources.
What are the units for weight? [P5]
Newtons
What is the unit for force? [P5]
Newtons
What happens to the resistance when you heat a wire? [P3]
It increases
Where is the nucleus located in a sperm cell? [B9]
Its head
What are the monomers of DNA? [C8]
Nucleotides
What are the units for mass? [P5]
Kilograms
What is the unit for mass? [P7]
Kilograms
Review: What is the energy change in a generator? [P11]
Kinetic to electrical
What is the source of vitamin C? [B4]
Kiwi, blackcurrant, citrus fruits
What are the effects of kwashiorkor? [B4]
Oedema (fluid collection leading to swelling), enlarged tummy
What are the female sex hormones called? [B9]
Oestrogen (estrogen) and progesterone.
What is the source of fats? [B4]
Oils, butter, meat, dairy products
Where is the independent variable plotted? [B2]
On the x-axis.
Where is the dependent variable plotted? [B2]
On the y-axis.
What is an inverse relationship? [P2]
One increases as the other decreases. (constant product)
What is a direct relationship? [P2]
One increases as the other increases.
Define selectively permeable. [B1]
Only certain substances can enter/exit the cell.
Can ionic compounds conduct electricity? [C2]
Only if their ions can move.
Explain how optical fibers work. [P4]
Optical fibers are designed such that a ray of light entering the fiber has an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle, and so do all the consequent reflected rays throughout the fiber (thus total internal reflection ALWAYS occurs and no light can pass through the sides).
What is the use for optical fibers in medicine? - explain. [P4]
Optical fibers are used in endoscopes - instruments used to help examine the inside of the body. Bundles of optical fibers transmit the image around corners.
Describe two examples where osmosis is happening in living things. [B1]
Osmosis is present when plant roots absorb water from the soil. Osmosis is also present when humans swim and their hands look pruned afterwards. Water shifts from the pool/tub into skin cells, causing the skin to expand.
What gland releases oestrogen? [B7]
Ovaries
What is the carpel made of? [B8]
Ovary, stigma, style
What are the symptoms of obesity? [B4]
Overweight, struggle w/ daily activities, strain on heart and lung function
How do you extract metals below carbon in the reactivity series? Why does this work? [C7]
Oxides are heated with carbon. This works since carbon is more reactive than these metals.
Give examples of bases. [C4]
Oxides/hydroxides/carbonates of metals
In electrolysis, if hydroxide ions are the less reactive ions in the solution, what does the product at the anode become? [C9]
Oxygen (always!)
Explain the movement of gases between alveoli and the bloodstream. [B6]
Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the bloodstream (to red blood cells). Carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the alveoli.
What products are formed at the positive electrode when a SOLUTION is electrolysed? (means water is present) [C9]
Oxygen or halogen.
Give examples of hydrocarbon fractions. [C8]
Petrol (gasoline), diesel, kerosene, etc.
What is the use of gasoline fraction? [C8]
Petrol in cars
Give examples of plants whose fruits or seeds are dispersed by SELF-PROPULSION. Explain how their structure helps them be dispersed this way. [B8]
Laburnum, broom, peas - they have pods that dry and split open with force when they are ripe, throwing their seeds for some distance
What is the cause of constipation? [B4]
Lack of fibre
What are the causes of starvation? [B4]
Lack of nutrients
Describe the structure of villus. [B4]
Lacteal is the inner structure. This is surrounded by a capillary network. The outer layer consists of epithelial cells with microvilli.
Explain what happens to muscles in anaerobic respiration. [B6]
Lactic acid builds up in muscles and blood. This causes an oxygen debt. (the production of lactic acid is experienced as soreness in the muscles)
What is the size of an insect pollinated flower? [B8]
Large
What is the function of palisade mesophyll cells? [B1]
Photosynthesis (maximum light absorption)
What can calcium deficiency cause? [B4]
Poor bone development, osteoporosis
What are the effects of potassium deficiency in plants? [B2]
Poor flower and fruit growth, and discoloured leaves.
What are the effects of nitrate deficiency in plants? [B2]
Poor plant growth, with pale green/yellow leaves as they are unable to make sufficient chlorophyll.
What are the effects of phosphate deficiency in plants? [B2]
Poor root growth and discoloured leaves.
How do positive and negative (opposite) charges work? [P3]
Positive and negative charges ATTRACT one another. (opposites attract)
What are the parts of a transformer? [P11]
Primary circuit with a primary coil, then a core, then a secondary circuit with a secondary coil.
Describe the function of the effector in a reflex arc. [B7]
Respond
What is the 'Rf' value in paper chromatography? (f is subscript) [C5]
Retardation factor - the ratio of the distance traveled by the center of a spot to the distance traveled by the solvent front. (Note that the Rf value for a compound is always the same when the same solvent is used and it is under the same conditions.)
Is the Haber process reversible or irreversible? [C6]
Reversible
What is the equation for the Rf (f is subscript) value? [C5]
Rf value = distance moved by liquid spot / distance moved by solvent
What can Vitamin D deficiency cause? [B4]
Rickets --> weak bones (stop hardening properly), legs are bent giving a "bandy legged appearance".
What is the use of bitumen? [C8]
Road surfaces
Define a moment. [P5]
Rotating force
What is the range in air of beta particles? [P6]
Roughly 1 m
What is the range in air of alpha particles? [P6]
Roughly 5 cm
How can you charge two nonconductive objects? [P3]
Rub them together.
Give an example of an insulator. [P3]
Rubber
What is the equation for combined resistance in series circuits? [P9]
R₁ + R₂ + ... + Rₙ = R total
List the formulas for the contact process (4 stages) [C6]
S + O₂ → SO₂ 2SO₂ + O₂ ⇌ 2SO₃ H₂SO₄ + SO₃ →H₂S₂O₇ H₂S₂O₇ + H₂O →2H₂SO₄
What is the most effective chemical way to prevent rust? [C7]
Sacrificial protection
Where is amylase secreted? [B4]
Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated? [C8]
Saturated - because they have no spare bonds.
What equipment is used to measure mass? [P5]
Scales
What is the response of oestrogen? [B7]
Secondary sexual characteristics
What is the response of testosterone? [B7]
Secondary sexual characteristics
What is the unit for time? [P7]
Seconds
What are the two main types of pollination and what do they entail? [B8]
Self-pollination - when pollen comes from the same flower as the female part Cross-pollination - when pollen is transferred from another flower of the same species
Define a light dependent resistor (LDR). [P9]
Semiconductor device where resistance decreases as light temperature increases (hence current increases).
What happens in AIDS? [B9]
Severe loss of immunity. It means lower resistance to infection for patients.
What type of cell is a sperm? [B1]
Sex cell
What type of cell is an egg cell? [B1]
Sex cell
List the properties of metals, mentioning appearance, hardness, malleability, ductility, heat conduction, conduction of electricity, state, density. [C2]
Shiny, very hard, malleable, ductile, good conductor of heat and electricity, solid, high density. (note that there are exceptions to these generalisations)
What is the target organ of auxin? [B7]
Shoots and roots
Describe the short term and long term effects of tar (in smoking). [B6]
Short term --> infection, respiratory disorder. Long term --> carcinogenic (cancer causing)
Describe the short term and long term effects of smoke particles (in smoking). [B6]
Short term --> obstruction of respiratory system, infection. Long term --> cancer, emphysema, chronic disorders.
Define a particle. [C1]
Smallest unit of a substance.
What sort of surfaces reflect? [P4]
Smooth and shiny surfaces, e.g glass, water
How does sodium conduct electricity, and how does molten sodium chloride conduct electricity? [C4]
Sodium conducts electricity because it has free electrons, whereas sodium chloride conducts electricity because it has free ions.
What material are transformers made from and why? [P11]
Soft iron - because its domains change easily.
Describe the gums. [B4]
Soft tissue that covers the alveolar bone. Function is anchoring root of tooth into jaw bone.
Define flaccid. [B1]
Soft, floppy
How is energy obtained from heat and light from the Sun (solar)? [P7]
Solar cells convert light into electrical energy. radiant → electrical
Define precipitate. [C4]
Solid particles in the liquid (thus insoluble).
Which states of matter increase in size when heated? [P2]
Solids, liquids, gases.
Describe the danger with damaged insulation. [P9]
Someone using the electric appliance can touch the wire and get an electric shock. If the bare wire also comes into contact with the metal casing of the appliance anyone touching the appliance can get an electric shock as well.
Define ultrasound. [P10]
Sound waves with frequencies HIGHER than what is audible to the human ear.
Give an example of a longitudinal wave. [P10]
Sound waves.
What is the equation for speed? [P1]
Speed = Distance / Time
What equipment is used to measure weight? [P5]
Spring balance
What is the male part of the flower called? [B8]
Stamen
What is the function of starch in a plant? [B2]
Starch is used to store food reserves. It is kept in food storage organs. Since it is insoluble and its polymerisation can be reversed easily, it is useful when food is needed.
When waves reflect do their wavefronts get closer/farther/stay the same? [P10]
Stay the same.
What is the shape and size of pollen grains in an insect pollinated flower? [B8]
Sticky or spiky
What is the importance of fats? [B4]
Store energy in body, provide insulation protecting vital organs
What is the function of the gall bladder? [B4]
Stores bile.
What properties of aluminium make it useful for aircraft? [C7]
Strength and low density
What is the relative deflection of beta particles? (when passed through electric or magnetic fields) [P6]
Strong
Define organelle. [B1]
Sub units of cells with specialised functions (e. g membrane, nucleus, etc)
Name the state change from solid to gas. [P2]
Sublimation
Define a compound. [C1]
Substance made of molecules with more than one type of element. (only one particle type)
How do you figure out which reaction is bigger (more vigorous) using the reactivity series? [C7]
The LARGER the gap in the reactivity series the bigger the reaction.
In electrolysis, does the more/less reactive element become the PRODUCT at the electrode? [C9]
The LESS reactive element.
In electrolysis, does the more/less reactive element STAY in the solution? [C9]
The MORE reactive element.
Define motility. [B9]
The ability of organisms and fluid to move or get around.
Define penetrating. [P6]
The ability of radioactivity to pass through materials.
Define sensitivity (as a characteristic of all living organisms). [B1]
The ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment to make appropriate responses.
Define mass. [P5]
The amount of matter in an object.
Define the critical angle. [P4]
The angle of incidence that provides an angle of refraction of 90-degrees.
What is the positive electrode called? [C9]
The anode.
Where is the optic nerve in the eyeball? [B7]
The back of the eyeball.
How does the blood flow work in the placenta? [B9]
The blood of the fetus flows close to the blood of the mother but they DON'T mix.
Give examples of enzyme controlled metabolic reactions. [B4]
The breaking down of proteins by the enzyme protease, into amino acids. The breaking down of carbohydrates by the enzyme amylase, into glucose molecules. The breaking down of lipids by the enzyme lipase, into fatty acids and glycerol.
Define amino acids. [B2]
The building blocks of proteins.
What is the negative electrode called? [C9]
The cathode.
Define the corpus luteum. [B9]
The cells remaining in the ovary after ovulation - known as the 'yellow body'.
Define nucleus. (in terms of chemistry) [C1]
The center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons.
Define the optic center. [P4]
The center of the lens.
Where is the cervix located and what does it look like? [B9]
The cervis is a small gap between the vagina and the uterus.
Define anaerobic respiration. [B6]
The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen.
Define aerobic respiration. [B6]
The chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy (also releasing carbon dioxide as a waste product).
Define valency. [C2]
The combining capacity of an element.
What is the source of sulfur dioxide? [C6]
The combustion of fossil fuels which contain sulfur compounds (leading to acid rain).
What are the metalloids? [C3]
The commonly recognised metalloids are the ones that are part of the staircase: boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), astatine (At). However, some elements are less frequently classified: carbon (C), aluminium (Al), selenium (Se), and polonium (Po). You can remember 'CAlSePo'.
Describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves. [P10]
The compressions and rarefactions of sound waves appear as moving regions of high and low pressure.
What is the role of the nervous system? [B7]
The coordination and regulation of body functions.
Define rusting. [C7]
The corrosion of iron by oxygen and water.
What is the embryo leaf called? [B8]
The cotyledon
What determines the direction of magnetic field lines? [P11]
The direction of the north pole in the magnet (so it will be attracted to south pole, repelled from north pole)
Define ovulation. [B9]
The discharge of ova or ovules from the ovary.
Define electron configuration. [C1]
The distribution of electrons of a particle in term of electron shells.
Define electron configuration. [C2]
The distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule.
How can alkenes undergo addition reactions? [C8]
The double bond can be broken so that atoms join onto the two carbon atoms.
Define transpiration. [B2]
The evaporation of water from the surface of a leaf.
What is the blast furnace reaction? [C7]
The extraction of iron from the ore 'hematite' in the blast furnace.
What controls the menstrual cycle? [B9]
The female sex hormones - oestrogen and progesterone.
Define the testa. [B8]
The hard external coating of a seed.
Describe how temperature impacts transpiration rate, and why. [B2]
The higher the temperature, the greater the transpiration rate. This is because the higher the temperature, the more energy the water particles will have, and thus the faster the evaporation.
Define oestrogen. [B9]
The hormone responsible for maintaining the uterine lining.
How is thermal expansion applied when taking a tight lid off a jar? [P2]
The lid expands after being heated due to thermal expansion. Thus, its volume becomes too great for the jar and it can be taken off easily.
Why don't you get noticeable dispersion with a rectangular block? [P4]
The light is bent back to its original direction at the second boundary.
Define the reflected ray. [P4]
The light ray reflected off the mirror.
Define assimilation. [B4]
The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells.
Define absorption. [B4]
The movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood.
Define diffusion. [B1]
The movement of gas/liquid particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Define diffusion. [P2]
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration.
Define convection. [P8]
The movement of particles of gases and liquids away from a heat source to form currents.
Define translocation. [B2]
The movement of sucrose and amino acids from source to sink in phloem.
Define osmosis. [B1]
The movement of water from an area of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to an area of low water concentration (high solute concentration), across a selectively permeable membrane.
List the three factors that influence the solubility of a substance. [C4]
The nature of the solute, the nature of the solvent, the temperature.
Describe the passage of electricity to electrodes. [C9]
The negative side of the battery is attached by a wire to the cathode and the positive side of the battery is attached by a wire to the anode.
What is the embryo shoot called? [B8]
The plumule
Describe where the bronchi are in the respiratory system. [B6]
They split in the trachea and lead to each lung.
How long do fossil fuels take to form? [C8]
They taken millions of years to form.
In covalent bonding how do atoms try to attain a noble gas structure? [C2]
They try to attain a noble gas structure by sharing electrons.
Why do men typically require more energy? [B4]
They usually have higher muscle mass
What material is required to stop gamma rays? [P6]
Thick lead or concrete
Where is the retina in the eyeball? [B7]
Thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye on the inside. (just remember from inner to outermost layers it goes retina-choroid-sclera)
What material is required to stop beta particles? [P6]
Thin plastic or aluminium
Why does pressure increase as the # of particles increases? [P2]
This is since more particles means more collisions and thus greater pressure.
Why does pressure decrease as volume increases? [P2]
This is since there is more space in the air for the particles to move and thus they collide less, decreasing pressure.
Explain induced magnetism. [P11]
This is soft iron becoming a magnet temporarily because it is placed in a magnetic field. (loses magnetism when it is removed from field)
Define testosterone. [B9]
This is the male sex hormone. It is responsible for sperm production.
What happens in vegetative propagation? [B8]
This is when a new plant grows from a fragment of the parent plant (e.g cutting off leave and then making them grow roots). It can happen naturally or necessary conditions can be applied.
How is the balanced diet affected by age? [B4]
Those under 20 require more energy and proteins for growth.
How do you make a soluble salt using a soluble reactant - name the method and describe the method steps. [C4]
Titration - 1. measure known volume of alkali 2. add colored indicator 3. using burette pour acid (taking note of volume), until color changes then close the tap 4. crystallize the solution that has reacted (through heating and then leaving out)
What is the function of a root hair cell? [B1]
To absorb minerals and water for a plant.
Describe the function of veins. [B5]
To carry blood from organs to heart.
Describe the function of the optic nerve. [B7]
To carry impluses to the brain.
What is the role of a vacuole? (only in plants) [B1]
To contain the cell sap in order to help keep the cell turgid. (vacuole is large, permanent, and central in a plant cell)
In general, why are substances often heated in experiments? [C4]
To increase reaction rate (but note this isn't always why things are heated, sometimes it's to evaporate water for example, but this is a very common reason)
Describe the function of the cornea. [B7]
To refract light.
Why do plants produce hormones? [B7]
To regulate growth.
What is the function of commutator rings in a dc motor? [P11]
To reverse the direction of the current midway (every 180º) through each rotation of the coil.
What is the role of the filament? [B8]
To support and present the anther.
What is the function of a red blood cell? [B1]
To transport oxygen.
Describe the function of plasma. [B5]
Transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, glucose, amino acids, heat, hormones, salts, etc.
What are the major uses of limestone? [C10]
Treating acidic soil and neutralizing acidic industrial waste products.
Describe voltage in parallel circuit's. [P3]
Voltage stays the same.
Describe voltage in series circuit's. [P3]
Voltages is shared.
How is energy obtained from waves? [P7]
Water moves up and down, forcing air to turn a turbine. potential → kinetic → electrical
What is a water potential gradient and why is it important in plant transport? [B2]
Water potential gradient is the difference in water potential between two regions. It is important as water enters roots in a plant through this gradient. Water then gets transported from there to other parts of the plant.
What are longitudinal waves? [P10]
Waves where the direction of the vibration/oscillation is PARALLEL to the direction of the wave.
What are transverse waves? [P10]
Waves where the direction of the vibration/oscillation is PERPENDICULAR to the direction of the wave.
When testing leaves for starch, why do we boil in ethanol? [B2]
We boil in ethanol to break down the leave tissues so that iodine can pass through and turn blue and black for the starch test.
Is ethanoic acid a strong or weak acid? [C4]
Weak
What is the formula for weight? [P5]
Weight = mass * gravitational field strength (W = mg)
What are the effects of marasmus? [B4]
Weight loss, fragile skin and hair, failure to grow
Define the image. [P4]
What you see in the mirror.
When are salts formed? [C4]
When a base neutralizes an acid.
Define a chemical change. [C1]
When a new substance is produced (since atoms reorganise themselves into a new arrangement).
When does fertilisation occur for plants? [B8]
When a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule.
Define concentrated. [C4]
When a solution has a large amount of a solute per unit volume.
Define total internal reflection. [P4]
When all light is reflected back from the boundary and none is able to go through. (It occurs at a slow to fast boundary when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle)
Define electricity. [P3]
When electrons move from one place to another.
When is an object balanced (in terms of its center of mass)? [P5]
When its center of mass is right above the point of contact.
Explain how a relay switch works. [P11]
When the ignition key is turned the coil becomes magnetised and attracts the iron towards the end of the coil. The iron arm pivots and closes the contacts. Hence, the motor turns on.
Define saturated. [C4]
When the solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance (solute).
How is thermal expansion applied when railway tracks are built with gaps? [P2]
When the sun heats the tracks it causes them to thermally expand. Thus, the cracks are necessary so they expand into these gaps, instead of buckling.
Define the limit of proportionality. [P5]
When the trend is no longer directly proportional.
Define condensation polymerisation. [C8]
When two monomers join up and produce a polymer PLUS water.
Define addition polymerisation. [C8]
When two or more monomers join to form a polymer and hence the double bond breaks.
Define reflection. [P4]
When waves bounce off a surface.
Is neutralization exothermic/endothermic? What does that mean? [C4]
Yes, exothermic means producing heat (you have to remember that it is exothermic)
Is pressure the same in all directions? Why? [P2]
Yes, pressure is the SAME in all directions. This is because there are equal numbers of molecules moving in all directions.
Do alkenes form polymers - why or why not? [C8]
Yes. This is because they can open up their double bonds to "hold hands" in a long chain.
Do alkenes decolourise bromine water - why or why not? [C8]
Yes. This is because they have some spare bonds and can hence form bonds with bromine ions.
Describe how you could measure the pulse rate of a person. [B5]
You can feel the pulse on someone's wrist or neck. To get the exact rate you need to time over a specific period. The amount of times you feel the pulse divided by the time equals the person's pulse rate.
Why are water waves useful to show wave motion? [P10]
You can see the waves and they move with small speed compared to other waves.
How do you figure out which reactions happen at which electrodes? [C9]
The positive ions are attracted to the negative anode, hence the reaction involving positive ions always occurs at the negative electrode. It is the same vice versa - The negative ions are attracted to the positive anode, hence the reaction involving negative ions always occurs at the positive anode.
Define thoracic pressure. [B6]
The pressure within the pleural cavity.
What is the sun's role in the ecosystem? [B3]
The primary source of energy in an ecosystem.
Define reproduction (as a characteristic of all living organisms). [B1]
The processes that make more of the same kind of organism.
What is the embryo root called? [B8]
The radicle
Define current. [P3]
The rate of flow of charge.
Define resistance. [P3]
The ratio of voltage to current. (how "difficult" it is for current to flow through an object)
What are the raw materials of photosynthesis, how are they obtained, and how do they enter the plant? [B2]
The raw materials are carbon dioxide and water. Carbon dioxide is obtained in the air and enters through the leaves stomata. Water is obtained in the soil and enters the roots through osmosis.
How many significant figures should there be in an answer? [P4]
The same number of significant figures in the raw results used. (if not, usually 3 significant figures)
Define resultant/net force. [P5]
The sum of all the forces acting on an object.
Define relative molecular mass. [C1]
The sum of the relative atomic masses.
Define compressibility. [P2]
The tendency of a substance to change in volume due to pressure.
Define inertia. [P5]
The tendency of a substance to resist change in motion. (remember, it's not just resisting motion, its resisting CHANGE in motion, this means that inertia is also present when stopping a moving object)
Define collision theory. [C6]
The theory used to explain how factors affect the rate of a reaction.
Explain the structure of a thermometer. [P2]
There is a reservoir(at the bottom) and then the capillary tube. The reservoir stores the liquid and the capillary tube is the container holding the liquid. When the liquid expands, the capillary tube shows the increase/decrease, and exaggerates the expansion so it can be seen clearly.
Why are the petals of a wind pollinated flower dull in colour? [B8]
There is no need to attract insects since they are wind pollinated.
What is the thermite reaction used for (not what it does, what are its uses)? [C7]
Thermite welding - joining rail tracks, metal refining, etc.
Define fractions (in cracking). [C8]
These are the names given to the smaller groups of similar chain length.
What type/s of solvents do covalent compounds dissolve in? [C2]
They ONLY dissolve in non polar solvents.
What type/s of solvents do ionic compounds dissolve in? [C2]
They ONLY dissolve in polar solvents.
List the three properties of ALL electromagnetic waves. [P4]
They all transfer energy via vibrations of electric and magnetic fields. They all do NOT need a medium, and can travel in a vacuum. They all travel at the same speed in a vacuum - 3 * 10⁸ m/s.
What are the brushes on a DC motor made of and what is their function? [P11]
They are carbon brushes and they pass electricity from the circuit to the commutator.
Why are phosphates useful in plants? [B2]
They are components of DNA and cell membranes.
What are circuit breakers designed to do? [P9]
They are designed to switch off the current in a circuit if the current becomes too large.
Where are guard cells? [B2]
They are on either side of stomata.
What is the reactivity of alkali metals? What is the trend for reactivity? [C3]
They are reactive metals. They react quickly with water. Reactivity INCREASES as you go down.
What is the role of the alveoli? [B6]
They are responsible for increasing the surface area for gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Where are the sperm ducts located and what do they look like? [B9]
They are thin tubes that pass through the prostate and open into the urethra.
Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated? Why or why not? [C8]
They are unsaturated hydrocarbons because they have some spare bonds.
Describe the bonds between molecules in simple molecular substances. [C2]
They are weak.
What do transformers do? [P11]
They change VOLTAGE.
Do simple molecular compounds conduct electricity? Why or why not? [C2]
They do NOT conduct electricity. This is because their molecules are NOT charged, so even if they are melted or dissolved they still can't conduct electricity.
Do non-metals give or gain electrons? [C2]
They gain electrons.
Where are the testes located and what do they look like? [B9]
They have an egg-like shape and are outside the body with one on either side of the penis.
Why are metals the best conductors? [P8]
They have free electrons that gain energy and carry it from one atom to the next.
How can you remember what type of reactant and salt is involved in filtration? [C4]
You know that an insoluble reactant must be involved since there's no need to filter if it was soluble. Thus, a soluble salt must be produced because a neutralization method with both reactant and salt as insoluble doesn't exist.
If the forces of an object are in equilibrium the object will be _________ or ________. [P5]
at rest, have uniform motion
What kind of particles is salt water made of? [C1]
atoms and molecules (made of BOTH elements and compounds)
When a gas is heated which of the following remains UNCHANGED: average speed, frequency of collisions, average distance apart? [P2]
average distance apart
When moving from a more to less dense medium, the light ray bends _______ the normal. [P4]
away from
What is the formula to find concentrations of solutions? (give word and symbol formula) [C4]
concentration of solution = number of moles of solute / volume of solvent c = n / v
What are the methods of heat transfer? [P8]
conduction, convection, radiation
When inhaling, the diaphragm... [B6]
contracts, flattens.
Give the equation for density. [P5]
density = mass / volume (d = m/V)
What kind of particles is oxygen made of? [C1]
diatomic molecules
What is the nature of beta particles? [P6]
electron
Is oxygen an element, compound, or mixture? [C1]
element
The presence of impurities in a liquid _______ its boiling point. [C5]
elevates
work done = [P7]
energy transferred
What is the chemical symbol for beta particles? [P6]
e⁻
Deep water is a ____(fast/slow) medium. Shallow water is a ____(fast/slow) medium. [P10]
fast, slow
How is ethanol formed? [C8]
fermentation / by reaction between ethene and steam
What are the uses for ammonia? [C6]
fertilisers + to make nitric acid
A pure solid has a ______ melting point. [C5]
fixed
What is the speed of reaction for the halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine? [C3]
fluorine - very rapid, chlorine - rapid, bromine - slow, iodine - very slow
What force causes the build up of static electricity? [P3]
friction
The more soluble a substance is, the _______ it will travel up the chromatography paper. [C5]
further
Describe chlorine: it's state at 25ºC, its color, and the color of its solution. [C3]
gas, yellow-green, pale green solution
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration? [B6]
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + ATP
State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast. [B6]
glucose --> carbon dioxide + ethanol + ATP
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles during vigorous exercise? [B6]
glucose --> lactic acid + ATP
What is the equation for gravitational potential energy? [P7]
gravitational potential energy = mass * gravitational field strength * height GPE = mg∆h
The longer the wire, the ______ the resistance. [P3]
greater
How is energy obtained from geothermal resources? [P7]
heat from inside the Earth makes steam that turns a turbine internal → kinetic → electrical
What are the vessels and chambers that blood moves through from liver to heart? [B5]
hepatic vein, vena cava, right atrium
Generally, arteries have ____ oxygen, except for the __________ _____. [B5]
high, pulmonary artery
A ______(higher/lower) temperature is needed for vaporization than melting. [P2]
higher
When an alkali dissolves, it will form _________ ions. [C4]
hydroxide
When inhaling, air flow moves ________, and when exhaling air flow moves ________. [B6]
into lungs, out of lungs
Resistance and current have an ________ (direct/inverse) relationship. [P3]
inverse
Volume and pressure are _________ related. (directly/inversely) [P2]
inversely
Real images are ________(inverted/upright) and virtual images are ________(inverted/upright). [P4]
inverted, upright
What is the equation for kinetic energy? [P7]
kinetic energy = 1/2 mass * velocity² KE = 1/2 mv²
Describe bromine: it's state at 25ºC, its color, and the color of its solution. [C3]
liquid, red-brown, orange solution
What are the units for acceleration? [P5]
m/s²
What is the units for acceleration? [P1]
m/s²
How do you calculate the drawing size of a specimen if you know the magnification size and actual size? [B1]
magnification size * actual size (memory trick: remember DAM - Imagine a triangle with D at the top and A and M at the bottom. D means drawing size, A means actual size, and M means magnification. You can divide this triangle with lines into three sections. You can then visually see that D / A = M, D / M = A, and therefore A * M = D. If this still doesn't make sense, google distance speed triangle, except instead of DST change it to DAM, in that order)
What does the typical chemical formula for salts look like? [C4]
metal non-metal - e.g lithium chloride, potassium nitrate can also be ammonium non-metal - e.g ammonium chloride
What is the units for wavelength? [P10]
meters (m)
What is the units for wave speed? [P10]
meters/second (m/s)
Is salt water an element, compound, or mixture? [C1]
mixture
What are the units for the concentration of a solution? [C4]
mol/dm³
What kind of particles is water made of? [C1]
molecules (2 hydrogen atoms, 1 oxygen atom)
How do you find the number of moles in a compound if you know its mass? [C1]
moles = mass / molar mass (you find the relative molecular mass, which = molar mass)
For hydrocarbons, as size increases, it gets ____ (more/less) viscous. [C8]
more
Acids have ____(more/less) H⁺ ions, and ____(more/less) OH⁻ ions. [C4]
more, less
In a lens - more curvature = ____ refraction = _______ focal length [P4]
more, shorter
What is the equation for power? [P7]
power = work done / time (= energy transferred / time) P = W / t
List factors that affect a species' population. [B3]
predators, disease, availability of prey, medical advances in disease (only applies for humans).
List the three subatomic particles, along with their relative mass and relative charge. [C1]
proton, relative mass: 1, relative charge: +1 neutron, relative mass: 1, relative charge: 0 electron, relative mass: 0, relative charge, -1
What is a mole equivalent to? [C1]
quantity of 6.02 * 10^23
Describe the neural pathway of simple reflex arc. [B7]
receptor → sensory neuron → CNS (relay neurons) → motor neuron → effector
Acids make litmus paper turn/stay ___(red/blue). [C4]
red
Which color slows down the least when entering glass? (also it has the ________ wavelength) [P4]
red, longest
What color are acids when universal indicator is used? [C4]
red/orange/yellow/light green
The element that gains electrons has been ________. [C7]
reduced
In terms of speed: Blood flow is ____________ by capillaries. Blood flow is ____ in arteries, and ____ in veins. (This also means that blood pressure in the arteries is ____ whereas in the veins it is ____). [B5]
slowed down fast, slow (high, low)
Describe iodine: it's state at 25ºC, its color, and the color of its solution. [C3]
solid, shiny purple, brown solution
Where does conduction occur? [P8]
solids, liquids, gases - however, most liquids and gases are poor conductors, and some solids are also poor conductors
The substrate is ______ to the enzyme. [B4]
specific
What is the symbol and unit for time? [P3]
t, in seconds (s)
What is the source of sulfur dioxide? [B3]
the combustion of fossil fuels which contain sulfur compounds + volcanoes
The smoother the surface, the ______ (better/worse) the absorption and emission ability. [P8]
worse
Define a physical change. [C1]
A change affecting the form of a substance.
What causes waves to refract? [P10]
A change in speed as a wave moves from one medium to another.
Define covalent bonding. [C2]
A chemical bonding that involves the sharing of electrons between non metals atoms.
Describe the effect of temperature on enzymes (also describe what the graph looks like). [B4]
Reaction rate increases until it hits the optimum temperature, at which rate declines rapidly.
Define soluble. [C4]
Readily dissolves in water
Describe what you'd see through the lens when the object behind it is at a distance greater than 2 times the focal length. (real/virtual, inverted/not inverted, same size/enlarged/diminished) [P4]
Real image, inverted image, diminished
Describe what you'd see through the lens when the object behind it is less than the distance of 2 times the focal length, but greater than the distance of the focal length. (real/virtual, inverted/not inverted, same size/enlarged/diminished) [P4]
Real image, inverted image, enlarged
Describe what you'd see through the lens when the object behind it is at a distance of 2 times the focal length. (real/virtual, inverted/not inverted, same size/enlarged/diminished) [P4]
Real image, inverted image, same size
What is the function of the stomach? [B4]
Receives food, churns it, and adds it to gastric juice. Gastric juice contains... - contains HCl that adjust the pH and kills certain microorganisms - contains protease that digests proteins
List the specialised animal cells that were studied in unit B1. [B1]
Red blood cells, ciliated cells, sperm and egg cells.
List the components of blood. [B5]
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma
What is the source of iron? [B4]
Red meat, leafy green vegetables
List the types of visible light (in order of least to most energy) [P4]
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
What color is bromine in a solution? [C7]
Red-brown
Explain the undesirable effect of climatic changes caused by deforestation. [B3]
Reduced rainfall due to reduced transpiration rates and drier atmosphere + rapid heat absorption by bare soil thus raising the temperature of the lower atmosphere causing thermal gradients and hence more frequent and intense winds
In the carbon cycle, name the process of dead organic matter moving to carbon dioxide in the air. [B3]
Respiration of decomposers.
Name the main blood vessels to and from the body and explain their roles (in terms of the route of blood). [B5]
Vena cava and aorta. Blood enters FROM the body via the vena cava. Blood exits the heart and moves TO the body through the aorta.
What are the veins in the heart called and where are they located? [B5]
Vena cava and pulmonary vein. The vena cava is located on the right side of the heart, in the top outer right. The pulmonary vein is located on the left side of the heart, in the top outer left.
Do the atria or ventricles of the heart have thicker muscular walls? [B5]
Ventricles have thicker muscular walls.
How is sound produced? [P10]
Vibrating sources.
What is the importance of villi in digestion. [B4]
Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine so that large amounts of nutrients can diffuse into the bloodstream.
Describe what you'd see through the lens when the object behind it is at a distance less than the focal length. (real/virtual, inverted/not inverted, same size/enlarged/diminished) [P4]
Virtual, not inverted (upright), enlarged
What is the equation for voltage, current and resistance? Give the word and symbol equation. [P3]
Voltage = current * resistance V = IR
What is the equation for voltage? Give the word and symbol equation. [P3]
Voltage = energy / charge V = E / Q
Describe voltage in a parallel circuit. [P9]
Voltage across each branch of a parallel circuit is the same.
What is Ohm's law? [P3]
Voltage and current are directly proportional, resistance and current are inversely proportional.
What is electromotive force? [P3]
Voltage from a battery
In the acceleration equation, what does v equal? [P1]
v = final velocity
Which color slows down the most when entering glass? (also it has the ________ wavelength) [P4]
violet, shortest
What is the wave speed equation? - give both word and symbol equation. [P10]
wave speed = frequency x wavelength v = f * λ
What is a limiting factor? [B2]
A variable that prevents further increase.
What is the period number also equal to? [C1]
# of shells
What is the group number also equal to? [C1]
# of valence electrons (electrons in outermost shell)
What is the response of adrenaline? [B7]
'Fight or flight'
What is 0ºK in degrees celsius? [P2]
-273ºC
Fractional distillation is used to separate... [C5]
... a mixture of liquids from each other
What is the relative charge of alpha particles? [P6]
2+
One mole of any gas at room temperature occupies ______ (volume). [C3]
24 dm³
How many equations should you memorize for p3? *this is useful so you remember all of them and don't miss out one [P3]
6 It helps to group them. First, the resistance, current, and voltage equations. Second, the two power equations. And finally, EVIt.
What is tar? [B6]
A sticky black substance.
Which fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide upon combustion? [C8]
ALL fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide upon combustion. The fossil fuels are coal, natural gas, and crude oil.
Describes the roles of lacteals in villi. [B4]
Absorbs fats
Describes the roles of capillaries in villi. [B4]
Absorbs nutrients digested and transports it to all cells of the body.
What is the function of the large intestine? [B4]
Absorbs water and stores temporarily unused solid substances (faeces)
In distance time graphs, what does a curve represent? [P1]
Acceleration.
Describe the structure of an atom. [C1]
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons. Around this nucleus are shells that contain electrons that orbit the nucleus.
Define gravity. [P5]
An attractive force that acts on all objects that have mass.
Give another name for negative ions. [C2]
Anions.
What is petroleum? [C8]
Another word for crude oil.
What is the stamen made of? [B8]
Anther, filament
What part of the digestive system is involved with egestion? [B4]
Anus
How is energy obtained from tides? [P7]
As tide flows in and out, the water turns a turbine. potential → kinetic → electrical
Where are the transition metals? [C3]
Between groups 2 and 3.
Where are the suspensory ligaments in the eyeball? [B7]
Between the lens and the ciliary muscles
What is the use of refinery gas? [C8]
Bottled gas for heating and cooking
What are the two main parts of the central nervous system? [B7]
Brain and spinal cord
What is the colour of the petals of an insect pollinated flower? [B8]
Brightly colored
List the main indicators/types of evidence that a new substance has been produced. [C1]
Color change, gas produced (fizzing/bubbles), heat produced, heat absorbed, odour, light/sound
What do you call the maximum point of a transverse wave? [P10]
Crest
What is the chemical formula of glucose? [B2]
C₆H₁₂O₆
Describe the relationship between enzymes and pH. [B4]
Enzymes have an optimum pH. Any deviation will cause a slower reaction rate, and any extreme pH will denature enzymes.
What states does sound travel faster in? [P10]
Fastest in solids, then liquids, last gases
What is the waxy cuticle made of? [B2]
Fats and lipids.
What are the building blocks of fats/lipids? [B4]
Fatty acids and glycerol
What is the equation for combined resistance in parallel circuits? [P9]
Formula for combined resistors in parallel: 1/(R total) = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ... + 1/Rₙ This can be manipulated into the following: R₁R₂/(R₁+R₂) = R total (note that this only works when there's two resistors, stick with the first equation if there's more than two!!)
What is the chemical symbol for alpha particles? Give its mass number, proton number and charge as well. [P6]
He, mass number 4, proton number 2, charge 2+
What are the parts of a sperm cell? [B9]
Head, midpiece, tail
What are the causes of heart disease? [B4]
High fat and lipid diet, lack of exercise.
Explain the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli. [B6]
High oxygen concentration, low carbon dioxide concentration.
Describe enzymes at optimum temperature. [B4]
Highest reaction rate
Define lumen. [B5]
Hollow bit of tube
What shape are changes of state in a heating curve? [P2]
Horizontal line
What is the range in air of gamma rays? [P6]
Infinite
Aside from the substances in the word equation of photosynthesis, what else needs to be present for photosynthesis to occur? [B2]
Light and chlorophyll.
Why can light entering a denser medium not be totally reflected? [P4]
Light bends towards the normal when entering a denser medium, thus the angle can never be great enough for total internal reflection.
Give examples of stimuli. [B7]
Light, sound, etc.
What is the enzyme for fats/lipids? [B4]
Lipase
What effect does a relay use? [P9]
Magnetic effect
What is the formula for turning point? [P5]
Moment = force * perpendicular distance M = Fd
What are the monomers of carbohydrates/polysaccharides called? [C8]
Monosaccharides
Explain how lowering the activation energy of a reaction increases reaction rate. [C6]
More particles have sufficient energy to react when they collide.
Explain how surface area increases reaction rate. [C6]
More sites for collision hence the rate of reaction increases.
What part of the digestive system is involved with digestion? [B4]
Mouth (+ salivary glands), stomach, small intestine
What part of the digestive system is involved with ingestion? [B4]
Mouth (+ teeth and tongue)
Describe what you'd see through the lens when the object behind it is at a distance of the focal length. (real/virtual, inverted/not inverted, same size/enlarged/diminished) [P4]
No image
Review: What is the equation for power? What can this be simplified to? [P11]
P = IV also P = I²R
What is the symbol and unit for power? [P3]
P, in watts (W) - can also use joules per second (J/s)
What is the function of the canines? [B4]
Piercing.
Define green plants. [B2]
Producers that can make their own organic compounds (autotrophs).
What is the function of the pancreas? [B4]
Produces a digestive juice that contains enzymes (proteases, amylases, and lipases) and bicarbonate ions.
What is the function of the liver? [B4]
Produces bile that helps in digestion of lipids (through emulsification). Liver also stores glycogen.
What is the response of auxin? [B7]
Promotes growth in the stem, inhibits growth in roots
Define dry mass. [B1]
Regular mass without water
Where are villi found? [B4]
Small intestine
Review: define metabolism. [B4]
Sum total of all chemical reactions in the body.
Define sucrose. [B2]
Table sugar (glucose + fructose).
What do you call the minimum point of a transverse wave? [P10]
Trough
Define diatomic. [C1]
Two chemically joined (bonded) atoms.
The brighter the surface, the ______ (better/worse) the reflective ability. [P8]
better
angle of refraction entering = angle of _________ _______ [P4]
incidence exiting
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a fuse? [P9]
+ cheap + small (easily fits in plugs) - need to replace when it blows (can just reset a circuit breaker)
List the PHYSICAL characteristics of transition metals. [C3]
- Hard and strong (unlike alkali metals) - high melting and boiling points - high density
Describe the use of radioactivity in carbon dating. [P6]
- Living organisms absorb carbon 14 during their lifetimes. Carbon 14 decays at a known rate. - Paleontologists take a small piece of the fossil and burn it. - Burning converts fossils to carbon dioxide gas. This releases carbon 12 and carbon 14. - Carbon 14 then decays into nitrogen 14, emitting an electron. A radiation counter counts the number of electrons emitted.
How can you make a magnet? (Give two ways.) [P11]
- Shaking a piece of iron - Leaving it next to another magnet
In investigating the temperature change of a can by changing the material of the can what other variables should then be fixed? [P8]
- Thickness of can - Temperature of room - Shape of can - Position of can in room - Surface underneath can
What could make a liquid that rises in temperature too quickly unsuitable as a fuel? [C8]
- Toxic - Too expensive - Too much smoke (temperatures reaching dangerous levels is not a correct reason)
What are the 3 conditions for the contact process? Which stage are these used? [C6]
- a catalyst of vanadium(V) oxide, V₂O₅ - a temperature of around 450°C - atmospheric pressure These are used in stage 2, when making sulphur trioxide.
List the properties of x-rays. [P4]
- absorbed by metal and bone. - over exposure is dangerous.
Why has carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere increased significantly over the past two years? [B3]
- air pollution (burn fossil fuels for energy) - deforestation
GENERAL: Why does carrying out a greater number of trials improve an investigation? [B2]
- allows you to identify anomalies - average is more accurate / increased reliability
Why is light totally internally reflected in certain situations? [P4]
- angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle - moving from dense to less dense medium (slow to fast boundary) Note that you will likely NEED both points to get all marks for this type of question.
List the properties of metal oxides. [C3]
- basic oxides - alkalis - neutralize acids
Describe the structure and adaptations of red blood cells. [B5]
- biconcave disk shape - no nucleus - large SA:V ratio - flexible to squeeze through capillaries - no nucleus - contains haemoglobin
Give specific examples of how HIV and AIDS can be transmitted. [B9]
- blood/sperm from unprotected sex - blood transmissions (shared needles) - mother to unborn child
Describe the proper care of teeth. [B4]
- brushing regularly using a toothpaste containing fluoride - flossing - using mouthwash - diet low in sugary foods
How can we measure how fast a chemical reaction is occuring? [C6]
- by measuring how much product has been formed in a certain time - by measuring how much time it takes for a certain amount of reactant to be used up.
List some advantages of using lots of thin fibers to make bundles, rather than a few thick fibres. [P4]
- can be bent more/more flexible - more detailed image - if some fibers break, system wouldn't fail
List the properties of visible light. [P4]
- can be seen by the human eye (unlike all other light in the electromagnetic spectrum). - appears white unless dispersed by a prism. - can be red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. - passes through transparent material.
List the properties of ultraviolet light. [P4]
- can reach high enough levels to be harmful for organisms - causes sunburn - some ultraviolet is absorbed by glass
Name two substances that are released during decomposition that benefit the plants in the forest. [B3]
- carbon dioxide - nitrates
What can ionizing radiation do to living things? [P6]
- cause living cells to die - cause living cells to become cancerous - can also mutate DNA
Why are optical fibers used over copper wires? (Give at least 4.) [P4]
- cheaper - carries more data per second - less heat loss - less chance of hacking - larger distances possible - less bulky - thinner
List the causes of dental decay. [B4]
- coating of bacteria and food on teeth - bacteria respiring sugars in the food - producing acid which dissolves the enamel and dentine
In an experiment where you're trying to investigate rate of neutralization reaction and you're changing the temperature, what variables should you keep constant? [C6]
- concentration of acid - volume of acid - volume of reactant
How do materials made of foam reduce heat loss? [P8]
- contains small bubbles of trapped air - air is an insulator so heat is poorly conducted in these bubbles - these bubbles of air also stop convection because it prevents the air from moving
List the uses of microwaves. [P4]
- cooking in microwave ovens - cell phones for communication - satellite communication
List natural sources of background radiation. [P6]
- cosmic rays - rocks and soil - living things
List the physical ways to prevent rust. [C7]
- covering w/ oil or grease - covering w/ plastic - covering w/ paint - plating w/ metal
List electrical hazards. [P9]
- damaged insulation - overheating of cables - damp conditions
How can you decrease the force of the motor effect? [P11]
- decrease strength of magnets - decrease current - rotate the wire so it's not perpendicular
How does a geiger-müller tube (also known as geiger counter or GM tube) work? [P6]
- detects radiation by measuring ionization - tube contains argon gas, the radiation that enters ionizes a few of the argon atoms causing an electrical 'pulse' to be sent to a rate meter or counter - counter then provides a reading for the number of particles detected per minute
What does the amniotic fluid protect the fetus from? Give specific areas. [B9]
- drying out - temperature fluctuations - unequal pressures acting on the fetus - physical damage (acts as a shock absorber) - absorbs excretory material (e.g urine from the fetus)
List the uses of infrared light. [P4]
- electrical appliances (e.g toaster). - TV remotes (to change channels) - thermal imaging cameras - night-vision
List the periodic trends. [C3]
- elements on the left are metals - elements on the right are non-metals - metalloids are in between and are exceptions
What are the adaptive features of egg cells? [B9]
- energy stores - jelly coating that changes after fertilisation
What are the structures in a column of ciliated epithelia? [B6]
- epithelial cell with cilia hair-like projections. - mucus (secreted by the goblet cell, swept to the top of trachea) - goblet cell
What are the functions of the placenta and umbilical cord? [B9]
- exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products - providing a barrier to toxins
Why does heart rate increase with exercise? [B5]
- exercise requires a lot of muscle movement. - hence, muscles require greater energy and ATP - body needs to respire faster to produce more oxygen and glucose and remove carbon dioxide - thus more blood needs to be pumped to muscles so heart pumps faster
List the advantages of asexual reproduction. [B8]
- fast - only 1 parent is needed (no need for a mate) - offspring are genetically identical (thus offspring are likely to become successful parents themselves)
What are the adaptive features of sperm cells? [B9]
- flagellum - presence of enzyme
List a few uses of aluminium. [C7]
- food containers and food packaging - aircraft
Why do mass number and proton number remain unchanged when a gamma ray is emitted? (give 2 points) [P6]
- gamma rays have no mass/proton number/protons or neutrons - they are a packet of energy/photon of energy
Why are alloys often used instead of pure metals? [C7]
- generally harder and stronger - tend to have better corrosion resistance - more versatile for manipulating into different forms
List the advantages of sexual reproduction. [B8]
- genetic diversity of offspring (more likely species will survive) - species can evolve (can adapt to environmental variation)
List some ways the government could encourage industries to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. [B3]
- give cash rewards for companies who have low carbon dioxide emissions - set limits on carbon dioxide emissions (create legislations) - subsidise alternative energy (fund)
What are the essential conditions for aluminium to be manufactured from aluminium oxide? [C9]
- graphite anodes (made of carbon) - steel cell - aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite - temperature of about 950ºC
Explain how increasing temperature increases reaction rate. [C6]
- greater average kinetic energy - more frequent collisions - collisions more energetic
What does the chemical reaction that breaks down polymer chains in proteins into small molecules involve? [C8]
- heating protein with aqueous acid - adding protease enzymes at optimum pH.
List the properties of transition metals. [C7]
- high densities - high melting and boiling points - forms coloured compounds - acts as catalysts
What are the conditions required for cracking? [C8]
- high temperatures - high pressure - use of a catalyst
List ways to increase reaction rate. [C6]
- increase pressure / decrease volume of container where reaction occurs - increase concentration of reactants - increase temperature (which increases particle speed) - increase surface area (more exposure) - use chemical catalyst (lowers activation energy)
How can you make an electromagnet stronger? [P11]
- increase the number of coils - increase current - increase strength of the magnet
Why are catalysts used in many industrial chemical reactions? [C6]
- increases reaction rate - reduces costs - reduces energy requirements
What are the advantages of connecting lamps in parallel in a lighting circuit? [P9]
- independent lamps (if one component fails the other components won't be affected, also able to turn specific lamps on/off) - consistent voltage (thus same brightness) - minimizes resistance
What are the features of sexual reproduction? [B8]
- involves two gametes - fertilization occurs (nuclei fuse to form a zygote) - offspring show genetic variation
How do human lungs meet the requirements of gas exchange surfaces? [B6]
- large surface area - a large number of alveoli and shape of alveoli increase the surface area - thin surface - the lining of alveoli and capillaries are one cell thick - moist - the lining of breathing system and alveoli are kept moist with mucus, cells die if not kept moist - good transport system - good supply of blood vessels
Describe the structure of white blood cells. [B5]
- larger - large nucleus - lobed nucleus (unique, sticking out) - has different types
Give two reasons why aerobic respiration is better than anaerobic respiration for humans. [B6]
- larger yield of energy (ATP) is released - no harmful/toxic substances produced
List the parts of the respiratory system. [B6]
- larynx - trachea - ribs - intercostal muscles - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli - lungs - diaphragm - associated capillaries
List the disadvantages of asexual reproduction. [B8]
- loss of genetic variation and thus less diversity - any genetic defects will always be passed on - overpopulation - since it is very fast
What are the properties of aluminium? [C7]
- low density - strong - does not rust (technically does, but doesn't react further due to aluminium oxide layer)
What are the uses of sodium hydroxide? [C9]
- make bleach - make soap (reacts with fats and oils) - make synthetic fibers like rayon
What are the uses of chlorine? [C9]
- make plastics like PVC and synthetic rubber - sterilise water - manufacture bleach
What are the uses of hydrogen? [C9]
- making ammonia for fertilisers - hardening vegetable oils into margarine - useful as a fuel
What are the differences between mass and weight? (try to name at least three but this answer has 5) [P5]
- mass is a scalar, weight is a vector - mass is measured in kg, weight in N - mass is independent of gravitational field strength, weight is dependent on it - mass is measured using scales, weight is measured using a spring balance - mass isn't a force, weight is a force
What do you need to remember when measuring the volume of water in a measuring cylinder? [P5]
- measure from the bottom of the meniscus - measure from eye level (to avoid parallax error) - use sig figs to the most precise measurement as possible
What happens in day 6 of the menstrual cycle? [B9]
- menstruation is finished - new egg cell starts to develop in ovary - egg cell develops a sac of fluid around it, becomes a follicle - follicle releases oestrogen which repairs uterine lining
What do we use sulphuric acid for? [C6]
- metal treatment - drug manufacture - paint - making of explosives
What happens from days 14-21 of the menstrual cycle? [B9]
- more progesterone is released by follicle in ovary If the egg cell is fertilised... - embryo can be implanted in the lining. If the egg cell is not fertilised... - egg cell dies, gets passed out of vagina
List the property/s of non-metal oxides. [C3]
- mostly acidic - if not acidic, they are neutral
List the CHEMICAL characteristics of transition metals. [C3]
- much less reactive than alkali metals - no clear trend in reactivity - most form colored compounds (colored ions)
What are the uses of energy in the body of humans? [B6]
- muscle contraction - protein synthesis - cell division - growth and the maintenance of a constant body temperature
List the harmful chemicals inhaled when smoking. [B6]
- nicotine - carbon monoxide - tar - smoke particles
Describe the properties of noble gases. [C3]
- non-metals - colorless gases - very unreactive (inert) - monoatomic Also... - found in the air - fluoresce when electricity flows through them - very stable
List man made sources of background radiation. [P6]
- nuclear power - nuclear missiles - x rays
How can you measure the strength of an electromagnet (practical)? [P11]
- number of paper clips that get attached - place a magnet on a balance and a coil with the electromagnet above it
Describe capillaries in terms of their wall thickness, elastic fibres, muscle layer, width of vessel, and valves. [B5]
- one cell thick (for diffusion to occur) - very little elastic tissue - very little muscle tissue - very narrow lumen - no valves
How do you draw free body force diagrams? [P5]
- only draw objects under study - keep shape of object basic (usually square) - draw forces as arrows
List the methods of separation and purification. [C5]
- paper chromatography - use of a suitable solvent - filtration - crystallization - distillation - fractional distillation
List the rules of collision theory. [C6]
- particles in a liquid or gas move randomly, colliding with each other often - reactions only occur when particles collide - reactions are faster when there are more frequent, successful collisions - for a collision to be successful the particles must have sufficient energy and collide with the correct orientation
What happens on day 28 of the menstrual cycle? [B9]
- progesterone hardly produced - leads to uterus lining being shed - menstruation begins, cycle restarts
List the characteristics of metallic bonding. [C7]
- regular shape - strong - non-directional bonds
What are the TYPES of advantages and disadvantages of energy sources? [P7]
- renewable/nonrenewable - expensive/cheap - reliable/unreliable - polluting/little pollution - limited locations
List the disadvantages of sexual reproduction. [B8]
- requires more energy - requires more time - lower efficiency (compared with asexual reproduction) - number of offspring is also limited by the availability of mates
What are the 3 changes you could make to an A.C generator in order to get a bigger voltage? [P11]
- rotate it faster - stronger magnets - more coils of wire (Decreasing current doesn't work for a generator!)
List the properties of metals. [C7]
- shiny - hard - malleable - ductile - solids - high melting and boiling points - good conductors of electricity and heat - high density
List some characteristics of catalysts (3). [C6]
- speeds up chemical reactions - remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction (not used up) - lowers the activation energy of a reaction
Describe similarities between osmosis and diffusion. [B1]
- substances move from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration - caused by random kinetic energy - equilibrium is reached at end
What conditions are required for a collision to successfully result in a reaction? [C6]
- sufficient energy - correct orientation
How can you reverse the direction of the force caused by the motor effect? [P11]
- switch magnets around - move battery 180º
What is necessary in a chemical equation? [C3]
- symbols of elements - # of atoms for each element - state symbols (s, l, g, aq) - balanced equation
How is the shape of sperm adapted to reduce the energy it requires to swim? [B9]
- tail to enable rapid movement - pointed head to reduce water resistance
List some properties of bases. [C4]
- tastes bitter - turns litmus paper blue - feels slippery - pH scale 8-14 - reacts with acids to form water and salts - bases are oxides, hydroxides, carbonates
List some properties of acids. [C4]
- tastes sour - turns litmus paper red - reacts with bases to form water and salts - reacts with active metals to produce hydrogen - pH scale 1-6 - strong acids are corrosive
Explain the transfer of electrons in a jumper and balloon when they rub together (and how it makes the balloon negatively charged). [P3]
- the balloon rubs onto the jumper creating FRICTION - electrons transfer from the jumper onto the balloon (remember, protons do NOT move) - balloon therefore gets an overall negative charge since it has fewer protons than electrons
Why is the blood of the fetus and mother never mixed? [B9]
- the higher blood pressure of the mother is prevented from damaging the fetal blood vessels - they might have different blood types which would cause the fetal blood to clot and block vital organs - prevents the transmission of some pathogens
Describe veins in terms of their wall thickness, elastic fibres, muscle layer, width of lumen, and valves. [B5]
- thinner walls, low pressure - very little elastic tissue - thin muscle layer - wide lumen (no resistance to blood flow) - valves present to prevent backflow
List and describe practical methods for investigating the rate of reaction which produces a gas. [C6]
- timing how long it takes for a solution to turn cloudy (use timer, conical flasks, white paper with a cross underneath) - measuring the loss of mass as a gas forms - collecting and measuring a gas product (you can use a conical flask and gas syringe / collect gas in an upside down measuring cylinder)
What are the conditions required for the Haber Process to occur? [C6]
- use of iron catalyst - 400 - 450°C - 200 atm of pressure
List the uses of gamma rays. [P4]
- used to kill cancer cells - used to sterilise medical equipment
In the focal length experiment what are ways to make the distance readings more accurate? [P4]
- using a wooden block to keep the screen from moving - repeating measurements - avoiding parallax when measuring - doing it in a darkened room - using a meter rule that measures to a tenth of a centimeter
List features of the alveolar structure that maximize gas exchange. [B6]
- wall is one cell thick, hence short diffusion pathways - moist gas dissolves readily and diffuses quick - concentration gradients are maintained by ventilation - dense network of capillaries - large SA:V ratio (due to many spherical alveoli)
What precautions can be taken to protect oneself from x-rays? [P4]
- wear a lead apron - be behind metal
What are the types of forces? [P5]
- weight - contact force - friction - buoyant force - air resistance
Describe the structure of plasma. [B5]
- yellow-like liquid - contains dissolved substances
Filtration is used to separate... [C5]
...a solid from a liquid
Crystallization is used to separate... [C5]
...a solute from its solution
Distillation is used to separate... [C5]
...a solvent from a solution
Use of a suitable solvent (the method) is used to separate... [C5]
...two solids
What is the relative mass and charge of gamma rays? [P6]
0
What is the relative mass of beta particles? [P6]
0 amu
1 cm³ = ________ m³ [P5]
0.000001 (five zeros after the decimal) don't forget when converting between volume units you don't just multiply by the usual scale factor. - e.g in this case cm --> m means * 100, hence cm³ --> m³ means * 100³
At what angle of incidence will the angle of refraction ALWAYS be zero? - why? [P4]
0º This is because light hits the surface at the normal so none of it refracts.
What is the melting/freezing point of water? [P2]
0ºC
What is the refractive index of air? [P4]
1
When there is a quantity of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of a certain element in a compound, list the prefixes used in the naming of the compound. [C2]
1 : mono- 2 : di- 3 : tri- 4 : tetr- 5 : pent- 6 : hex- E.g carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, etc.
What 1 A equal to in mA? [P3]
1 A = 1000 mA
What other unit is 1 Pa equivalent to? [P5]
1 N/m²
What is 1 dm³ equal to in cm³? [C10]
1 dm³ = 1000 cm³ (remember deci- means 10, and 10³ = 1000, also remember 1 dm³ is greater than 1 cm³)
What is the pH range for acids? [C4]
1 to 6 (i.e pH less than 7)
What is the relative charge of beta particles? [P6]
1-
Describe the steps of convection for a fridge with a freezer compartment at the top. [P8]
1. Air near freezer is cooled/loses energy 2. cool air is more dense (particles are closer) 3. Hence, cooler air falls 4. Air at bottom rises It's like the typical steps of convection but instead focuses on the cool air.
How does a transformer work? Give steps. [P11]
1. Alternating current (AC) is put through the primary coil. 2. The AC causes a changing magnetic field in the core. Domains change easily due to the core being made of soft iron. 3. The core is also in the secondary coil and transfers the changing magnetic field to the secondary coil. 4. The changing magnetic field induces AC in the secondary coil.
Describe the manufacture of lime (calcium oxide) from limestone (calcium carbonate). Give steps. [C10]
1. Calcium carbonate is heated. Thermal decomposition occurs: calcium carbonate --> calcium oxide + carbon dioxide. 2. Water is added to the calcium oxide product (quick lime). Calcium oxide + water --> calcium hydroxide (slaked lime). 3. Calcium hydroxide is dissolved in water to make a solution, i.e. limewater. 4. Carbon dioxide is bubbled through the limewater. Calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide --> calcium carbonate + water.
How do you answer questions that ask you to use moments to explain the change that occurs when one factor is changed? [P5]
1. Describe the initial change in moment force that is caused (e.g moment from point A increases/decreases) 2. Describe the rotation that results (e.g it will rotate clockwise/anticlockwise) 3. Say if forces are balanced/balanced (e.g it is no longer balanced)
List the steps to drawing correct light rays when you only know where the object, observer, and mirror is. [P4]
1. Draw the image (equal distance from the mirror, equal size, and laterally inverted) 2. Draw a line from the image to the observer, making sure that the line is dashed when behind the mirror. 3. Draw the incident ray. This is drawn from the point where the reflect ray touches the mirror, to the object. 4. Draw in the normal. (you should see the law of reflection being obeyed)
List the steps to drawing ray diagrams. [P4]
1. Extend the line going through the center of the lens (the line does not change direction since it goes through the center of the lens) 2. From the point where the line parallel to the principal axis meets the lens axis, draw a line going through the principal focus point. 3. Draw the image, using the point where the above lines meet as the corresponding point from the object. (if the lines don't meet there is no image, note that if there is a virtual image these lines could meet behind the image)
Briefly state the three main processes in water uptake for a tree. [B2]
1. H₂O moves into root hairs by osmosis. 2. Water is drawn up in a continuous column in the xylem. 3. Transpiration in the leaves at the canopy of the tree.
How does a circuit breaker work? [P9]
1. If there's a large current the electromagnet will become very strong. 2. This causes the pivot to get pulled down, and the spring to be released. 3. Hence, the contacts come apart. 4. Thus, part of the circuit is detached and current cannot go through.
Explain the process of conduction through metals (in reasonable detail.) [P8]
1. Metals have free electrons 2. Kinetic energy of free electrons increases 3. Free electrons move faster 4. Thus, electrons transfer energy to other electrons
How do you write an ionic equation? [C4]
1. Start with a balanced molecular equation. 2. Break all compounds with (aq) beside their individual into their ions. 3. Remove all ions with (s), (l), or (g) unchanged (same in reactants as products) 4. If an ion was removed from a compound, the remaining element is an ion. Thus, indicate the charge of each ion.
After fertilisation what are the stages of the formation of a human fetus? [B9]
1. The zygote starts to divide. 2. The zygote forms a ball of cells that move down from the oviduct and into the uterus. It then becomes an embryo. 3. Implantation occurs - the embryo sinks into the soft lining of the uterus. 4. The embryo gets oxygen and nutrition from the blood vessels in the uterus lining. This allows it to grow and develop.
List the four characteristics of images in a mirror. [P4]
1. They are laterally inverted 2. The distance from the image to the mirror is equal to the distance from the object to the mirror. 3. Image size = Object size 4. The image is virtual
How do you write out working? Give specific steps. [P1]
1. Write out the given information (e.g u=, v=, a=, t=). 2. Write out the formula and substitute. 3. convert the fraction into a decimal, and add units.
Describe the process of using a suitable solvent. [C5]
1. choose a solvent that only dissolves ONE of the solids 2. add that solvent to the mixture, one of the solids should dissolve 3. filter the mixture to separate one of the solids, then rinse and dry that solid 4. evaporate the water from the remaining mixture to get the other solid
What is the top 3 best conductors for metals (in order)? [P8]
1. copper 2. aluminium 3. brass (you can remember CAB)
How is energy obtained from fossil fuels? Give steps. [P7]
1. furnace - the fossil fuel is burned and then turned into steam 2. turbines - the steam turns the turbines 3. generator - turns kinetic energy of turbines into electricity 4. transformer - changes the voltage
Describe the process of distillation. [C5]
1. heat the solution in a closed flask (this flask is connected to a condenser, which then leads into a beaker) 2. the vapor of the solvent should rise into the condenser as the solution boils 3. the vapor should condense in the condenser (since it is cold) 4. the pure solvent then drips from the condenser into the beaker
Describe the process of crystallization. [C5]
1. heat the solution until it becomes saturated 2. leave the solution to cool, crystals should start to form 3. remove the crystals by filtration 4. rinse them with distilled water 5. dry them with filter paper
Describe the stages of the Haber Process. [C6]
1. hydrogen and nitrogen gases are pumped into the compressor through pipes 2. gases are pressurized to about 200 atm in the compressor 3. pressurized gases are pumped into a tank containing beds of iron catalyst with temperature 450ºC, some of the gases react to form ammonia 4. unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen as well as reacted ammonia all pass into a cooling tank which liquefies the ammonia which is then removed into pressurized storage vessels 5. unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen gases are recycled, fed back through pipes of stage 3
What are the steps of the blast furnace process that extracts iron? [C7]
1. iron ore (hematite), limestone, and coke are mixed to form 'charge' 2. this 'charge' is heated in a blast furnace 3. the coke reacts with oxygen in the air, giving carbon dioxide 4. the carbon dioxide then reacts with more coke, giving carbon monoxide 5. the carbon monoxide then reacts with iron oxide IN the ore, giving liquid iron 6. the iron trickles to the bottom of the furnace 7. the limestone decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide 8. calcium oxide then reacts with sand in the ore, forming slag 9. the slag runs down the furnace and floats on the iron 10. the slag and iron are drained
Explain how exercise affects breathing rate and volume. (give steps) [B6]
1. muscles require more energy, requiring oxygen 2. carbon dioxide levels increase, detected by hypothalamus 3. brain stem send nervous impulse to respiratory system 4. causes increase in breathing rate and volume
List four process that must happen in order for respiration to occur. [B6]
1. oxygen needs to get into the body 2. this oxygen needs to be transported to all body cells 3. carbon dioxide needs to be collected from the cells 4. carbon dioxide needs to be removed from the body
What are the two requirements for a reaction to occur? [C6]
1. particles collide with correct orientation 2. particles collide with enough energy
What are the steps of convection? [P8]
1. particles gain energy 2. particles move faster, collide more 3. particles push further apart 4. hence, fluid becomes less dense 5. warm fluid rises (since it's less dense)
Describe the process of filtration. [C5]
1. pour the liquid onto a funnel with filter paper (over a flask) 2. the solid should end up in the filter paper
How do you write redox equations? [C7]
1. split everything up into ions 2. remove elements with unchanged charges to write the oxidation equation: 3. find the element that goes from neutral to positive then add the necessary electron/s to the right hand of the equation to write the reduction equation: 3. find the element that goes from positive to neutral, and add the necessary electron/s to the left hand of the equation
Describe the four stages of the contact process. [C6]
1. the production of sulphur dioxide 2. the conversion of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide 3. the absorption of sulphur trioxide to form oleum 4. the dilution of oleum to form sulphuric acid
What are the steps to paper chromatography? [C5]
1. using pencil, draw a line onto the chromatography paper 2. place a drop of the liquid/s (usually ink) onto that line 3. pour water into a beaker 3. place the paper into the beaker, but so the line and dot do not touch the water 4. the liquid should rise up the paper - remove the paper when the liquid is near the top 5. you should see separate spots at the end
Describe the role of anaerobic respiration in yeast during bread-making. [B6]
1. yeast, flour and water are mixed to make a dough 2. the yeast turns some of the the starch in the flour into sugar (through an enzyme) 3. the yeast uses this sugar for anaerobic respiration, as the yeast cannot get oxygen while it is in the dough 5. the glucose gets broken down by enzymes from the yeast through anaerobic respiration (glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide) 6. the carbon dioxide makes the dough rise as the gas bubbles spread through the dough, the alcohol is also evaporated during baking 7. the dough is cooked, killing the yeast
1 cm³ = ____ dm³ [C4]
1/1000 ( = 0.001)
Define an atomic mass unit. [C1]
1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
Approximately what percentage of energy passes from one trophic level to another? [B3]
10-20%.
By how many times is the volume of carbon dioxide increased in exhaled air? [B6]
100 times
1 g/cm³ = _____ kg/m³ [P5]
1000
What is the boiling point of water? [P2]
100ºC
What is the approximate hearing range of a healthy human ear? [P10]
20 - 20,000 Hz
Explain the pressure compromise for the Haber Process. [C6]
200 atm of pressure This is as high a pressure as possible but compromising with cost (energy costs increase as higher pressures are used and the equipment also becomes more expensive).
What is the chemical equation for the thermite reaction? [C7]
2Al (s) + Fe₂O₃ (s) → 2Fe (s) + Al₂O₃ (s)
In the extraction of aluminium what reactions occur at the positive electrode? [C9]
2O²⁻ → O₂ + 4e⁻ C + O₂ → CO₂
Review: What is the velocity of any wave in the electromagnetic spectrum when travelling in a vacuum? [P10]
3 * 10⁸ m/s
What is the velocity of light in a vacuum? [P4]
3 * 10⁸ m/s
What is the relative mass of alpha particles? [P6]
4 amu
Explain the temperature compromise for the Haber Process. [C6]
400 - 450°C This is a compromise between yield and rate. It is low to increase yield but high enough to have a reasonable rate of reaction.
What does the equation look like when hydroxide ions convert to an oxygen product during electrolysis? [C9]
4OH⁻ → 2H₂O + O₂ + 4e⁻
3:1 and 6:1, which SA: V ratio is larger and how did you figure it out? [B1]
6:1 is larger. We can figure out which one is larger by seeing which has the greater difference. We can also convert the ratios to fractions and see which one is larger.
What is the symbol equation (balanced) for photosynthesis? [B2]
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
What is the pH of neutral substances? [C4]
7
What is the composition of stainless steel? [C7]
70% iron 20% chromium 10% nickel
Clean air is a composition of... (include elements and percentages if possible) [C6]
78 % nitrogen 21 % oxygen 0.04% carbon dioxide + small quantities of noble gases and water vapour
Review: What is the composition of clean air (give percentages)? [C10]
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, small quantities of noble gases, water vapor, carbon dioxide.
What is the pH range for alkalis? [C4]
8 to 14 (i.e pH greater than 7)
How long does it take for the zygote to develop into a fully formed baby? What is this period of time called? [B9]
9 months (40 weeks). This is called the gestation period.
1 kg = _ N [P5]
9.8 (or you can use 10 which is rounded)
At what angle are wavefronts to rays associated with the wavefront? [P10]
90º
What is the composition of mild steel? [C7]
99.5% iron 0.5% carbon
How would you find the number of electrons in an element? (using the periodic table) [C1]
= atomic number
How would you find the number of protons in an element? (using the periodic table) [C1]
= atomic number
How would you find the number of neutrons in an element? (using the periodic table) [C1]
= mass number - atomic number
Define an organic substance. [B1]
A carbon containing compound that is essential for life.
Define starch. [B2]
A chain of many glucose molecules (a polysaccharide). It can also be defined as a polymer (more complex) substance of glucose.
What is the parallax error? [P4]
A change in the apparent position of an object caused by a change in the observer's line of sight.
What force is there (attraction/repulsion/no force) between a charged and neutral object? [P3]
A charged and neutral object ATTRACT one another.
What is cracking? [C8]
A chemical reaction that splits up long chains of hydrocarbons to produce alkenes.
Define a hormone. [B7]
A chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs.
What does a chlorine atom become when it gains electrons? [C2]
A chloride ion (don't forget the change in ending from chlorine to chloride).
Define a parallel circuit. [P3]
A circuit with MORE THAN ONE conducting path.
Define a series circuit. [P3]
A circuit with only ONE conducting path.
What is carbon monoxide? [B6]
A colorless gas.
Define a salt. [C4]
A compound produced by the reaction of acid with a base/metal.
Define waxy cuticle. [B2]
A covering on the surface of a leaf's upper epidermis.
In distance time graphs, how does slowing down look like? [P1]
A curve that's gradient is decreasing (becoming flat).
In velocity time graphs, what shape represents changing acceleration? [P1]
A curve.
Define a food chain. [B3]
A diagram showing feeding relationships, and the transfer of energy from one organism to the next.
What bond do two oxygen atoms have? [C2]
A double bond.
What is nicotine? [B6]
A drug.
What is the motor effect? [P11]
A effect you get when the magnetic field from a current interacts with another magnetic field.
Define beta. [P6]
A fast moving electron.
Define a trophic level. [B3]
A feeding level in an ecosystem, consisting of organisms with the same function and nutritional relationships.
Define empirical formula. [C2]
A formula giving the proportion of elements in a compound, but not the actual numbers or arrangement of the atoms. For example, the empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO.
In distance time graphs, what shape represents that an object has stopped? [P1]
A horizontal line. (it can be anywhere it doesn't have to be at d = 0)
Describe adrenaline. What are its physical effects? [B7]
A hormone secreted in 'fight or flight' situations. Its effects are increased breathing, increased pulse rate, and widening of pupils.
Why do ionic compounds have high melting points? [C2]
A large amount of energy is needed to overcome the strong forces/bonds between ions.
Define spongy mesophyll. Also describe its position. [B2]
A layer of loosely packed cells in a leaf, enabling gas exchange. It is above the lower epidermis and below the palisade mesophyll layer.
Define a non polar solvent. [C2]
A liquid composed of molecules that do NOT have negatively and positively charged ends.
Define a polar solvent. [C2]
A liquid composed of molecules that have a negatively charged end and a positively charged end.
Define solution. [C4]
A liquid mixture containing a solvent and solute.
Define a polymer. [C8]
A long chain of molecules made up of monomers.
What is a reflex action? [B7]
A means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors (muscles and glands). Reflexes are involuntary.
Define the pH scale. [C4]
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances. The scale ranges from 1 to 14.
Define scalar. [P1]
A measurement without direction.
What is needed for sound waves to travel? [P10]
A medium (sound cannot travel in a vacuum!)
Give an example of a conductor. [P3]
A metal
What is yeast? [B6]
A microorganism
What is crude oil? [C8]
A mixture of hydrocarbons of different sized molecules.
Define an alloy. [C7]
A mixture of metals. They usually have different properties from the metals they contain.
Explain halogen and halide displacement reactions briefly. [C3]
A more reactive halogen will displace/replace a less reactive halogen. (a halogen further up than another halogen in the periodic table is more reactive)
Define fossil fuels. [C8]
A natural fuel that is formed from the remains of living organisms.
What is the shape of a pressure volume graph? (draw it!) [P2]
A negative curve that's gradient decreases as volume increases (does not have negative values).
Define a food web. [B3]
A network of interconnected feeding relationships.
What type of solvent is cyclohexane? [C2]
A non polar solvent.
What is a haploid nucleus? [B8]
A nucleus with half the chromosome number (23 chromosomes in humans).
What is a diploid nucleus? [B8]
A nucleus with the full chromosome number (46 chromosomes in humans).
Define alpha. [P6]
A particle containing two protons and two neutrons, the same as a helium nucleus.
What is kinetic theory? [P2]
A picture of matter (solids, liquids, gases) that states matter is made up of particles that are in random motion.
What is a potometer? [B2]
A piece of equipment which measures the uptake of water by a shoot.
Describe the process of fertilization in plants (in reasonable detail). [B8]
A pollen tube grows from the pollen grain. It goes down the style, through the micropyle, and into the ovule. Two sperm nuclei are discharged from the pollen grain and into the ovule. This results in double fertilization. The fertilized egg (zygote) then develops into an embryo. The fertilized central cell then develops into endosperm (tissue that surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch). The ovule develops into a seed. The ovary develops into a fruit containing one or more seeds.
What is the shape of a pressure 1/volume graph? [P2]
A positive (gradient) line going through the origin.
Define an electrode. [C9]
A probe that sits in the electrolyte. It takes away or supplies current to the solution/molten liquid.
Define fractional distillation in terms of hydrocarbons. [C8]
A process used to separate the different molecules found in crude oil into smaller groups of a similar chain length.
Define a seed. [B8]
A product of fertilisation.
Define an enzyme. [B4]
A protein that acts as a biological catalyst.
Define a nucleon. [P6]
A proton or a neutron - it's the name for particles that exist in the nucleus.
Define a force. [P5]
A push or pull upon an object, resulting form the object's interaction with another object.
Define an endothermic reaction. [C1]
A reaction that absorbs heat.
Define an exothermic reaction. [C1]
A reaction that releases heat.
Define a magnetic field. [P11]
A region in space where a magnet feels a force.
Define inversely proportional. [P2]
A relationship between two variables with a constant product. One variable increases as the other decreases.
What is a relay? [P9]
A relay is a special type of switch turned on and off by an electromagnet.
Define a variable resistor. [P9]
A resistor of which the electric resistance value can be adjusted.
Define gravitropism. [B7]
A response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity.
Define phototropism. [B7]
A response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction from which light is coming.
Define cell wall. (only in plants) [B1]
A rigid structure that supports the cell and keeps its shape.
Define an ore. [C7]
A rock that contains minerals that contain useful metals.
Name the main structural adaptation of a root hair cell, and why it exists. [B1]
A root hair cell has an elongated projection(called the root hair), in order to maximise surface area for water and mineral absorption.
Define a condom. [B9]
A rubber sheath that protects against HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Define the scrotum. [B9]
A sac that holds the testes outside the body.
Define a fuse. [P9]
A safety device consisting of a strip of wire that melts and breaks an electric circuit if the current exceeds a safe level.
Define a homologous series. [C8]
A series of compounds (e.g alkanes) with the same general formula and similar chemical and physical properties.
Define background radiation. [P6]
A small level of radiation that exists around us. It is present due to the radioactive decay of nuclei in building materials, rocks in the Earth's crust, medical sources of radiation, and some food and drink.
In distance time graphs, what shape represents constant speed? [P1]
A straight line.
In velocity time graphs, what shape represents constant acceleration? [P1]
A straight line.
Define vascular bundle. [B2]
A strand of conducting vessels in a plant, typically containing phloem on the outside and xylem on the inside.
Define giant covalent structure. [C2]
A structure containing particles strongly covalently bonded. They contain non metal atoms and are arranged in lattice structures.
Define an element. [C1]
A substance made of only one type of atom.
Define a catalyst. [B4]
A substance that speeds up a reaction.
Describe the circulatory system. [B5]
A system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.
What is a blast furnace? [C7]
A tall oven (used to extract iron)
Define the amnion. [B9]
A watery filled sac that encloses the embryo in the first few weeks of development. It contains amniotic fluid.
In velocity time graphs, what does the gradient represent? [P1]
Acceleration.
Explain how acid rain is formed. [B3]
Acid rain is formed from the combustion of fossil fuels producing gases (e.g sulphur dioxide/nitrogen oxides/carbon dioxide, etc). When these gases dissolve with water in the air they form acid rain (e.g sulphureous/sulphuric acid/nitrous/nitric acid/carbonic acid, etc).
What does AIDS stand for? [B9]
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Name the process for mineral ions entering a plant. [B2]
Active Transport.
What is the hardness of alkali metals like? What is the trend for hardness? [C3]
Alkali metals are SOFT. Softness INCREASES as you go down.
What type of elements are in Group 2 of the periodic table? [C1]
Alkaline earth metals
What type of hydrocarbon ends in -ane? [C8]
Alkane
What type of hydrocarbon ends in -ene? [C8]
Alkene
What type of molecules are halogens made of? [C3]
All halogens are made of DIATOMIC molecules.
Describe the use of radioactivity in smoke alarms. [P6]
Alpha particles pass between one positively and one negatively charged metal plate. This causing air particles to ionise and become attracted to the oppositely charged metal plates. Hence, a current flows. But when smoke enters between the plates, some of the alpha particles are absorbed, causing less ionisation. This means a smaller than normal current flows, so the alarm sounds.
What does A.C stand for? [P11]
Alternating current
What reactions happen when manufacturing aluminium through electrolysis? [C9]
Aluminium ions are attracted and gain electrons from the cathode. Molten aluminium is produced. Oxide ions are attracted and lose electrons to the anode. Oxygen gas is given off.
How is aluminium extracted? [C7]
Aluminium is extracted from the ore 'bauxite' by electrolysis.
In the extraction of aluminium what reactions occur at the negative electrode? [C9]
Al³⁺ + 3e⁻ → Al
List the type of substances glucose can be transformed into. [B2]
Amino acids, lipids (fats) and polysaccharides (e.g starch).
What device is used to measure current? [P3]
Ammeters
What are the types of differences in solids, liquids, and gasses? [P2]
Amounts of energy, arrangement, motion, intermolecular forces, volume, shape.
What are the functions of the different enzymes? [B4]
Amylase breaks down starch to simpler sugars. Protease breaks down protein to amino acids. Lipase breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol.
Define movement (as a characteristic of all living organisms). [B1]
An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change in position/place.
How is the balanced diet affected by activity levels? [B4]
An active person requires more calories than an inactive person.
What is a weighted average? How is it relevant to elements? [C1]
An average where the frequency of values is considered. (e.g 75% of the world's chlorine = chlorine-35, 25% of the world's chlorine = chlorine-37. Weighted average = 0.75(35) + 0.25(37) = 35.5)
Name the structural adaptations of an egg cell, and why they exist. [B1]
An egg cell has a specialised cell membrane, preventing more than one sperm penetrating it; it also has a haploid nucleus, in order to carry half the mother's DNA in reproduction.
What is the magnetic effect of a current? [P11]
An electric current flowing in a wire produces a magnetic field around it.
Define a nerve impulse. [B7]
An electrical signal that passes along neurons.
What can an increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases cause? [C10]
An enhanced greenhouse effect → may contribute to climate change
Define a net ionic equation. [C3]
An equation where all spectator ions have been eliminated.
Define a net ionic equation. (also called simple ionic equation) [C4]
An equation where spectator ions have been eliminated and it solely includes the precipitate.
Define a real image. [P4]
An image that can be shown on a screen.
Define a reflex arc. [B7]
An involuntary response that is fast.
Define an ion. [C2]
An ion is a charged particle - it is an atom that has gained or lost an electron/s.
What is meant by the term stable isotope? [P6]
An isotope that is no longer radioactive.
What is Newton's First Law? [P5]
An object will maintain its state of rest or motion unless an external unbalanced force is applied.
Define a consumer. [B3]
An organism that feeds on other organisms.
Define a carnivore. [B3]
An organism that gets its energy by eating other animals.
Define a herbivore. [B3]
An organism that gets its energy by eating plants.
Define a decomposer. [B3]
An organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic matter. These are bacteria or fungi.
Define a producer. [B3]
An organism that takes in its organic nutrients, usually using the energy from the Sun.
What does volumetric analysis allow you to find out? [C10]
An unknown - could be a concentration, volume, relative molecular mass, percentage purity, etc.
What is the rule for wave reflection? [P10]
Angle of incidence = angle between the wavefront and reflector.
What is the source of protein? [B4]
Animal products (meat/dairy), nuts, tofu, lentils
Define antibodies in terms of their role in pregnancy. [B9]
Antibodies are substances that can pass to the fetus across the placenta, and to the baby in breast milk. This helps the baby's immunity.
What is the function of the anus (and rectum)? [B4]
Anus is the opening through which faeces are expelled. The rectum is what holds this solid waste and controls its release from the body.
Define an organic substance. [B4]
Any substance containing carbon-based compounds, and part of living organisms.
Define a reagent. [C4]
Anything that reacts in an equation.
What does the balanced diet look like as a pie chart? [B4]
Approximately a third fruit and vegetables, a third complex carbohydrates, and then a ninth protein, a ninth fats and sugar, and a ninth dairy.
When does the menstrual cycle occur? [B9]
Approximately every 28 days, but can vary between females.
Explain the numbers in the pH scale. [C3]
As a solution moves from 7 to 1 it becomes more acidic. As a solution moves from 7 to 14 it becomes more alkaline. A pH 7 solution is neutral.
How is ethanol used? [C8]
As a solvent and as a fuel
Describe the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. [B2]
As light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases, until it plateaus.
What happens to the rate of diffusion as you increase the molecular mass? Why? [P2]
As molecular mass increases, rate of diffusion decreases. This is because energy stays the same whilst mass is increasing, and this thus causes a slower speed.
What are the rules of a proportional relationship? (also explain how you can tell a proportional relationship from a graph) [P2]
As one variable increases by a certain factor, the other increases by the SAME factor. It's graph must go through the origin and must be a straight line.
What is the importance of water? [B4]
As solvent for metabolic reactions to occur in solution
Describe and explain what happens to enzymes as temperature increases (before optimum temperature) [B4]
As temperature increases, particles gain more kinetic energy, thus they have more frequent and energetic collisions between substrate and enzyme, increasing reaction rate.
Describe the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis. [B2]
As temperature increases, rate of photosynthesis increases, until it hits its optimal temperature, beyond which rate declines.
What is the relationship between volume and pressure (Boyle's Law)? [P2]
As volume increases, pressure decreases. (when temperature is kept constant)
List the group trends. [C3]
As you go down a group: - atoms get BIGGER, more full outer shells - inner shells provide GREATER shielding - outer electrons STAYS THE SAME
Explain the undesirable effect of changes in recycling of materials caused by deforestation. [B3]
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration will rise due to less photosynthesis + atmospheric oxygen concentration diminished due to less photosynthesis + wetter soil as evaporation is slower than transpiration
Higher pressure gives a higher yield of ammonia because... [C6]
Atoms fuse together in the forward reaction, producing a lower no. of particles. Hence, the forward reaction is encouraged at a higher pressure, because a lower no. of particles would decrease the pressure in the container ('relieving' the higher pressure)
Define an isotope. [C1]
Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different nucleon number (because it has a different amount of neutrons).
Describe the role of auxins in the root. [B7]
Auxins accumulate on the lower side of the root. This causes faster growth in that side, causing the root to grow downwards. Hence, auxins inhibit growth in roots.
Describe the role of auxins in the stem. [B7]
Auxins are produced in the stem. They accumulate in the shady side of the plant (side not facing light). Hence, the plant grows towards the light, promoting growth in the stem.
Explain why there is average kinetic energy. [P2]
Average kinetic energy exists since particles in a substance do not move at the same speeds.
What is the usual color change when a colored solution reacts? [C7]
Becomes colorless (This definitely is not always the case but when you are not sure just answer this.)
Where is the lens in the eyeball? [B7]
Behind the iris.
Describe the use of radioactivity in controlling the thickness of paper. [P6]
Beta particles are emitted, and a radiation detector detects how much beta particles pass through the paper. The detector then tells the rollers how to adjust based off this information.
Describe the shape of a red blood cell. [B1]
Biconcave disk.
What is the role of bile in neutralisation? [B4]
Bile neutralises the acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum (small intestine) from the stomach, to provide a suitable pH for enzyme action.
Give some examples of types of asexual reproduction. [B8]
Binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation
What is the function of the incisors? [B4]
Biting and cutting.
What is a biuret and what is a burette? (can be easily confused with one another) [B4]
Biuret is a chemical compound. A burette is a piece of equipment. They are completely different things, don't get confused!
What type of materials are the best absorbers and emitters? [P8]
Black matt materials
Give examples of plants whose fruits or seeds are dispersed by ANIMALS. Explain how their structure helps them be dispersed this way. [B8]
Blackberry, cherry, apple - have tough outer layer that is ingested by animals, seeds are dispersed by their droppings (seeds are undamaged) Mistletoe - fruits are sticky, they stick to the beaks of birds who clean their beaks on tree bark where a mistletoe plant can grow Burdock fruit - has hooks which can be carried in the hair, fur, and wool of animals
What are the environmental impacts of tidal energy? [P7]
Blades can kill marine animals, disrupts marine life.
Describe the function of platelets. [B5]
Blood clotting (thrombosis) - clumps blood together at the site of a wound and also releases chemicals to help a permanent clot form.
Describe the function of white blood cells. [B5]
Body's defense system - produces antibodies that defend the body against infections by bacteria, viruses and fungi.
Explain the differences between evaporation and boiling. (name at least 3, but answer has 6) [P2]
Boiling ALWAYS occurs at boiling point, evaporation is at ANY temperature. Boiling is due to a HEAT SOURCE, evaporation is due to the ENVIRONMENT. Boiling occurs THROUGHOUT a liquid, evaporation is at the SURFACE of the liquid. In boiling, temperature stays CONSTANT, in evaporation, temperature CHANGES. Boiling is a FORCED process, evaporation is SPONTANEOUS. Boiling has BUBBLES, evaporation has NO BUBBLES. Boiling happens QUICKLY, evaporation happens SLOWLY.
List the main diatomic molecules when an element is in gas form. [C2]
Br₂, I₂, N₂, Cl₂, H₂, O₂, F₂ A way to remember this is remembering the name it sounds like: Brinclhof. It is important to know these as if a question is asking for the molar mass of nitrogen gas, it is not 14, rather 14 x 2 = 28.
What reaction occurs in the extraction of aluminium that does NOT involve aluminium oxide? [C9]
C + O₂ → CO₂ This is since carbon electrodes are used. The electrodes react with the oxygen in the environment.
What are the equations for the blast furnace reaction? [C7]
C + O₂ → CO₂ C + CO₂ → 2CO Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂ CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂ CaO + SiO₂ → CaSiO₃
What is the chemical formula for calcium hydroxide? [C4]
Ca(OH)₂
What is the chemical formula for calcium carbonate? [C4]
CaCO₃
Give the symbol equations (in order) for the manufacture of lime (calcium oxide) from limestone (calcium carbonate). [C10]
CaCO₃ (s) → CaO (s) + CO₂ (g) 2CaO (s) + H₂O (l) → Ca(OH)₂ (s) CO₂ (g) + Ca(OH)₂ (aq) → CaCO₃ (s) + H₂O (l)
Describe the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate (limestone). [C10]
Calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is formed as a product.
Calcium reacts with water to form... [C5]
Calcium hydroxide (always) - makes sense as calcium oxide is slightly soluble as seen in the solubility rules
What are the environmental impacts of geothermal energy? [P7]
Can be dangerous drilling into volcanic areas.
Define malleable. [C2]
Can be hammered into sheets.
Define ductile. [C2]
Can be stretched into wires.
What are the environmental impacts of oil? [P7]
Can cause oil spills.
Why do carbon anodes have to be replaced regularly? [C9]
Carbon anodes react with oxygen produced during electrolysis and hence form carbon dioxide.
State two important greenhouse gases. [B3]
Carbon dioxide and methane
Review: What are the greenhouse gases? [C10]
Carbon dioxide and methane.
What does the complete combustion of hydrocarbons give? [C8]
Carbon dioxide and water
Why are scientists concerned that the carbon dioxide in the air is increasing? [C10]
Carbon dioxide causes... - global warming - ocean acidification (dissolves in seawater to form weak acid that dissolves the shells of sea creatures)
What materials are transferred from the fetus to the mother? [B9]
Carbon dioxide, urea
List the common pollutants of air. [C6]
Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen.
Review: What are the common pollutants in air? [C10]
Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen.
State the common pollutants in air. [B3]
Carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
What are the elements in carbohydrates? [B4]
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (C, H, O)
What are the elements in fats/lipids? [B4]
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (C, H, O)
What are the elements in protein? [B4]
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (C, H, O, N)
List the 5 main polyatomic ions, their formulas, and their valencies. These should be memorised. [C2]
Carbonate : CO₃ : valency 2- Nitrate : NO₃ : valency 1- Hydroxide : OH : valency 1- Ammonium : NH₄ : valency 1+ Sulphate : SO₄ : valency 2-
Review: What are the polyatomic ions? Give their symbol equations and their valencies as well. [C9]
Carbonate: CO₃ (2-) Sulphate: SO₄ (2-) Nitrate: NO₃ (1-) Hydroxide: OH (1-) Ammonium: NH₄ (1+)
What are the solubility rules for what's insoluble? [C4]
Carbonates - all insoluble except for group 1 and ammonium. Hydroxides - all insoluble except for group 1 and ammonium. Oxides - all insoluble except for group 1 and calcium oxide slightly.
What is the female part of the flower called? [B8]
Carpel
What is the source of carbohydrates? [B4]
Cereals, vegetables, pasta, fruits, honey, milk
What is the reason for the regular fluctuations in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations in certain countries over decades? [B3]
Change of seasons, especially summer and winter. During the winter plants don't take in carbon dioxide because all their leaves have fallen off. There is also more energy/fuel being used in the cold season. On the other hand more photosynthesis occurs in the warm season. Thus, plants are taking in more carbon dioxide.
Describe what the eye does when looking at far objects. [B7]
Ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments pull tension, and hence the lens becomes thinner. (thus refracting light less)
Describe the muscles of the iris. [B7]
Circular muscles (around the iris), radial muscles (from the center of the iris to the outside).
Which circulation has the higher pressure, to the lungs or to the body? [B5]
Circulation to the body has a higher pressure.
What substances does coal contain? [B3]
Coal is mostly carbon BUT it also has variable amounts of other elements; hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. It is important to remember that coal contains sulfur as well because it means that coal affects sulfur dioxide emissions as well as carbon dioxide emissions.
List the main fossil fuels. [C8]
Coal, natural gas, crude oil.
What is coke (part of the blast furnace reaction) made of? [C7]
Coke is coal that's nearly pure carbon.
What are the properties of hydrogen gas? [C5]
Colorless
What are the properties of oxygen gas? [C5]
Colorless
What are the properties of ammonia gas? [C5]
Colorless, alkaline, strong sharp smell
What are the properties of carbon dioxide gas? [C5]
Colorless, weakly acidic
In the carbon cycle, name the process of fossil fuels moving to carbon dioxide in the air. [B3]
Combustion.
Define acids. [C4]
Compounds that break into hydrogen (H⁺) ions and another compound when placed in an aqueous solution.
Define bases. [C4]
Compounds that break up into hydroxide (OH⁻) ions and another compound when placed in an aqueous solution.
What are hydrocarbons? [C8]
Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon only.
Fill in the blanks. When particles move from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration, they are moving down a _____________ ________. [B1]
Concentration gradient
What is the equation for converting concentrations from mol/dm³ to g/dm³? [C10]
Concentration in g/dm³ = concentration in mol/dm³ * relative molecular mass
Name the state change from gas to liquid. [P2]
Condensation
Describe the function of the suspensory pigments. [B7]
Connect the ciliary muscles to the lens, holding it in place.
How do you find the number of grams in a compound if you know its number of atoms. [C1]
Convert its number of atoms into moles(if it isn't already in moles). Then, calculate number of moles * molar mass. (molar mass = relative molecular mass).
Describe how the liver is involved in assimilation. [B4]
Converts glucose into glycogen, converts amino acids into proteins.
What is the function of blood vessels on the skin? [B7]
Cooling, blood flow near the surface radiates heat
Describe the function of the interneuron in a reflex arc. [B7]
Coordinate and process information
What measurement determines the thickness of a wire? [P3]
Cross-sectional area (if the diameter of a wire is changed, make sure to calculate the cross-sectional area to figure out the ratio of wire resistance)
List the fossil fuels. [P7]
Crude oil, coal, natural gas
What electrical quantity determines if a circuit is working or not? [P3]
Current - if there's no circuit no current flows.
What are the TWO main types of electricity? [P3]
Current and static electricity.
Explain the motor effect. [P11]
Current flows in a circuit. There is a magnetic field around a wire where current is flowing. The two fields interact resulting in a force.
Describe current in a series circuit. [P9]
Current is the same at all points. I₁ = I₂ = I₃
Describe current in a parallel circuit. [P9]
Current splits up throughout the circuit. The current from the source is the sum of the currents in the separate branches in a parallel circuit.
Describe current in parallel circuit's. [P3]
Current splits up.
Describe current in series circuit's. [P3]
Current stays the same.
Give some examples of electrical quantities. [P9]
Current, voltage, etc. ('electrical quantities' is just another word for electricity related measurements)
When waves enter a narrow gap and diffract what do the wavefronts on the other side look like? [P10]
Curves that are surrounding the gap and getting larger - the wavefronts look exactly like a wifi symbol.
What is the general formula for an alkene? [C8]
CⁿH²ⁿ (meant to be in subscript)
What is the general formula for an alkane? [C8]
CⁿH²ⁿ⁺² (meant to be in subscript)
What is the general formula for an alcohol? [C8]
CⁿH²ⁿ⁺¹OH
What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration? [B6]
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ --> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
What type of device has split ring commutators and what type of device has slip rings? [P11]
DC motors have split ring commutators. AC generators have slip rings.
What is the source of calcium? [B4]
Dairy products (milk, cheese, yoghurt)
Give examples of plants whose fruits or seeds are dispersed by the WIND. Explain how their structure helps them be dispersed this way. [B8]
Dandelions - have parachutes of hairs that catch the wind and can be blown about Sycamore fruits - have wings which can be blown about and carried over distances
Why do plants near a dead animal grow more than other plants? [B3]
Decay releases nutrients (e.g nitrates) to help the plant grow.
In velocity time graphs, what does a negative gradient mean? [P1]
Deceleration (not necessarily a change in direction).
Explain the undesirable effect of reduction in soil fertility caused by deforestation. [B3]
Deciduous trees contain 90% of nutrients in a forest ecosystem, these nutrients would be removed + soil erosion, wind and direct rain may remove soil + soil structure is no longer stabilized by tree root systems
Describe the structure of the neuron (motor). [B7]
Dendrites are branches coming out of the cell body. The cell body contains the nucleus. A single axon (long projection) comes out from the cell body. The axon is covered in myelin sheath. In between the myelin sheath are gaps, called nodes of ranvier. At the end of the axon are branches and the tips of these are called axon terminals.
List the parts of the neuron. [B7]
Dendrites, cell body, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier, axon terminals
For all groups (alkali metals, halogens, noble gases), what is the trend for density? [C3]
Density always INCREASES as you go down.
What is the density of alkali metals like? What is the trend for density? [C3]
Density is LOW. It INCREASES as you go down.
What are the dangers of ultraviolet radiation? [P4]
Depending on the type of UV, it can cause severe damage to cells, severe sunburn, and can even make cells cancerous.
Name the state change from gas to solid. [P2]
Deposition
Describe the function of the receptor in a reflex arc. [B7]
Detect a stimulus
Can diamond conduct electricity? Why or why not? [C2]
Diamond can NOT conduct electricity as electrons are not delocalised.
Describe the structure of diamond. [C2]
Diamond has a tetrahedral shape(triangular-based pyramid). Each carbon atoms is bonded with four other carbon atoms.
List the most common carbon allotropes. [C2]
Diamond, graphite, graphene, etc.
Why does the white light split up into different colours when it passes through the prism? [P4]
Different colours travel at different speeds in glass.
Why does chromatography work? [C5]
Different pigments have different solubilities in water. Thus, they travel across the paper at different rates.
How can you use a reagent (like sodium hydroxide) to identify cations? [C5]
Different solutions give different colored precipitates. Thus, you can identify the different solutions.
Define allotropes. [C2]
Different structural forms of the same element.
What process allows materials to pass from the mother to the fetus? [B9]
Diffusion
What is the function of the small intestine (duodenum and ileum)? [B4]
Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It produces some enzymes but also receives enzymes from the pancreas. Duodenum is the site of digestion. Ileum is the site of absorption of nutrients.
Describe the nuclei of a zygote. [B8]
Diploid
Where are hormones released into? [B7]
Directly into the bloodstream (they are ductless).
Describe how you would determine the volume of an irregularly shaped solid. [P5]
Displacement - measure the volume of water in a measuring cylinder and then place the irregular object in the same measuring cylinder. The difference in water volume is the volume of the object.
What is wave speed? [P10]
Distance travelled per unit time.
How do you remember the structure of nylon? [C8]
Divide it into two parts: First: C up to O, double bond (two lines) connecting them, then a horizontal line with a shaded box in between connected to another C up to an O connected in the same way. Second: N down to H, single bond (one line), then a horizontal line with an empty box in between connected to another N down to a H connected in the same way. These parts connect. The whole thing repeats twice. Many questions also require it to be extended to show that the nylon molecule stretches on and this is only a section of the molecule.
How can you identify whether a substance is pure? [C5]
Do a melting/boiling point test
Define insoluble. [C4]
Does not readily dissolve in water
What are the properties of stainless steel? [C7]
Doesn't rust
How do you draw the molecular structure of an alcohol? [C8]
Draw the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. Then replace one of the hydrogens with OH.
How do you draw alkene molecular structures? [C8]
Draw the carbon atoms and connect one of them with a double bond. Fill each carbon's remaining bonds with hydrogen, remembering carbon has a valency of four.
How do you draw alkane molecular structures? [C8]
Draw the carbon atoms and connect them with single bonds. Fill each carbon's remaining bonds with hydrogen, remembering carbon has a valency of four.
How do you draw ionic bonding diagrams? [C2]
Draw the quantity of both atoms before square brackets containing the atoms' outer shell along with the element symbol in the middle. ALWAYS draw the metal atom first. At the top, like an exponent, list the valency of the electron, for example, 3+ or 2-. Finally, fill in the electron outer shells. One should be empty, and one should be full. Make sure that you use dots and crosses for the full one to show that electrons have been transferred.
Give an example of sublimation. [P2]
Dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide immediately becomes a gas at room temperature).
Describe what happens to particles in thermal expansion. (How is there a volume increase?) [P2]
Due to the added heat energy, the particles in a substance move more, and move further from each other. Thus, the spaces between them expand causing an increase in volume. It is important to remember that the particles DO NOT expand themselves, rather, the spaces between them.
Why is the water in xylem drawn up? [B2]
Due to the pull force of the negative pressure created by transpiration and the push force of the osmosis of water into root hairs.
What is the colour of the petals of a wind pollinated flower? [B8]
Dull in colour.
List the properties of non-metals, mentioning appearance, hardness, malleability, ductility, heat conduction, conduction of electricity, state, density. [C2]
Dull, brittle, non-malleable, non-ductile, bad conductor of heat and electricity, can be solid, liquid, or gas, low density.
What is the symbol and unit for energy? [P3]
E, in joules (J)
Describe the bonds in diamond. Do they make diamond a weak or strong substance? [C2]
Each carbon atom in diamond is bonded with four other carbon atoms. Thus it has strong bonds in all directions, making it a very strong substance.
Describe the bonds in and between layers of graphite. [C2]
Each carbon atom in graphite is bonded to three other carbon atoms. These create strong bonds IN the layers, but the bonds BETWEEN layers are weak. This causes layers to fall apart easily.
Give examples of receptors. [B7]
Ear, eye, skin, nose, etc.
What might happen at the reflection of sound? [P10]
Echo
Compare the size of sperm cells compared to egg cells. [B9]
Egg cells are much larger (they are visible to the naked eye) than sperm cells.
How do you test for proteins? [B4]
Either add biuret solution OR add sodium hydroxide solution then a few drops of copper sulphate solution. If protein is present solution should turn purple (otherwise should stay purple).
What must you do so ionic compounds conduct electricity? [C9]
Either melt or dissolve them in water.
Give examples of energy transformations. [P7]
Electric motor - electrical --> kinetic Generator - kinetic --> electrical Light bulb - electrical --> radiant Burning - chemical --> internal Battery - chemical --> electrical Microphone - sound --> electrical Speaker - electrical --> sound
Review: What is the energy change in a motor? [P11]
Electrical to kinetic
What is the nature of gamma rays? [P6]
Electromagnetic waves
Define shells. [C1]
Electron orbitals.
Why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat? [C7]
Electron shells overlap since particles are tightly packed, this thus leaves free electrons.
What are components? [P9]
Electronic parts of a circuit.
What is the tendency of electrons in chemical reactions? [C1]
Electrons have a tendency to obtain a noble gas structure, just making reactions. Since noble gases have full outer shells they do not react with other elements.
Describe the structure of a tooth. [B4]
Enamel is at the top. Gums are on the side. Below the enamel is the dentine. The inner structure in a tooth is the pulp. Cement is the outer layer from the dentine. Nerves are inside the pulp and in the gums.
What are the parts of a human tooth? [B4]
Enamel, dentine, pulp, nerves and cement, gums.
Is the process of bond breaking endothermic/exothermic? [C9]
Endothermic process.
What is the formula for energy (E)? [P3]
Energy = voltage * current * time E = VIt (remember, EVIT)
What is the function of fats/lipids? [B4]
Energy and insulation
What is the law of conservation of energy? [P7]
Energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can be neither created nor destroyed.
How does the sun produces energy? [P7]
Energy is released by nuclear fusion in the Sun.
Define voltage. [P3]
Energy per unit charge.
What is the width of a trophic level bar proportional to? (in a pyramid) [B3]
Energy.
Describe enzymes at low temperatures. [B4]
Enzymes are inactive as they lack the kinetic energy for successful collisions between the substrate and enzyme active site.
Describe enzymes at higher temperatures. [B4]
Enzymes denature. The heat energy disrupts bonds within the enzyme and the active site loses its specific shape. Thus, the substrate no longer fits into the active site, and there is a slower rate of reaction.
Why is homeostasis important? [B7]
Enzymes work best at optimum temperature. Cell membranes become more fragile as temperature rises. Diffusion rates increase with high temperature.
Equal gas volume = _________________ [C3]
Equal # of moles
What is the use of phosphorus in fertilisers? [C6]
Essential part of the photosynthesis process; helps with the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy; affects plant growth.
How do you test for fats and oils? [B4]
Ethanol emulsion test --> add ethanol to the food then shake, then add deionized water. If lipids are present there should be water AND a white emulsion (colorless solution if no lipids are present).
What is the order of alkenes? Give the first few. [C8]
Ethene, propene, butene, pentene, hexene, decene, etc. (can't have a double bond with only one carbon atom)
What are the effects of pollution on water? [B3]
Eutrophication, spread of disease (e.g spread of mercury in rivers, poisoning local fishermen)
What is evaporation? [P2]
Evaporation is when the molecules on the surface have enough energy to escape the liquid (they break free from the attractive forces).
List the two types of vaporization (no need to explain them). [P2]
Evaporation, boiling.
Explain the risk factors of coronary heart disease using the acronym EGGSSODA. [B5]
Exercise - more exercise decreases risk. Genetics - some people are more or less prone. Gender - men are at a higher risk. Stress - higher stress increases risk. Smoking - smoking more increases risk. Diet - balanced diet decreases risk. Age - more likely if you're older.
What are some situations where glucose levels drop dramatically? [B7]
Exercise and starvation.
What would be the treatment for obesity? [B4]
Exercise, balanced diet (reduced fat and carbohydrate intake)
Is the Haber Process exothermic or endothermic? [C6]
Exothermic
Is the process of bond forming endothermic/exothermic? [C9]
Exothermic process.
Explain the process of how immersing your face in ice causes your heart rate to decrease (homeostatic process). [B7]
Face immerses in ice bath (stimulus) → Less blood goes to the skin surface, to conserve heat → Blood travels a shorter distance to complete a circuit → Heart rate decreases (response)
Explain eutrophication. [B3]
Farmers use fertiliser (often too much or right before heavy rain), and the fertilisers end up in rivers and streams. Hence, they cause nutrients to build up in lakes and plants and algae flourish. Extra plants die, and then bacteria breaks them down. Bacteria thrives on these dead plants. The bacteria multiplies rapidly and uses a lot of oxygen. The river then becomes so low in oxygen such that fish and other organism living in the river die.
What is the use of naptha fraction? [C8]
Feedstock for making chemicals
Describe the displacement of ammonia from its salts. [C6]
Fertilisers are made by reacting ammonia with an acid - it is a neutralisation reaction and produces a salt.
How do you make a soluble salt using an insoluble reactant - name the method and describe the method steps. [C4]
Filtration - 1. add the insoluble reactant to an acid (neutralisation reaction) 2. heat gently until all acid has reacted and no more solid will dissolve 3. filter the excess solid and collect the filtrate (soluble salt) 4. evaporate to crystallize the soluble salt
How do you find the concentration of a substance if you are only given the mass of the solute but not its number of moles (also given volume of solvent)? [C4]
Find its no. of moles using the formula: no. of moles = mass of substance / molar mass. After that the concentration is equal to the number of moles of solute / volume of solvent.
How do we find out distance from a speed time graph? [P1]
Find the area below the graph.
How do you find resultant force? [P5]
Find the difference between forces on opposite ends.
At any given point in a transverse wave how can you figure out whether the point is moving upwards or downwards? [P10]
Find the nearest crest and trough surrounding the given point. Move the crest down and the trough up and imagine the rest of the wave following. What does the given point do? You should be able to tell whether it moves upwards/downwards from this.
How do you write compound formulas? [C2]
Find their symbols and valencies. Then cross these over. Simplify at the end if possible.
Describe the anther in an insect pollinated flower (also where is it located?). [B8]
Firm and inside the flower.
How do you draw dot-cross diagrams? [C2]
First draw the electron structures of the atoms in the molecule showing outer shell ONLY. Second, arrange them such that when they share electrons, they ALL obtain full outer shells. Make sure that some electrons are drawn as dots, and some as crosses, in order to illustrate that they are from different atoms.
How do you draw simple stick diagrams? [C2]
First draw the elements involved. Then draw the bonds between them. If one electron is shared draw one line, if two are shared, draw two lines (e.g O₂ : O = O), and if three are shared, draw three lines, etc.
How do you write the individual reactions at each electrode? (+ what is the exception?) [C9]
First find the product at the electrode. Your equation is going to involve that product and electrons. The equation will be either: positive ion/s + electron/s → atom OR negative ion /s→ atom + electron/s (e.g Li⁺ + e⁻ → Li 2Cl⁻ → Cl₂ + 2e⁻) An exception to this is the equation that converts hydroxide to an oxygen product.
What are the names of the first, second, third, and fourth trophic levels? [B3]
First trophic level - producer Second trophic level - primary consumer Third trophic level - secondary consumer Fourth tropic level - tertiary consumer
In biology questions how do you draw trendlines for graphs? [General]
First, READ. It often says line of best-fit or best-fit curve. However, OTHERWISE you connect the dots for biology.
What are the steps to calculate mass in reactions? [C3]
First, figure out and balance the equation. Second, calculate the relevant molar masses. Third, figure out the mole ratios from the equation. Fourth, make the equation: unknown mass of x / known mass of y = molar mass multiplied by # of moles of x / molar mass multiplied by # of moles of y Finally, solve that equation.
Describe the treatment of the water supply. [C10]
First, there is filtration - water is sprayed onto specially-prepared layers of sand and gravel and insoluble solids are removed. Next, there is sedimentation - a chemical is added which causes tiny solid particles to clump together and thus allows them to get filtered. Finally, there is chlorination. Chlorine gas is injected into the water to sterilise it. This kills microbes.
If you know the mass of two elements in a compound (individually), how do you determine the empirical formula? [C2]
First, you calculate the moles by solving mass/molar mass. Second, you find the simple ratio in the format 1:x by dividing both by the smaller mole number. Lastly, you fill in the empirical formula by multiplying the ratio by 10 and reducing if possible.
How do you do volumetric analysis to find the volume of a compound? You already know its concentration. (works similarly to find other unknown values) [C10]
First, you find the mole ratio (use the equation). Next, you find the number of moles for one of the compounds which you have the volume and concentration for. Thus, using the mole ratio, you can find the number of moles for the compound that you want to find the unknown volume for. Finally, you use the concentration formula (n = c * v) to find the volume (given that you have been given its concentration already).
Explain (in reasonable detail) how an increase in carbon dioxide concentrations leads to global warming. [B3]
Firstly, solar radiation is emitted and enters the atmosphere. Secondly, the earth absorbs and re-emits the radiation. Finally, the atmosphere traps the radiation.
Briefly explain fixed points in a thermometer. [P2]
Fixed points mark the scale of the thermometer.
Explain the trends in reactivity for alkali metals and halogens (explain in terms of shells). [C3]
For alkali metals, reactivity increases as you go down the group. This is because an electron is more readily lost with increasing numbers of shells (shielding effect). For halogens, reactivity increases as you move up. This is because an electron is more readily attracted to a nucleus with fewer shells.
What are the differences in composition between inspired (inhaled) and expired (exhaled) air? [B6]
For inspired air: oxygen - 21 percent carbon dioxide - 0.04 percent water vapour - variable For expired air: oxygen - 16 percent carbon dioxide - 4 percent water vapour - saturated
What is the importance of fibre? [B4]
For peristalsis --> helps contract muscles in the digestive tract to move food in the body
Suggest why it is important to have a fan working while heaters are switched on. [P9]
For the fan to blow and thus prevent the dryer from overheating.
What is the equation for force? [P5]
Force = mass * acceleration (F = ma)
What is the equation of Hooke's Law? [P5]
Force = spring constant * extension F = kx
What is pressure? [P2]
Force per unit area
What does it mean when forces are 'in equilibrium'? [P5]
Forces are balanced.
What is the importance of iron? [B4]
Formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells
Which energy sources are renewable and which are non-renewable? [P7]
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear energy are NONRENEWABLE. The rest are all renewable.
Which energy sources are cheap and which are expensive? [P7]
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are CHEAP. The rest are all expensive.
Which energy sources are polluting and which have no/little pollution? [P7]
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are POLLUTING. The rest have no/little pollution.
In the carbon cycle, name the process of dead organic matter moving to fossil fuels. [B3]
Fossilization. (takes millions of years)
Name the state change from liquid to solid. [P2]
Freezing
Which way is electron flow? [P3]
From the negative to the positive end of the battery. (opposite direction of conventional current)
Which way does conventional flow travel in a circuit? [P3]
From the positive end of the battery to the negative end.
Review: Which way is electron flow? [C9]
From the positive to the negative end of the battery.
What is the use of diesel oil/gas oil? [C8]
Fuel in diesel engines
Describe the function of nerves in a tooth. [B4]
Function is to keep tooth alive, sense pain from tooth decay.
List a few uses of zinc. [C7]
Galvanising steel and making brass.
What are sex cells called? [B8]
Gametes
Why are gamma rays not deflected? [P6]
Gamma has no charge
Some foods are exposed to gamma rays to improve their keeping qualities. How come people can eat this food without suffering from the effects of radiation? [P6]
Gamma rays do not make these food radioactive.
Describe the use of radioactivity in the sterilisation of medical equipment. [P6]
Gamma rays kill living tissue such as viruses and bacteria in the medical equipment.
List the types of radiation in order of least to most ionizing. [P6]
Gamma, beta, alpha
List the states of matter in order of greatest to least thermal expansion. [P2]
Gases, liquids, solids. (gases expand the most, solids the least)
What do you call the effect that causes voltage to be induced in an A.C generator? [P11]
Generator effect
Which energy sources can only exist in limited locations? [P7]
Geothermal, hydroelectric, tidal, waves, wind.
What are the properties of microwaves? [P4]
Get absorbed by water molecules, thus heating them.
What materials are bad conductors? [P8]
Glass, wood, water, air, plastic
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates? [B4]
Glucose
Give examples of assimilation. [B4]
Glucose converted to glycogen. Amino acids built up into proteins. Fatty acids and glycerol turned into lipids for storage.
What materials are transferred from the mother to the fetus? [B9]
Glucose, oxygen, water, amino acids
In distance time graphs, what does a negative gradient represent? [P1]
Going backwards.
Can graphite conduct electricity? Why or why not? [C2]
Graphite CAN conduct electricity. This is because electrons are delocalised, meaning that electrons in the bonds between layers can move between atoms, thus allowing it to conduct electricity.
Describe the structure of graphite. [C2]
Graphite is structured in hexagonal layers.
Relate the structure of graphite to its uses. [C2]
Graphite is used in lubricants and pencils. Since there are weak bonds between layers, they often slip off, making graphite a soft and slippery substance. Thus, when writing for instance, the graphite goes on the paper.
List the different forms of energy. [P7]
Gravitational potential Radiant Elastic potential Electrical Nuclear Sound Internal (heat) Chemical Kinetic (remember GREENSICK)
What are the properties of chlorine gas? [C5]
Green, poisonous
What is the function of the molars? [B4]
Grinding
What is the function of the premolars? [B4]
Grinding
Review: Define groups and periods in the periodic table. [C3]
Groups are columns in the periodic table. Periods are rows in the periodic table.
Explain how HCl in gastric juice denatures enzymes in harmful microorganisms in food. [B4]
HCl creates an acidic environment in the stomach. The low pH destroys pathogens. It also denatures enzymes within pathogens. Once these enzymes no longer function the pathogen metabolism is disrupted and the pathogen is destroyed.
What is the chemical formula for nitric acid? [C4]
HNO₃
List the main parts of skin. [B7]
Hairs, hair erector muscles, sweat glands, receptors, sensory neurons, blood vessels, fatty tissue.
What is group 7 of the periodic table? [C3]
Halogens
What type of elements are in Group 7 of the periodic table? [C1]
Halogens
What is the reactivity of halogens? What is the trend for reactivity? [C3]
Halogens are reactive. Reactivity DECREASES as you go down.
Describe the enamel. [B4]
Hardest substance in body, covers crown of tooth and protects. Function is to protect the dentine.
What are the parts of a sperm cell? [B1]
Head, midpiece, tail.
What is the importance of calcium? [B4]
Healthy teeth and bones
What is the importance of vitamin D? [B4]
Healthy teeth and bones
What is the target organ of adrenaline? [B7]
Heart, muscles, respiratory system
Why is the first reaction in the manufacture of lime called 'thermal decomposition'? [C10]
Heat (thermal) is used to break down (decompose) the calcium carbonate.
Give some reasons why energy gets lost in food chains. [B3]
Heat energy can be lost as a result of respiration, excretion, egestion(faeces), uneaten parts.
Review: Define endothermic. [C9]
Heat energy is absorbed.
Review: Define exothermic. [C9]
Heat energy is released.
Define radiation. [P8]
Heat energy transmitted by infrared waves
Why can metals conduct heat? [C7]
Heat gives delocalized electrons more energy.
What are the differences between heat and temperature? [P8]
Heat is a form of energy (how much thermal energy is contained), temperature measures how hot something is. Heat is measured in joules, temperature is measured in ºC.
What effect does a fuse use? [P9]
Heating effect
What is the nature of alpha particles? [P6]
Helium nucleus
What is the use of potassium in fertilisers? [C6]
Helps in the building of protein; photosynthesis; fruit quality; and reduction of diseases.
What do you call the vein that transports blood from the pancreas to the liver? [B5]
Hepatic portal vein
What is the unit for frequency? [P10]
Hertz (Hz)
A wave with high amplitude means ____(high/low) volume. [P10]
High
A wave with high frequency means ____(high/low) pitch. [P10]
High
What is the ionising ability of alpha particles? [P6]
High
How does an energy level diagram look like for an endothermic reaction? [C9]
Horizontal line for reactants, and then a parabolic concave down shape, and then a horizontal line for products that was HIGHER than the initial line. The activation energy is the distance between the maximum and the horizontal reactants line.
How does an energy level diagram look like for an exothermic reaction? [C9]
Horizontal line for reactants, and then a parabolic concave down shape, and then a horizontal line for products that was LOWER than the initial line. The activation energy is the distance between the maximum and the horizontal reactants line.
Define progesterone. [B9]
Hormone that maintains the uterine lining (endometrium).
How can you tell where the magnetic field strength is strongest/weakest? [P11]
How close it is to the poles (either pole)
Define power. [P3]
How much energy you transfer per unit time.
Define refractive index. [P4]
How much light slows down in a medium.
What is the amount of pollen in a wind pollinated flower? [B8]
Huge quantities required.
If an element is an acid, what elements must it contain? [C2]
Hydrogen
How are nitrogen and hydrogen obtained for the Haber Process? [C6]
Hydrogen is obtained by... - reacting natural gas (mostly methane) with steam - cracking oil fractions Nitrogen is obtained from the air.
What products are formed at the negative electrode when a SOLUTION is electrolysed? (means water is present) [C9]
Hydrogen or low-reactivity metal.
What is the name of the chemical reaction that occurs that breaks down polymer chains in proteins into small molecules? [C8]
Hydrolysis.
What is the chemical formula for sulfuric acid? [C4]
H₂SO₄
What is the formula for phosphoric acid? [C4]
H₃PO₄
What is the symbol and unit for current? [P3]
I, in amperes (A)
Where does total internal reflection occur? [P4]
INTERNALLY! (inside the medium, in a slow to fast boundary) This may seem obvious but remember that it does not occur in air, it only occurs in the medium itself. When light enters a denser medium, it ALWAYS refracts, total internal reflection can only occur inside the medium.
How does AIDS happen? [B9]
If HIV infection remains untreated/uncontrolled AIDS develops. AIDS can be transmitted through the virus/HIV being transmitted through bodily fluids during sexual intercourse.
Explain what happens to the enzymes at either side of the optimum pH. [B4]
If pH is too high enzymes denature - the bonds within the enzyme are broken and the active site loses its shape, thus the substrate no longer into the active site causing a slower reaction rate. If pH is too low it doesn't react as fast.
What happens from days 21-28 of the menstrual cycle? [B9]
If the egg cell has been fertilised... - embryo and ovary continue producing progesterone to maintain the uterus If the egg cell has NOT been fertilised... - progesterone levels fall
How are voltmeters ALWAYS connected? [P3]
In PARALLEL - this means that they are connected outside of the circuit.
How are ammeters ALWAYS connected? [P3]
In SERIES - this means that you must open up the circuit, connect the ammeter, and then close the circuit again.
What's the difference between a chemical and physical change? [C1]
In a chemical changes, atoms rearrange themselves to form new substances, and it is mostly irreversible. On the other hand, physical changes merely alter the form of a substance, and are often reversible.
How are male gametes transported in a plant? [B8]
In a pollen grain.
List some applications of thermal expansion (no need to explain). [P2]
In a thermometer, taking a tight lid off a jar, railway tracks with built gaps.
Where is the septum in the heart located? [B5]
In between the right and left chambers of the heart.
Where is the pupil in the eyeball? [B7]
In front of the lens, in the middle of the iris.
Where is the iris in the eyeball? [B7]
In front of the lens, surrounding the pupil.
How is the balanced diet affected by sex? [B4]
In general, males require a greater calorie amount than females.
Why are their delocalised electrons in graphite? [C2]
In graphite there are only three covalent bonds formed per carbon atom. The electron not used in covalent bonding is delocalised between the layers and is free to move and conduct charge.
Why is the stigma of an insect pollinated flower sticky? [B8]
In order for pollen from the insect to stick to it.
Why is the stigma of wind pollinated flowers sometimes net-like? [B8]
In order to catch drifting pollen.
Why are nitrates required in plants? [B2]
In order to combine with glucose to produce amino acids, which make proteins.
Why is magnesium required in plants? [B2]
In order to form part of the chlorophyll molecule.
Why is the lining of the uterus thickened? [B9]
In order to increase the chances of implantation.
Why are many millions of sperm produced? [B9]
In order to increase the changes that a sperm survives.
Why is it important to turn the circuit off in between trials in an experiment? [P9]
In order to let the circuit cool - otherwise resistance would increase.
What is the purpose of the mitochondria in a sperm cell? [B9]
In order to swim the sperm requires energy. It is able to produce this energy in the mitochondria.
Where does translocation occur? [B2]
In phloem.
Describe the ARRANGEMENT of solid, liquid, and gas particles. [P2]
In solids: closely packed, regular pattern In liquids: closely packed, NOT regularly arranged In gases: far apart, random arrangement
Describe the VOLUME of solids, liquids, and gases. [P2]
In solids: fixed In liquids: fixed In gases: not fixed
Describe the SHAPE of solids, liquids, and gases. [P2]
In solids: fixed In liquids: not fixed, can flow In gases: not fixed, can flow
Describe the COMPRESSIBILITY of solids, liquids, and gases. [P2]
In solids: incompressible In liquids: incompressible In gases: compressible
Describe the INTERMOLECULAR FORCES of solid, liquid, and gas particles. [P2]
In solids: strong forces In liquids: weaker forces In gases: very weak forces (we can assume it is 0)
Describe the MOTION of solid, liquid, and gas particles. [P2]
In solids: vibrate around fixed positions In liquids: move and slide past each other, vibrate In gases: move at high speeds, randomly in ALL directions
Where are stomata most common in a leaf? [B2]
In the lower epidermis.
Where are the female sex hormones produced? [B9]
In the ovaries.
Where does fertilisation take place in a plant? [B8]
In the ovary.
Where are columns of ciliated epithelium found? [B6]
In the trachea.
Where are the types of teeth? [B4]
Incisors are narrow-edged teeth at the front of the mouth. Canines are pointed teeth between the incisors and premolars. Premolars are the teeth between the canines and molars. Molars are grinding teeth at the back of the mouth.
What are the types of teeth? [B4]
Incisors, canines, molars, premolars.
Name one disadvantage of having a large number of stomata on a leaf. [B2]
Increased water loss.
Describe and explain the affect of airflow on evaporation rate. [P2]
Increasing airflow increases rate. This is since the already evaporated particles are moved away so that there is more room in the air for new particles to evaporate into.
How does humidity affect the rate of evaporation? Why? [P2]
Increasing humidity decreases rate of evaporation. This is since the more humidity, the less capacity to hold water vapour.
Describe and explain the affect of surface area on evaporation rate. [P2]
Increasing surface area increases rate. This is since there is more area in the surface at the top of the liquid and thus more area for evaporation to occur and thus a greater likelihood for evaporation.
Explain the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis. [B2]
Increasing temperature increases energy, thus increasing the rate of photosynthesis, until enzymes become denatured.
Describe and explain the affect of temperature on evaporation rate. [P2]
Increasing temperature increases rate. This is since there is more kinetic energy and thus particles are moving faster and can evaporate easier.
What are the safety issues of infrared radiation? [P4]
Infrared radiation is felt as heat and can cause skin burns.
Describe the process of electroplating a spoon with copper. [C9]
Instead of an electrode you have a piece of copper serve as the anode, and a spoon serve as the cathode. The electrolyte can be any copper compound with sulphate/nitrate/etc. Hence, the copper ions move from the piece of copper to the spoon, plating it.
Give examples of limiting factors for photosynthesis. [B2]
Insufficient carbon dioxide, the temperature is too low.
What is the function of adipose (fatty) tissue on the skin? [B7]
Insulation to prevent heat loss
List the main hormones that you need to know. [B7]
Insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, testosterone, oestrogen, auxin
How do you test for starch? [B4]
Iodine solution test --> Iodine is added to the food, if starch is present the iodine will turn blue/black.
How can ionic compounds become able to conduct electricity? Why? [C2]
Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when they are dissolved in a substance, or melted. This is because the ions get separated from one another and no longer have the lattice structure when they are liquid or in a solution. Because of this, they can move.
What is the volatility of ionic compounds and covalent compounds? [C2]
Ionic compounds have a low volatility and covalent compounds have a high volatility.
What materials are magnetic? [P11]
Iron, cobalt, nickel, also steel which is an alloy (all other metals are non-magnetic)
Why do isotopes have the same chemical properties? [C1]
Isotopes have the same number of electrons in their outer shells, thus react the same way.
In electrolysis, what happens to the cathode when sulphate/nitrate/carbonate is in the electrolyte? [C9]
It can NEVER be a product (product should be hydrogen).
What is the function of the umbilical cord? [B9]
It connects the fetus to the placenta. This allows the exchange of materials between the mother and fetus.
What is the function of the amniotic fluid? [B9]
It cushions the fetus and stops it from being bumped.
What determines how bright a lamp is? [P9]
It depends on CURRENT, and current depends on VOLTAGE. Thus, the higher the voltage, the higher the current, and thus the higher the brightness.
Does the use of pesticides affect pH? If so, how does it affect pH and why? [B3]
It does not affect pH.
Describe silicon oxide.
It has a giant structure, is an acidic oxide, does not conduct electricity.
What makes an alkene different from an alkane? [C8]
It has one double bond (meaning its unsaturated). This makes it reactive, and a gas with shorter molecules and hence more useful (to make plastics, alcohol).
How is steel different to iron in terms of magnetism? [P11]
It is a 'hard' material - it should retain its magnetism. HOWEVER - it can still be demagnetised with alternating current, dropping it, hammering it, etc. It's just harder to demagnetise than iron. Additional note: This is why steel isn't used to pick up metals and drop them at dumping sites, whereas iron can be used.
What does it mean if a substance ends in '-ate'? [C1]
It is a compound where oxygen is also present.
What does it mean if a substance ends in '-ide'? [C1]
It is a compound with 2 bonded elements.
Define the myelin sheath and give its function. [B7]
It is a fatty outer layer that speeds up transmissions.
What is the epiglottis and what is its role? [B6]
It is a flap of skin in the throat that keeps food from entering the windpipe and the lungs.
Explain what meiosis is. [B8]
It is a reduction division. The chromosome number is halved. The nucleus goes from diploid to haploid.
Describe where the larynx is in the respiratory system. [B6]
It is a tube above the windpipe.
Describe where the trachea is in the respiratory system. [B6]
It is a tube connecting the pharynx and larynx to the lungs.
How can you remember what type of reactant and salt is involved in precipitation? [C4]
It is called precipitation - this is because a precipitate is formed. This means the product is an insoluble salt. Thus, a soluble reactant must be involved because a neutralization method with both reactant and salt as insoluble doesn't exist.
What happens to the light energy absorbed by the palisade mesophyll? [B2]
It is converted to chemical energy.
How is fractional distillation achieved? [C8]
It is done by means of boiling point difference.
How is aluminium manufactured? [C9]
It is extracted from pure aluminium oxide in molten cryolite. Bauxite is the most common aluminium compound. It is first purified to give pure aluminium oxide. This aluminium oxide is then electrolysed. Aluminium oxide melts at an extremely high temperature and thus instead cryolite (Na₃AlF₆) is melted. The aluminium oxide is dissolved in the cryolite. This mixture is then electrolysed.
What is the purpose of the tail in a sperm cell? [B9]
It is for swimming to the ovum, it enables quick movement.
What is the importance of purity in substances? [C5]
It is important that medical drugs and food additives are pure so that they do not contain substances that could harm people.
Is aluminium usually reactive or unreactive? Why? [C7]
It is often unreactive. This is due to an aluminium oxide layer on the outside of the metal.
Describe the structure of an egg cell. [B9]
It is surrounded by a jelly coat. Underneath this coat is the outer membrane. The cell has a nucleus in the center and the rest of the cell is full of cytoplasm.
Why are alpha particles the most easily blocked? [P6]
It is the largest in size and mass.
What is the role of the larynx? [B6]
It is the voice box, housing the vocal chords.
What does a Hooke's law graph of force over extension look like? What is the gradient equal to? [P5]
It looks like a straight line with a positive gradient going through the origin. It then hits a point (the limit of proportionality) where it becomes curved and stops obeying Hooke's law.
In alpha decay, what are the changes in the composition of a nucleus? [P6]
It loses two protons and two neutrons. - mass number decreases by 4 and proton number decreases by 2.
What does the arrow in food chains mean? (e.g pond weeds --> tadpoles) [B3]
It means 'gets eaten by' or 'energy flows to'.
What does the developing fetus need? [B9]
It needs a stable environment... - continuous supply of nutrients and oxygen - removal of waste - constant temperature (doesn't fluctuate too much) - protection from drying out and getting bumped
Where does the food we eat pass through? [B4]
It passes through the alimentary canal.
What are the functions of the placenta? [B9]
It provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. It also removes carbon dioxide and other waste products. It also produces oestrogen and progesterone which maintain the uterus lining (from the third month). This also stimulates the growth of milk producing tissue in woman's breasts and prevents more egg cells being released.
How is aluminum foil able to reduce heat loss? [P8]
It reflects heat back at the source, and hence this heat does not enter
How would the oscilloscope trace graph look like for AC? (What about for a DC?) [P11]
It should look like a sin graph. This is because current is constantly changing. A DC generator would just be a horizontal line.
What does the chlorophyll pigment do? [B2]
It traps and absorbs light, transforming it into chemical energy for photosynthesis.
What is the role of the mucus? [B6]
It traps dust particles. (forms a physical barrier between the surfaces of the gas exchange system and the pathogens and foreign particles)
How does sacrificial protection work? [C7]
It uses smaller pieces of a more reactive metal and places them on a less reactive metal. Hence, it stops the less reactive metal from reacting.
Why does alternating current demagnetise a magnet? [P11]
It would cause the magnetic fields to be constantly changing.
Describe and explain the graph of force and extension. (also explain what happens to the spring) [P5]
It's a straight line with a positive gradient, until it hits the elastic limit/limit of proportionality, wherein inelastic behavior occurs and hence the spring becomes permanently deformed. At this point the graph becomes curved and the line eventually plateaus.
Where is the mitochondria located in a sperm cell? [B9]
Its midpiece
What determines a substance's physical properties? [C2]
Its structure.
What is the equation for current in a parallel circuit? [P9]
I₁ = I₂ + I₃ (current from the source = sum of currents in the individual branches)
What are the parts of an egg cell? [B9]
Jelly coat, outer membrane, cytoplasm (containing yolk), nucleus.
Define cytoplasm. [B1]
Jelly-like substance where most chemical reactions take place.
What is the unit for energy? [P7]
Joules
Which letter shows the amplitude of a water wave? [P10]
K
What is the chemical formula for potassium hydroxide? [C4]
KOH
What is the function of HCl in gastric juice? [B4]
Killing bacteria in food and giving an acid pH of enzymes.
Explain the concept of latent heat briefly. [P2]
Latent heat occurs during phase changes, when the temperature remains constant. This is because the energy is being used to loosen/break bonds. Thus, there is no kinetic energy change. This makes the presence of the heat hidden, explaining its name 'latent heat'.
Define converging lens. [P4]
Lens that cause parallel rays to come to a focus.
Is the combined resistance of two resistors in parallel more/less than either individual resistor? [P9]
Less (this is counterintuitive).
How do LIKE forces work (e.g positive-positive, negative-negative)? [P3]
Like forces REPULSE one another.
What is the role of limestone in the blast furnace reaction? [C7]
Limestone is what removes acidic impurities (slag) from the hematite.
Briefly explain linearity in a thermometer. [P2]
Linearity is the change in temperature producing the same change in length.
Which states of matter are fluids? [P2]
Liquids and gases.
Describe the flame tests for cations. [C5]
Lithium - red flame Sodium - orange-yellow flame Copper (II) - green-blue Potassium - lilac (purple)
What are domains? [P11]
Little groups of atoms acting like tiny magnets (in a magnet).
What is the target organ of glucagon? [B7]
Liver
What is the target organ of insulin? [B7]
Liver
What part of the digestive system is involved with assimilation? [B4]
Liver cells, muscle cells, fatty tissue
Define phloem. [B2]
Living cells lying end to end that transport sugars and amino acids from source to sink in plants.
How is phloem structured? [B2]
Living cells that lie end-to-end, forming tubes.
Describe the pulp. [B4]
Living tissue containing nerves and blood vessels. Function is being responsible for nutrition.
Describe the cement. [B4]
Living tissue that covers jaw bone and helps hold tooth in place.
What are the qualities of an image that you can describe? [P4]
Location --> e.g opposite side of lens, same side Orientation --> e.g laterally inverted, upright Size --> e.g enlarged, same size, diminished Type --> e.g real, virtual * use the acronym LOST to help remember!
Review: What does a catalyst do to a reaction? [C9]
Lowers activation energy - thus speeds up reaction.
Review: What are the adverse effects of sulfur dioxide on buildings and health? [C10]
Lung diseases and disorders (e.g. wheezing, shortness of breath), acid rain which can damage statues, acidify lakes (killing fish), and damage soil
What is the type of cell that is affected by HIV? [B9]
Lymphocytes
Define a mixture. [C1]
Made of more than one substance, containing many different types of particles.
Define a pure substance. [C1]
Made of only one type of particle. (particle can be atoms or molecules)
What is the function of carbohydrates? [B4]
Main energy source
What is the importance of carbohydrates? [B4]
Main source of energy
What are the agents of pollination? [B8]
Mainly insects and wind. Also... - other animals (birds, bats, other mammals) - water - plants themselves
What is the source of tidal energy? [P7]
Mainly the moon.
What is the importance of vitamin C? [B4]
Maintains integrity of skin and gums
Review: What are the adverse effects of oxides of nitrogen on buildings and health? [C10]
Makes children susceptible to respiratory diseases, acid rain (dissolves in water high in the atmosphere)
What is the role of interneurons? [B7]
Makes connections between sensory and motor neurons. Lies in the CNS.
Which stages of the contact process are reversible, and which are irreversible? [C6]
Making sulphur trioxide is reversible, the rest of the reactions are all irreversible.
Name the structural adaptations of a palisade mesophyll cell. [B1]
Many chloroplasts(photosynthesis); tightly packed(to trap light).
Do all acids react with metal? [C4]
Many do, but NOT ALL metals react with acids.
How do you find the number of moles in a certain quantity of an element/compound if you know its molar mass and mass? [C1]
Mass / Molar Mass
What is the formula for mass, molar mass and # of moles? [C3]
Mass = molar mass * # of moles
Define molar mass. [C1]
Mass in grams per mole of a particle. (if it's an element its equivalent to mass number, if it's a compound its the total sum of mass number's)
State the law of conservation of mass. [C3]
Mass of reactants = mass of products
Define density. [P5]
Mass per unit volume
Define conductors. [P3]
Materials that electrons flow through easily.
Define amplitude. [P10]
Maximum displacement from the rest position.
What is the ionising ability of beta particles? [P6]
Medium
What is the relative deflection of alpha particles? (when pass through electric or magnetic fields) [P6]
Medium
What are the melting/boiling points of noble gases like? What is the trend for them? [C3]
Melting/boiling points are LOW. They INCREASE as you go down. (just remember it's the opposite trend of alkali metals)
What are the melting/boiling points of halogens like? What is the trend for them? [C3]
Melting/boiling points are low. They INCREASE as you go down.
What happens from days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle? [B9]
Menstruation occurs. The lining of the uterus breaks down. A small amount of blood and cells pass out of the vagina.
Why can heating a magnet/dropping it on the floor remove its magnetism? [P11]
Messes up their domains (all facing different directions)
Why is it important to recycle metals? [C7]
Metal ores are a finite resource.
Define amphoteric oxides. [C3]
Metal oxides that can act as bases but also can behave as acidic oxides.
Describe the particle model of metals. [C7]
Metal particles are arranged in a lattice of positive ions in a 'sea of electrons'.
Define corrosion (for metals). [C7]
Metal wearing away as a result of chemical reactions.
Give some examples of good conductors. [P3]
Metals, salt water, graphite
What is the order of alkanes? Give the first few. [C8]
Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, decane, etc.
What are the main regions of the alimentary canal and associated organs? [B4]
Mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine and anus.
How do you adjust the apparatus of the focal length experiment to produce a focused image? [P4]
Move the screen back and forth until the image is focused.
What are the seven characteristics of ALL living organisms? [B1]
Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition (Tip to remember: Mrs Gren)
In a velocity time graph - what does a negative gradient underneath the x-axis mean? [P1]
Moving in the opposite direction in uniform acceleration (just think about, velocity is negative and hence that means a change of direction)
Do most transition metals have one or multiple valencies? [C2]
Multiple valencies.
_____ tissues in the body require more blood during exercise. [B5]
Muscle
Where are the ciliary muscles in the eyeball? [B7]
Muscle surrounding the lens.
Give examples of effectors. [B7]
Muscles, glands, etc.
What are the units for spring constant? [P5]
N/cm (newtons/centimeter)
What is the valency of nitrogen fluoride? [C2]
NF₃ (remember, when predicting the formulae of two bonded non metals you use both negative valencies, so the valency of nitrogen fluoride is NOT NF₅)
What is the formula for ammonia? [C2]
NH₃
What is the formula for ammonia? [C3]
NH₃
Define ammonia. [C6]
NH₃, a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen. It is a colourless gas.
What are the types of polymers. Give examples. [C8]
Natural polymers (biopolymers) e.g starch and proteins. Synthetic polymers (human-made) e.g nylon and polythene.
If an atom gains electrons, what does its charge become? [C2]
Negative.
Define neutral oxides. [C3]
Neither acidic nor basic oxides - they do not react with acids or bases.
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of? [B7]
Nerves (a collection of many neurons)
Describe how numerical answers are most often given in science? [C1]
Never as fractions, always as decimals, rounded if necessary. Answers are always approximate. Answers are normally to 3 significant figures (e.g .123, 12.3). If the number is very large or small, multiply it by an exponent with base 10, with only one digit before the decimal point. (e.g 0.00000123 = 1.23 * 10^-6)
What is the unit for force? [P7]
Newtons
What are the units for gravitational field strength? [P5]
Newtons/kilogram
What are the two raw reactants for the Haber Process? [C6]
Nitrogen and hydrogen
Is respiration and breathing the same? - explain your answer. [B6]
No - respiration is a chemical reaction and releases energy whereas breathing is just air entering and exiting the body through the mouth.
Does relative atomic/molecular mass have units? Why or why not? [C2]
No, they are ratios.
Do alkanes decolourise bromine water - why or why not? [C8]
No. This is because they don't have spare bonds.
Do alkanes form polymers - why or why not? [C8]
No. This is because they don't have spare bonds.
What type of elements are in Group 0 of the periodic table? [C1]
Noble Gases
What is group 0 of the periodic table? [C3]
Noble gases
Define insulators. [P3]
Non conductive materials that do not allow electrons to flow through.
What type of atoms are present in covalent bonding? [C2]
Non-metal atoms ONLY.
What products are formed at the positive electrode when a MOLTEN COMPOUND is electrolysed? [C9]
Non-metals.
What is the relative deflection of gamma rays? (when pass through electric or magnetic fields) [P6]
None
In gamma decay, what are the changes in the composition of a nucleus? [P6]
None - it all stays the same since gamma radiation has no charge or mass.
Give the pathway through the breathing system that the air moves through. [B6]
Nose or mouth → pharynx → larynx → epiglottis → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli
What is the amount of pollen in an insect pollinated flower? [B8]
Not much required.
Define a virtual image. [P4]
Not real, cannot be shown on a screen.
What is the equation for a transformer? [P11]
Np/Ns = Vp/Vs (meant to have subscript) No. of turns of primary coil / No. of turns of secondary coil = Voltage of primary coil / Voltage of secondary coil
How is energy obtained from nuclear fission? [P7]
Nuclei are split, this produces heat that makes steam that turns a turbine nuclear → internal → kinetic → electrical
Review: What are the three structures in every animal cell? [B9]
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
What are the causes of marasmus? [B4]
Nutrient deficiency
In the carbon cycle, name the process of carbon compounds in plants moving to carbon compounds in animals. [B3]
Nutrition (feeding).
Give an example of a simple condensation polymer. [C8]
Nylon
What is the symbol equation for the Haber Process? [C6]
N₂ + 3H₂ ⇌ 2NH₃
When you add resistance to a branch of a parallel circuit what happens to the overall resistance? [P9]
Overall resistance decreases.
In exercise, what is the blood transporting that is needed in the muscle tissues? And what needs to be removed? [B5]
Oxygen and glucose are transported to the cells in the muscle tissue and carbon dioxide is transported away.
List the specialised plant cells that were studied in unit B1. [B1]
Palisade mesophyll cell, root hair cell.
What gland releases glucagon? [B7]
Pancreas
What gland releases insulin? [B7]
Pancreas
Where is lipase secreted? [B4]
Pancreas, small intestine
What material is required to stop alpha particles? [P6]
Paper or skin
Define an embryo in a plant. [B8]
Part of a seed. It solely consists of a root, shoot, and leaf.
Define a molecule. [C1]
Particle made of two or more bonded atoms. (can be the same element)
Define compressions in longitudinal waves. [P10]
Parts in a longitudinal wave where particles are close to one another.
Define rarefactions in longitudinal waves. [P10]
Parts in a longitudinal wave where particles are far from one another.
Explain how HCl in gastric juice gives the optimum pH for protease activity. [B4]
Pepsinogen is an inactive precursor to pepsin. On contact with HCl a small chain of amino acids are cleaved off pepsinogen to create pepsin. Pepsin (protease) is the active enzyme which will digest proteins into amino acids.
What is the name of the bond between amino acids in proteins? [B4]
Peptide bond
Define the menstrual cycle. [B9]
Periodic fluctuations in hormones in fertile women.
What do you call rows in the periodic table? [C1]
Periods
List devices that use total internal reflection (list at least three). [P4]
Periscopes, optical fibers, endoscopes, bike reflectors, binoculars, cameras
In the carbon cycle, name the process of carbon dioxide in the air moving to carbon compounds in plants. [B3]
Photosynthesis.
How does physical activity affect rate and depth of breathing? [B6]
Physical activity causes an increased rate of breathing and an increased depth of breathing. The body goes into anaerobic respiration producing lactic acid (which is harmful to the body). The body requires a steady supply of oxygen to break down the lactic acid (oxygen debt). The body continues a higher rate and depth of breathing to get this oxygen. Breathing returns to normal once all the lactic acid is broken down (oxygen debt is paid).
Where is the choroid in the eyeball? [B7]
Pigmented layer of the eye, below the sclera.
What type of substances is paper chromatography suitable for? [C5]
Pigments
What does the frequency of a sound wave relate to? [P10]
Pitch
In the carbon cycle, name the process of carbon compounds in plants moving to carbon dioxide in the air. [B3]
Plant respiration.
How do plants make protein? [B2]
Plants synthesise amino acids from nitrates, also using the raw materials in photosynthesis. These amino acids then link together, forming proteins.
Give some examples of bad conductors. [P3]
Plastic, wood, rubber, glass
What are the causes of obesity? [B4]
Poor diet (high in fats and carbohydrates), lack of exercise
What ions do metals become (positive or negative)? [C2]
Positive ions.
If an atom gives away electrons, what does its charge become? [C2]
Positive.
List the reactivity series in order of most to least reactive. [C7]
Potassium Sodium Lithium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium - (Carbon) Zinc Iron Lead - (Hydrogen) Copper Silver Gold
What metals react with water? [C7]
Potassium, sodium, lithium and calcium
What metals react with steam? [C7]
Potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron (everything but lead, copper, silver, gold)
What metals react with acid? [C7]
Potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminium, zinc, iron, lead (everything but copper, silver, gold)
Review: What is the reactivity series? [C9]
Potassium, sodium, lithium, magnesium, aluminium, (carbon), zinc, iron, lead, (hydrogen), copper, silver, gold, platinum
What does pH stand for? [C3]
Potential of hydrogen
Review: What does pH stand for? [C4]
Potential of hydrogen.
Why does the use of fine powder solids and gases often lead to explosive reactions? [C6]
Powder has an increased surface area and hence there is an increased reaction rate.
Review: What electrical quantity determines the speed at which heat is lost? [P11]
Power
What electrical quantity determines how quickly heat is being generated? [P9]
Power
What should happen in an ideal transformer? - what happens in real life? [P11]
Power in = power out However, in real life power is lost to heat.
How do you make an insoluble salt using a soluble reactant - name the method and describe the method steps. [C4]
Precipitation - 1. mix the solutions; 2. filter the mixture; 3. wash precipitate; 4. dry precipitate;
What is required for iron to rust? [C7]
Presence of oxygen and water
What is the equation for pressure? [P5]
Pressure = Force / Area p = F / A
Describe the function of the choroid. [B7]
Prevents reflection or the scattering of light rays inside the eye.
What is the target organ of oestrogen? [B7]
Primary - genitals Secondary - breasts, hips, skin
What is the target organ of testosterone? [B7]
Primary - genitals Secondary - larynx, muscles, skeleton, skin shoulders
How is iron changed to form steel alloys? [C7]
Properties of iron are changed by the controlled use of additives to form steel alloys.
What is the enzyme for protein? [B4]
Protease (aka pepsin)
Describe the function of the sclera. [B7]
Protects eye against damage.
What are the causes of kwashiorkor? [B4]
Protein deficiency
What types of digestion are there that occur? [B4]
Protein digestion, starch digestion, etc.
What factor determines what type of element an atom is? [C1]
Proton number. (atoms of different element have different numbers of protons)
Why is there the same number of protons and electrons in an atom? [C1]
Protons have a +1 charge, electrons have a -1 charge. Therefore, in order for an atom to be neutral, the charge must equal 0, and there must be equal amounts of protons and electrons.
What are the arteries in the heart called and where are they located? [B5]
Pulmonary artery and aorta. Both arteries are located at the top of the heart, in the middle. The pulmonary artery is located in the right side of the heart and the aorta is located on the left side of the heart.
Name the main blood vessels to and from the lungs and explain whether they are to or from the lungs. [B5]
Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein. Blood enters the pulmonary vein FROM the lungs. Blood moves TO the lungs in the pulmonary artery.
How do you adjust the apparatus of the focal length experiment so the center of the image is level with the center of the lens? [P4]
Put the lens and object at the same height.
What is the symbol and unit for charge? [P3]
Q, in coulombs (C)
What is the symbol and unit for resistance? [P3]
R, in ohms (Ω)
Describe the actions of muscles in the iris and the pupil when there is a low light intensity. [B7]
Radial muscles contract, circular muscles relax, pupil dilates.
Describe the actions of muscles in the iris and the pupil when there is a high light intensity. [B7]
Radial muscles relax, circular muscles contract, pupil constricts.
List the types of light in the electromagnetic spectrum, in order of least to most energy. [P4]
Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma rays
Are railway lines made of stainless steel? Why or why not? [C7]
Railway lines are NOT made from stainless steel. They are made from a different type of steel that is stronger (ultimate tensile strength).
Define acid rain. [C10]
Rainfall being made acidic through atmospheric pollution.
Briefly explain range in a thermometer. [P2]
Range is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperature that the thermometer can read.
What are uses of electromagnets? [P11]
Relay switch, loudspeaker.
When is glucagon released and what is its response? [B7]
Released when blood glucose levels decrease. Turns glycogen back into glucose.
When is insulin released and what is its response? [B7]
Released when blood glucose levels increase. It converts glucose into glycogen (animal starch).
How do you solve echo questions? [P10]
Remember that to find the distance from the object and person calculate distance / 2, since an echo has to travel back and forth. Speed of sound in air is 330 m/s Speed of sound in water is 15000 m/s
What is the equation for resistance? Give the word and symbol equation. [P3]
Resistance = voltage / current R = V / I
What properties of aluminium make it useful for food containers and food packaging? [C7]
Resistance to corrosion (tough oxide layer)
What does a variable resistor look like in a circuit diagram? [P9]
Resistor with arrow going through it (arrow is pointing upwards and to the right).
What does the circuit symbol for NTC thermistors look like? [P9]
Resistor with hockey stick like symbol going through. See - https://www.uihere.com/free-cliparts/thermistor-electronic-symbol-electronics-resistor-hei%C3%9Fleiter-symbol-3441116
What does a fuse look like in a circuit diagram? [P9]
Resistor with horizontal line going through it.
What is the main difference between nutrition and respiration? [B1]
Respiration RELEASES energy, nutrition does not.
In the carbon cycle, name the process of carbon compounds in animals moving to carbon dioxide in the air. [B3]
Respiration of animals.
The vena cava enters the _______ (part of the heart). [B5]
Right atrium
What are the chambers of the heart called and where are they located? [B5]
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. The right atrium is in the top left corner of the heart, the right ventricle is below that. The left atrium is in the top right corner of the heart, the left ventricle is below that. Note that the reason right and left are opposite is because they are labelled in the perspective of the heart being your own.
The pulmonary artery leaves the _______ (part of the heart). [B5]
Right ventricle
Define turgid. [B1]
Rigid, stiff
Define the cervix. [B9]
Ring muscle at the opening of the uterus.
What can Vitamin C deficiency cause? [B4]
Scurvy --> easy bruising, swollen and bleeding gums, slow wound healing, dry skin, nosebleeds, weakened immune system, swollen and painful joints
Define a thermistor. [P9]
Semiconductor device where the resistance decreases as temperature increases.
What are the valves in the heart called and where are they located? [B5]
Semilunar valves, tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve. The semilunar valves are located BETWEEN the aorta and left ventricle, and BETWEEN the pulmonary artery and right ventricle. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle. The bicuspid valve is located between the left atrium and ventricle.
Describe the function of the sensory neuron in a reflex arc. [B7]
Send impulse from receptor to CNS
Describe the function of the motor in a reflex arc. [B7]
Send impulse to effector
Briefly explain sensitivity in a thermometer. [P2]
Sensitivity is the change in length per change in temperature. The smaller the diameter of the capillary tube, the higher the sensitivity.
What are the types of neurons? [B7]
Sensory neuron, interneuron (relay neuron), motor neuron (effector)
What are TWO main types of circuits? [P3]
Series and parallel.
Describe an experiment that can be used to determine the focal length of a lens. [P4]
Set up an illuminated object, lens, and screen so that they are all in line. The screen should have the image on it. The screen should be held by a block. There should also be a meter rule that is aligned with everything in order to measure distance.
Describe the short term and long term effects of carbon monoxide (in smoking). [B6]
Short term --> reduces oxygen carrying capacity of blood. Long term --> coronary heart disease.
Describe the short term and long term effects of nicotine (in smoking). [B6]
Short term --> relaxant, suppresses hunger. Long term --> coronary heart disease, addictive.
How do you find the appropriate fuse ratings (current) for an electronic device? [P9]
Should be higher than the operating current of the device, but not too high that the fuse doesn't break when current reaches dangerous levels.
Describe the structure of silicon dioxide. [C2]
Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure, and thus a lattice structure. It has the same structure as diamond, but this time with two elements (not just carbon). Each silicon atom is covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom is covalently bonded to two silicon atoms.
What is sand made of (chemically)? [C7]
Silicon oxide
Silver and Zinc are transition metals but they do NOT have multiple valencies. What are their valencies? This should be memorised. [C2]
Silver always has a valency of 1. Zinc always has a valency of 2.
Review: What are the valencies of silver and zinc? [C4]
Silver has a valency of 1, zinc has a valency of 2.
What are two main types of structures in covalent bonding? [C2]
Simple molecular and giant molecular.
Relate the structure of diamond to it's uses. [C2]
Since diamond has a tetrahedral shape and four bonds in all directions, making it a very strong substance, it is used in cutting tools.
Why are huge quantities of pollen required for a wind pollinated flower? [B8]
Since it is wind pollinated most pollen doesn't reach other flowers so a greater amount of pollen is needed to increase the likelihood of pollination.
Explain the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. [B2]
Since more light is absorbed, there is more energy for photosynthesis, and thus there is a greater rate of photosynthesis. However, this is only until other factors become limiting.
What is a possible advantage of self-pollination? [B8]
Since the plant doesn't require insects to pollinate it doesn't need to use up energy making colorful petals.
Describe the danger with damp conditions. [P9]
Since water is an electrical conductor, touching an appliance with wet hands could allow current to flow and give the person an electric shock.
What property of zinc makes it useful when coating iron? [C7]
Since zinc is more reactive than iron it can protect iron from rusting by sacrificial protection.
What is the name of the type of chemical bond between the hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen molecule? [C4]
Single covalent bond
Define mitochondrion. [B1]
Site of aerobic respiration.
Define chloroplasts. [B1]
Site of photosynthesis. Contains chlorophyll, the pigment that makes plants green.
What is the size of a wind pollinated flower? [B8]
Small
What part of the digestive system is involved with absorption? [B4]
Small intestine, large intestine
What is the shape and size of pollen grains in a wind pollinated flower? [B8]
Small, light, dry, and smooth
Why does it take more energy going from liquid to gas than a solid to liquid? [P2]
Solids have the strongest intermolecular forces, and liquids have weaker forces. Going from solid to liquid, energy is needed to LOOSEN the bonds. However, gases have virtually no bonds and their particles move far away from each other. Thus, there is a larger amount of energy needed to BREAK the bonds going from liquid to gas.
Describe the tendency of insulators in terms of electrons. [P3]
Some GIVE electrons and become POSITIVELY charged. Some COLLECT electrons and become NEGATIVELY charged.
Define infrasound. [P10]
Sound waves with frequencies LOWER than what is audible to the human ear.
Define average speed. [P1]
Speed averaged over a span of time.
What is the difference between speed and velocity? [P1]
Speed is a scalar, velocity is a vector. Speed only needs a value, but velocity also needs a direction.
What is the difference between speed and average speed? [P1]
Speed is at any given instant in time, and can also be called instantaneous speed. On the other hand, average speed is the speed averaged over a span of time, and thus considers changes of speed.
In distance time graphs, what does gradient represent? [P1]
Speed.
Compare the motility of sperm cells compared to egg cells. [B9]
Sperm cells are motile whereas egg cells are typically not capable of active movement.
Explain why oxygen is used when the sperm are using more energy. [B9]
Sperm get its energy from respiration. Oxygen combines with glucose to release energy.
Why are the testes and scrotum outside the body? [B9]
Sperm production is more rapid due to the cooler conditions.
When waves refract does their frequency change or stay the same? [P10]
Stay the same. This is the one property that remains the same (wave speed, wavelength etc all change).
Describe the stigma in a wind pollinated flower (also where is it located?). [B8]
Sticky and feathery, can be net-like, outside the flower
Describe the stigma in an insect pollinated flower (also where is it located?). [B8]
Sticky, inside the flower
Where is protease secreted? [B4]
Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
How do enzymes function? [B4]
Substrates bind onto the active site of enzymes. These active sites have a shape specific to the substrate. After bonding with the substrate the enzyme breaks the substrate down into smaller bits by weakening the bonds in the substrate.
What does polymerised mean? [B2]
Sugar molecules joined together.
What are the solubility rules for what's soluble? [C4]
Sulphates - all soluble except calcium, strontium, barium, and LEAD. (don't forget lead, it's not part of castro bear acronym, you can remember lame castro bear) Nitrates - all soluble. Ammonium - all soluble. Group 1/Group 7 - all soluble except silver, mercury, and lead from group 7.
List three factors affecting evaporation. [P2]
Surface area, air flow, temperature. (+ humidity)
Explain the reaction of skin when body temperature falls. [B7]
Sweat glands are inactive. Small arteries in skin constrict blood vessels and leads to less blood flow near the surface and less radiation. Hairs stick up to trap more air through insulation. Erector muscles contract and pull the base of the hair follicle and the shaft of the hair straightens.
Explain the reaction of skin when body temperature rises. [B7]
Sweat glands produce sweat, which evaporates to cool the surface of the skin. Small arteries in skin dilate blood vessels and leads to more blood flow near the surface of the skin. More heat is lost through radiation. Hairs lie flat to trap less air and cause less insulation Erector muscles relax causing the follicle to go back to normal position and the shaft of hair goes flat.
Define ingestion. [B4]
Taking substances, (e.g food and drink), into the body through the mouth.
Define temperature AND heat. [P2]
Temperature is the degree of heat in a substance(how hot it is). Heat is the measure of how much thermal energy it contains.
List the major factors that affect the rate of transpiration. [B2]
Temperature, light intensity, wind speed, humidity.
How do you test for the anion CARBONATE? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: add a little dilute hydrochloric acid to a solution containing carbonate, then bubble the gas through limewater Positive result: gas turns limewater milky, forms a white precipitate
How do you test for the anion BROMIDE? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: add a little dilute nitric acid to a solution containing bromide, then add silver nitrate solution Positive result: yellow precipitate that slowly turns grey in sunlight
How do you test for the anion CHLORIDE? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: add a little dilute nitric acid to a solution containing chloride, then add silver nitrate solution Positive result: white precipitate that slowly turns purple in sunlight
How do you test for the anion NITRATE? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: add a little sodium hydroxide and a tiny pinch of aluminum powder to a solution containing nitrate Positive result: ammonia is produced (turns damp red litmus blue)
How do you test for the aqueous cation AMMONIUM? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: add dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide Positive result: ammonia gas is given off (turns litmus blue)
How do you test for the aqueous cation COPPER (II)? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: add dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide/aqueous ammonium hydroxide Positive result: pale blue precipitate for both, if you add excess in ammonium hydroxide it also gives a dark blue solution
How do you test for the aqueous cation IRON (II)? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: add dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide/aqueous ammonium hydroxide Positive result: pale green precipitate
How do you test for the aqueous cation IRON (III)? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: add dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide/aqueous ammonium hydroxide Positive result: red brown precipitate
How do you test for the aqueous cation ZINC (II)? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: add dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide/aqueous ammonium hydroxide Positive result: white precipitate for both, if you add excess the solution for both becomes colorless
How do you test for the aqueous cation CALCIUM? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: add dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide/aqueous ammonium hydroxide Positive result: white precipitate forms in aqueous sodium hydroxide, no precipitate/very slight white precipitate for aqueous ammonium hydroxide
How do you test for the anion SULPHATE? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: add dilute hydrochloric acid to a solution containing sulphate, then add barium chloride solution Positive result: white precipitate formed
How do you test for the gas CARBON DIOXIDE? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: bubble gas through lime water Positive result: limewater turns cloudy, white precipitate
How do you test for the gas OXYGEN? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: collect gas in test tube and hold glowing splint to it (get glowing splint by lighting a splint then blowing it out) Positive result: splint immediately bursts into flame
How do you test for the gas HYDROGEN? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: collect gas in test tube and hold lighted splint over it. Positive result: gas burns with squeaky pop.
How do you test for the gas CHLORINE? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: hold damp indicator paper in gas, in fume cupboard Positive result: indicator paper turns white
How do you test for the gas AMMONIA? What is the positive result? [C5]
Test: hold damp red litmus in it Positive result: litmus turns blue
What gland releases testosterone? [B7]
Testes
What does the presence of starch indicate in a leaf? [B2]
That photosynthesis is taking place.
What is important to pay attention to in electrolysis diagrams when gases have been produced at the electrodes? [C9]
The RATIO of gas volume produced. For example, if there's a 2:1 ratio in the electrodes that gives you a hint of what the electrolyte is because it means that the gaseous products must have a 2:1 molar ratio.
Explain what happens to the enzyme when it is denatured (in terms of the lock and key theory). [B4]
The active site can no longer fit the substrate (it's irreversible)
Why does the alpha particle bend less than the beta? [P6]
The alpha particle is significantly larger in mass and hence takes more force to bend.
Define the angle of incidence. [P4]
The angle between the incident ray and normal.
Define the angle of reflection. [P4]
The angle between the reflected ray and normal.
What is the Law of Reflection? [P4]
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. (also, the incident ray, reflected ray, and normal, all lie in the same plane)
Where are the coronary arteries? What is their role? [B5]
The aorta branches off into two main coronary blood vessels, which are the coronary arteries. They supply oxygen to the heart. The right coronary artery supplies blood mainly to the right side of the heart, and the left coronary artery supplies blood mainly to the left side.
Define relative atomic mass. [C1]
The average mass of naturally occurring atoms of an element (on a scale where carbon-12 has a mass of exactly 12 units).
Sometimes a battery is connected to a transformer but the output voltage turns out to by zero. Why is this? [P11]
The battery is only DC (direct current) and thus does not cause a changing magnetic field.
Explain thermal expansion of a bimetallic strip, what happens, and why. [P2]
The bimetallic strip curves. This is because there are two types of metals that expand differently, and so the one on the outside of the curve expands more.
What is the fovea? [B7]
The blind spot. The area where the optic nerve connects to the retina in the back of the eye, there is a total absence of cones and rods in this area and so each eye is completely blind in this spot.
Explain gaseous exchange in the lungs. [B6]
The blood brings in carbon dioxide, keeping the concentration of carbon dioxide higher in the blood than in the air in the alveoli. Therefore carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the alveoli. Oxygen in the air sacs is at a higher concentration than in the blood, so oxygen passes from the alveoli into the blood and is quickly carried away.
Define electrolysis. [C9]
The breakdown of an ionic compound when molten or in aqueous solution by the passage of electricity.
Define mechanical digestion. [B4]
The breakdown of large lumps of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules, by physical mean (e.g teeth)
Define digestion. [B4]
The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes.
Define chemical digestion. [B4]
The breakdown of large, insoluble molecules of food into small, soluble molecules, using enzymes.
Define velocity. [P1]
The change in an object's position with respect to time.
Define acceleration. [P1]
The change in an object's velocity with respect to time.
Define rate of reaction. [C6]
The change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time.
Define refraction. [P4]
The change in direction of light when passing through different mediums.
Define climate change. [C10]
The change in global or regional climate patterns such as weather and temperature.
Define the endocrine system. [B7]
The collection of glands that regulate activities.
Define displacement in terms of waves. [P10]
The distance a particle has moved from its normal, undisturbed position.
Define the focal length. [P4]
The distance between the optic center (center of the lens) and principal focus.
Define wavelength. [P10]
The distance between two successive points with the same displacement and motion. (The distance between two successive crests or compressions)
Define the wavelength of a progressive transverse wave. [P10]
The distance moved by a wavefront during one oscillation of the source.
When alkenes react with halogens (e.g bromine) what happens? [C8]
The double bond breaks and the halogen atoms join with the carbon atoms.
When alkenes react with steam (water) what happens? [C8]
The double bond breaks to form alcohols.
When alkenes react with hydrogen what happens? [C8]
The double bond breaks to form alkanes.
Explain what happens when a charged and neutral object attract one another. [P3]
The electrons in the charged object repulse the electrons in the neutral object, thus creating an attractive force at the point of contact. It is the movement that makes the charge, but the overall charge of the object remains neutral.
What happens in oxidation? What happens in terms of electrons? [C7]
The element gets oxidized. It gains oxygen. It loses an electron.
What happens in reduction? What happens in terms of electrons? [C7]
The element gets reduced. It loses oxygen. It gains an electron.
What is the relationship between the energy entering an ecosystem and the energy in the biomass? [B3]
The energy entering an ecosystem is always MORE than the energy trapped in the biomass. (This makes sense since lots of energy is lost by heat, respiration, etc.)
Define kinetic energy. [P2]
The energy of motion. Any object in motion is using kinetic energy.
What is the unit of measurement for a pyramid of energy? Mention what is measured but also the specific units used. [B3]
The energy per unit area per unit time. The units are kj/m²/year. (kilojoules per square meter per year)
What happens in sexual intercourse? [B9]
The erect penis is placed into the vagina. The lining of the vagina produces a fluid to lubricate the passage for the penis to slide in and out. This movement stimulates the penis, causing sperm to leave the testes and then mix with fluid from the prostate gland to make semen. This semen is eventually ejaculated into the female. Once inside the vagina the sperm can swim through the uterus and up the oviducts.
Describe how wind speed impacts transpiration rate, and why. [B2]
The faster the wind speed, the greater the transpiration rate. This is because water particles are removed from the outside leaf, allowing water to diffuse more rapidly (steeper concentration gradient), and thus transpire faster.
Define a zygote. [B9]
The fertilised egg.
Define contact force. [P5]
The force due to an object pushing on another.
What is Newton's 2nd law? [P5]
The force experienced by an object is proportional to its mass times the acceleration it experiences. (essentially, F = ma)
What is Newton's Second Law? [P5]
The force experienced by an object is proportional to its mass times the acceleration it experiences. (i.e F = ma)
Define weight. [P5]
The force of gravity on an object. (force is due to gravity)
Define friction. [P5]
The force that opposes motion.
Define intermolecular forces. [P2]
The forces that exist between molecules.
Define polymerisation. [C8]
The formation of a polymer.
Lower temperature gives a higher yield of ammonia because... [C6]
The forward reaction is exothermic (produces heat), so at lower temperatures the system will favor the forward reaction --> it will 'want' to produce heat
Define air resistance. [P5]
The frictional force due to movement through air.
Define photosynthesis. [B2]
The fundamental process by which green plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light.
Define fertilisation. [B8]
The fusion of male and female gametes.
Define fertilisation in humans. [B9]
The fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and the female gamete (egg cell).
What happens at the cathode when halogens are in the electrolyte? [C9]
The gas form of the halogen will always be the product at the cathode.
Describe how light intensity impacts transpiration rate, and why. [B2]
The higher the light intensity, the faster the transpiration. This is because the higher the light intensity, the wider the stomata (openings in the leaf) open, allowing more carbon dioxide into the leaf for photosynthesis. Thus, the wider the stomata, the more water evaporates from the leaf, and thus the faster the transpiration.
What is the function of the uterus? [B9]
The implantation and development of the embryo.
Why do impurities in a liquid elevate its boiling point? [C5]
The impurities create extra intermolecular forces. Hence, more energy is required to overcome the forces.
What is the source of carbon monoxide? [C6]
The incomplete combustion of carbon-containing substances.
What is the source of carbon monoxide? [B3]
The incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
Define the Haber Process. [C6]
The industrial process used to make ammonia from the starting materials; hydrogen and nitrogen.
Define the contact process. [C6]
The industrial process used to make sulfuric acid from the starting materials; sulfur, oxygen and water.
Which ventricle has thicker walls? Why? [B5]
The left ventricle has thicker walls. This is because it has to pump blood much further.
How does a converging lens in a camera produce sharp images on the film when the object is far and when it is near? [P4]
The lens are moved with respect to the film - closer for distant objects, further for near objects.
Define the incident ray. [P4]
The light ray shined on the mirror.
Define the principal axis. [P4]
The line passing through the center of the surface of a lens (horizontal line).
Define the normal. [P4]
The line perpendicular from the mirror.
Define the lens axis. [P4]
The line splitting the lens in half vertically.
What is the solvent in a solution? [B1]
The liquid in a solution (e.g water in salt water).
How is thermal expansion applied in a thermometer? [P2]
The liquid inside the thermometer expands(or contracts) depending on the heat of the substance it is in. When the substance is hot it causes the particles in the thermometer to gain kinetic energy, eventually reaching the liquid inside the thermometer. From there, thermal expansion occurs, the liquid rises inside the thermometer, and its volume can be measured using the scale on the thermometer(normally in ºC).
Which side of a leaf loses water by evaporation the most? Why? [B2]
The lower epidermis loses more water by evaporation than the upper epidermis. This is because the lower epidermis contains more stoma, meaning it has more openings for water to evaporate through.
Describe how humidity impacts transpiration rate, and why. [B2]
The lower the humidity, the faster the transpiration. This is because the less water particles in the outside leaf, the faster the diffusion of water (steeper concentration gradient), and thus, the faster the transpiration.
Define absolute zero. [P2]
The lowest possible theoretical temperature, where there is no heat energy. It is at 0 ºK.
Which organ removes carbon dioxide from your body? [B6]
The lungs
Define palisade mesophyll. Also describe its position. [B2]
The main photosynthetic layer of a leaf, containing tightly packed cells full of chloroplasts. It is above the spongy mesophyll and below the upper epidermis.
Define homeostasis. [B7]
The maintenance of a constant internal environment.
Define semen. [B9]
The male reproductive fluid that contains sperm and other fluids secreted by the prostate gland.
What is the amount of refraction dependent upon? [P4]
The material of the medium.
Define ventilation. [B6]
The mechanical act of breathing.
Where are the metalloids? [C3]
The metalloids are located in a staircase pattern on the right of the periodic table. (it's best explained visually) They include boron followed by silicon directly diagonally downwards to the right from it, and then a staircase pattern from there first going downwards then ending at astatine.
Why do ions such as iron, magnesium, and zinc become insoluble in alkaline soils? [C4]
The metals form insoluble hydroxides.
Define activation energy. [C6]
The minimum amount of energy for a reaction.
Define stomata. [B2]
The minute openings in the epidermis of a plant, through which gases and water vapour enter and exit.
Define electrons. [P3]
The negatively-charged particles in an atom.
Define the mass/nucleon number. [C1]
The number of particles in the nucleus; equal to number of protons + number of neutrons
Define the atomic number. [C1]
The number of protons in an element.
Define frequency for waves. [P10]
The number of waves passing a certain point in one second.
What happens when there is a resultant force? [P5]
The object will move in the direction of the resultant force. (or decelerate if it is already moving in an opposite direction)
What is the sepal on a flower? [B8]
The outer part of a flower found below the petals. It is often small and green.
Explain what the shielding effect is. [C3]
The outer shells getting shielded from the attraction of the nucleus (due to the inner shells).
What are the parts of the female reproductive system? [B9]
The ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina.
Where are the oviducts located and what do they look like? [B9]
The oviducts are tubes coming out of the uterus and into the ovaries.
Define optimum pH. [B4]
The pH that the experiment is best carried out in.
What happens in budding? [B8]
The parent plant produces a clone of itself. This clone is part of the original parent plant (section of plant). This clone then splits from the parent plant (e.g in a hydra plant). It is then grown separately.
What is the receptacle on a flower? [B8]
The part of a flower stalk the flower is attached.
Explain gas pressure. [P2]
The particles in a gas move fast and in all directions, often colliding with one another. When they collide with the walls of their container they thus exert pressure.
Define egestion. [B4]
The passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as faeces, through the anus.
Where is the penis located and what does it look like? [B9]
The penis is the cylindrical structure that is in between the testes and contains the urethra.
Define growth (as a characteristic of all living organisms). [B1]
The permanent increase in size and dry mass due to increase in cell number or cell size or both.
What are the parts of an embryo called? [B8]
The plumule, radicle, and cotyledon
Define the principal focus. [P4]
The point where parallel light rays exiting the lens meet.
What is germination? [B8]
The process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure.
Define menstruation. [B9]
The process in a woman of discharging blood and other materials from the lining of the uterus.
Define solidification. [P2]
The process of a substance changing into a solid. It can be freezing or deposition.
Define accommodation. [B7]
The process of an eye altering the thickness of its lens depending on if an object is near or distant.
Define asexual reproduction. [B8]
The process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent.
Define sexual reproduction. [B8]
The production of genetically different offspring from 2 parents. It involves the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes (sex cells) to form a zygote.
What is the function of the testes? [B9]
The production of sperm (male gametes). They make testosterone at puberty.
Where is the prostate gland located and what does it look like? [B9]
The prostate gland is located at the top of the male reproductive system and has a walnut-like shape.
Explain brownian motion. [P2]
The random movement of particles in a suspension, because they are bombarded by the other moving particles in the fluid. Larger particles can be moved by light, fast-moving molecules. These larger particles are visible whereas the smaller ones are not.
Define brownian motion. [P2]
The random movement of particles in a suspension.
Define activity. [P6]
The random, spontaneous emission of radiation from the nucleus of an unstable isotope. This is to try to get the nucleus into a more stable state.
Define radioactive decay. [P6]
The rate at which a source of unstable nuclei decays, measured in decays per second.
Define the thermite reaction. [C7]
The reaction of aluminium with iron oxide to produce molten iron.
Define the object. [P4]
The real object in front of the mirror.
What happens to a red blood cell when it is placed in water and why? [B1]
The red blood cell swells/bursts. This is due to water entering the red blood cell.
Define the active site/cleft. [B4]
The region on an enzyme that binds to the substrate during a reaction.
Define excretion (as a characteristic of all living organisms). [B1]
The removal from organisms of toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements. Excretion HAS to be waste from metabolism (faeces ≠ excretion!!).
Explain which side of the heart carries oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. [B5]
The right side of the heart carries DEOXYGENATED blood. The left side of the heart carries OXYGENATED blood.
Where is the scrotum located? [B9]
The scrotum is suspended outside the body and surrounds the testes.
Define dispersion. [P4]
The separation of white light into colours according to wavelength.
In a battery symbol, which side is negative and which is positive? [P3]
The shorter line is the negative side (the longer one is the positive).
Define static electricity. [P3]
The single, sudden transfer of electrons from one place to another.
Define the 'source' in translocation. [B2]
The site of sucrose formation.
Define the 'sink' in translocation. [B2]
The site of sucrose use.
Define an atom. [C1]
The smallest unit of an element.
Define a neuron (aka nerve cell). [B7]
The smallest unit of the nervous system.
Define solute and solvent. [C4]
The solute is the dissolved substance in the solution, and the solvent is the liquid in the solution.
Define the electrolyte. [C9]
The solution or molten liquid that is undergoing electrolysis.
Define current electricity. [P3]
The steady flow of electrons along a circuit.
Define the pollen tube. [B8]
The structure that grows from a pollen grain on the stigma. It carries the male gamete and travels through the style into the ovary.
What is the solute in a solution? [B1]
The substance dissolved in the liquid, usually with lesser quantity and usually the solid (e.g salt in salt water).
Define the substrate. [B4]
The substance on which an enzyme acts.
Describe voltage (potential difference) in a series circuit. [P9]
The sum of the voltages across the components is equal to the total voltage across the supply. V₂ + V₃ + ... + Vₙ = V total
Define metabolism. [B1]
The sum total of all chemical reactions inside living cells in an organism.
Explain the importance of the sun in terms of being an energy source. [P7]
The sun is the source of energy for all our energy resources except geothermal, nuclear, and tidal.
Explain how sweating cools the body by evaporation. [P2]
The sweat particles on someone's skin gain energy from the surroundings. This causes the fastest sweat particles to evaporate into the air, hence decreasing the average kinetic energy. Thus, temperature decreases which cools the sweat on the body thus cooling the body. (make sure to mention that molecules gain energy from surroundings)
Define nutrition (as a characteristic of all living organisms). [B1]
The taking in of materials for energy, growth and development.
Define optimal temperature. [B2]
The temperature in which which a procedure is best carried out (e.g the temperature of a plant for the highest rate of photosynthesis).
What happens to the temperature of a substance during evaporation? Why? (use kinetic theory in your explanation) [P2]
The temperature of a substance decreases (cooling). This is because the average kinetic energy decreases due to the fast particles escaping into the air for evaporation. Average kinetic energy is directly proportional to temperature, so thus, temperature also decreases.
Define volatility. [C2]
The tendency of a substance to vaporize.
Define thermal expansion. [P2]
The tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature.
What are the parts of the male reproductive system? [B9]
The testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra, penis.
Define half life. [P6]
The time taken for a number of unstable nuclei of a particular isotope to halve.
Define biomass. [B3]
The total dry weight of all organisms in an ecosystem.
Describe resistors in series. [P9]
The total resistance of resistors is the sum of the individual resistances.
Which tubes in the respiratory system contain cartilage, and what is the function of this cartilage? [B6]
The trachea and their role is to keep airways open.
Define an ionic bond. [C2]
The transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals.
Define pollination. [B8]
The transfer of pollen from the anther to stigma.
Define seed dispersal. [B8]
The transportation of seeds away from the parent plant.
Define the greenhouse effect. [B3]
The trapping of the sun's heat in a planet's lower atmosphere due to atmospheric gases absorbing energy from the sun.
What is the umbilical cord made of? What do these parts do? [B9]
The umbilical artery and the umbilical vein. The veins carry oxygenated blood to the baby and the arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the baby.
Define the upper and lower epidermis. [B2]
The upper and lower surface of a leaf, respectively.
Define buoyant force. [P5]
The upwards force that is due to the buoyancy of objects in the water.
Where is the urethra located and what does it look like? [B9]
The urethra is a thin tube inside the penis.
Why do impurities in a solid reduce its melting point? [C5]
The usual pattern of intermolecular forces is disrupted by the impurities. Hence, molecules are less tightly held and it is easier to overcome the intermolecular forces.
Where is the uterus located? [B9]
The uterus is in between the cervix and the oviducts.
Where is the vagina located? [B9]
The vagina is at the bottom of the female reproductive system, below the cervix.
How do you write valencies for compounds containing transition metals? [C2]
The valency is given as a roman numeral after the transition metal. For example, if the iron has a valency of 3 in iron chloride it is written as Iron (III) Chloride.
Define the dependent variable. [B2]
The variable that depends on the change of another (it is also what you measure).
Define the independent variable. [B2]
The variable that isn't dependent on other variables. It is the variable that you change.
Where is the cornea in the eyeball? [B7]
The very front part of the eyeball.
What happens in HIV? [B9]
The virus infects lymphocytes (type of white blood cell) that produce antibodies. Thus, over time the body loses its ability to fight infectious diseases.
Define thoracic volume. [B6]
The volume of gas contained within the chest cavity.
Explain the 'lock and key' theory. [B4]
The way a substrate fits into an active site (the active site is on the enzyme).
Why is graphite soft and slippery? [C2]
The weak forces between graphite layers make them easy to break and thus soft and slippery.
In circuit experiments resistances don't usually match exactly with the theories. What are the most common reasons for this? [P9]
The wires and measuring devices themselves have some resistance. Not reading voltmeter or ammeter exactly.
Name the main structure of ciliated cells and why it exists. [B1]
Their cilia; tiny hair like projections that waft and remove mucus and dust particles.
Why must ionic compounds be molten for electrolysis? [C9]
Their ions can move when molten (but not when solid), and hence only then can the ions conduct electricity.
Why are metals hard? [C7]
Their particles are tightly packed.
Why do metals have high density? [C7]
Their particles are tightly packed.
What happens to gases in a fixed container when their temperature increases? [P2]
Their pressure increases.
Name the structural adaptations of a sperm cell, and why they exist. [B1]
Their tails make a whip-like motion, enabling movement; they also have a haploid nucleus, in order to carry half the father's DNA in reproduction.
Why is there a fewer number of animals as you go higher up in the food levels? [B3]
There are energy losses at each stage. This is due to respiration, heat loss, excretion, uneaten parts, etc. Hence, less energy is available to the animals in the higher food levels.
Describe the structure and parts of a long section of xylem. [B2]
There are horizontal lines of lignin, a tough supporting material. Xylem cells lay end to end.
Compare the numbers of sperm cells compared to egg cells. [B9]
There are many millions of sperm cells but only one egg cell per month.
In a stem cross section, how is the xylem and phloem positioned? [B2]
There are several egg-shaped vascular bundles around the center of the stem cross section. In each vascular bundle the xylem is inwards (towards the center), and the phloem is outwards (towards the outside).
In a root cross section, how is the xylem and phloem positioned? [B2]
There is a circular vascular bundle in the center of the root cross section. The xylem is in a cross in the middle, and the phloem is circular, filling in the four empty spaces.
Describe the parts of a circuit breaker. [P9]
There is a current that goes through a wire that is wrapped around an electromagnet. The wire at the end of the electromagnet is then connected to an iron pivot. This pivot is holding up a spring at one side and is also attached to a pair of contacts on the other side. These contacts are normally touching one another. A wire is attached to the end of the other contact (the one not touching the pivot), thus allowing a current to flow through normally.
How does transpiration work? [B2]
There is a loss of water vapour from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells, followed by diffusion of water vapour through the stomata.
How does a DC motor work? [P11]
There is a magnet and current from a circuit. This circuit is attached to a coil by brushes and commutator rings. The coil is then placed between the magnet. The commutator rings attached to the coil switch every 180º in order to always connect with the power source of opposite polarity. Thus, electricity always flows the same way and one side of the coil is moving down while the opposite moves up.
Describe the temperature-time graph for a substance changing from solid --> liquid --> gas. (heating curve) What would it be like if it were changing from gas --> liquid --> solid? (cooling curve) [P2]
There is a positive gradient when the substance is solid. Temperature is increasing. When the substance starts melting, the graph becomes a horizontal line. Temperature remains constant. It remains a horizontal line until the substance is fully liquid. It then returns to a positive gradient whilst the substance is still liquid. Temperature is increasing again. This is until the next phase change, vaporization. During vaporization the graph becomes a horizontal line again, until it finally becomes a gas. If the substance were changing from gas --> liquid --> solid, it would simply be the exact opposite. However, instead of vaporization it would be condensing, and instead of melting it would be freezing. This explanation is best explained visually, with the graph itself. This can be found in page 17 of the P2 booklet.
Explain the double circulatory system. [B5]
There is the lungs, heart, body, and arteries and veins. First, blood exits the heart through arteries and then travels into the lungs. Then from the lungs blood travels through veins back into the heart. Secondly, blood exits the heart through arteries and then moves through the body where it moves through capillaries. Blood then exits through veins back into the heart.
Describe where the alveoli are in the respiratory system. [B6]
They are air sacs at the end of each bronchiole.
What are the refractive indexes of mediums denser than glass always GREATER than? [P4]
They are always greater than 1 if the medium is denser than glass. This is useful to know to check working. For example, if you get a refractive index less than 1, you know you've made a mistake in your calculations.
Describe where the ribs are in the respiratory system. [B6]
They are around the lungs.
In covalent bonding, what are shared electrons attracted by? [C2]
They are attracted by one another's nuclei.
How is temperature related to average kinetic energy? [P2]
They are directly proportional. Increased temperature leads to increased average kinetic energy of the particles (and vice versa for decreasing temperature).
Where are root hair cells found and why? [B1]
They are found in the roots of a plant, inside the hairs sprouting from the roots. They are in the roots as water and minerals are found in soil.
Where are palisade mesophyll cells found and why? [B1]
They are found in the upper layer of the leaf, in order to absorb the most light
Describe where the bronchioles are in the respiratory system. [B6]
They are further splits in the bronchi.
Describe the hardness and state of ionic compounds. [C2]
They are hard, brittle, and always solids.
Describe the bonds that ions are held by. [C2]
They are held by electrostatic attractions.
Describe where the intercostal muscles are in the respiratory system. [B6]
They are in between and on the inside of the ribs.
Describe where the rings of cartilage are in the respiratory system. [B6]
They are in the trachea.
In a leaf cross section, how is the xylem and phloem positioned? [B2]
They are inside a circular vascular bundle. The xylem is in the shape of a semi circle, above the phloem which is in the same shape.
Where are the ovaries located? [B9]
They are located on either side of the female reproductive systems and hang from the oviducts.
What are alkenes made up of and what are their bonds? [C8]
They are made up of chains of carbon atoms with one double bond (they have at least one C=C bond).
What are alkanes made up of and what are their bonds? [C8]
They are made up of chains of carbon atoms with single covalent bonds (C-C) between them.
How are chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide manufactured using electrolysis? [C9]
They are manufactured from concentrated aqueous sodium chloride, also known as brine. This solution contains sodium, hydrogen, chlorine, and hydroxide ions. Hence through electrolysis chlorine (product in anode), hydrogen (product in anode), and sodium hydroxide (stays in solution) are obtained.
Describe where the pleural membranes are in the respiratory system. [B6]
They are outside the lungs.
How are alloys represented in particle diagrams? [C7]
They are represented as mixtures where particles are different sizes.
Are the bonds that ions are held by strong or weak? [C2]
They are strong.
Describe the bonds between atoms in simple molecular substances. [C2]
They are strong. (this is between atoms not molecules)
Define the petals. What is their role in a plant? [B8]
They are the flower parts of a plant. They may be scented. Their role is to attract insects, birds, or other mammals.
In electrolysis, how do you figure out which ions are the ones that gain and lose electrons? [C9]
They are the ions that end up becoming the product at the electrodes.
How do you extract silver and gold? [C7]
They are the least reactive so they are found as pure elements.
What is the role of the bronchi? [B6]
They are the passages of air right before air enters the lungs.
What directions can translocation occur in? [B2]
They can occur upwards and downwards.
How do pesticides cause harm to wildlife? [B3]
They enter the food chain.
What is the trend for the colour of halogens? [C3]
They get DARKER as you go down.
Do metals give or gain electrons? [C2]
They give electrons.
What is the density of noble gases like? What is the trend for density? [C3]
They have LOW density. Density INCREASES as you go down. (you can remember this by knowing that helium is one of the lightest elements)
What differences do isotopes have? [C1]
They have a different amount of neutrons. They have different mass numbers.
Describe the structure of ionic compounds. [C2]
They have a lattice structure. Ions cluster, and do NOT stay in pairs. Each positive ion is surrounded by six negative ions and vice versa, ultimately forming a regular 3D array. If this still does not make sense, google 'lattice structure' in google images.
Why are curved mirrors used in vehicles (as opposed to plane mirrors) [P4]
They have a wider viewing angle, and thus have a larger field of view so the driver can see more.
Describe the melting and boiling points of giant molecular substances. [C2]
They have high melting and boiling points.
Describe the melting and boiling points of ionic compounds. [C2]
They have high melting and boiling points.
Describe the melting and boiling points of simple molecular substances. [C2]
They have low melting and boiling points.
Why are metals malleable and ductile? [C7]
They have non-directional bonds - when a force is applied the metal layers of ions are able to slide past one another and become sheets/wires.
Why do metals have high melting and boiling points? [C7]
They have strong bonds and thus require a lot of energy to be broken.
List a few similarities of isotopes. [C1]
They have the same proton number. Thus, they have the same electron number. They also have the same chemical properties.
Describe the way that particles move in brownian motion. [P2]
They move in straight lines (due to collisions). NOT curves. This is important for questions that ask you to draw the movement of particles in brownian motion.
How do you extract metals above carbon in the reactivity series? [C7]
Through electrolysis - an electric current is delivered through the ore to purify it (requires a lot of energy)
Describe the structure of platelets. [B5]
Tiny fragments of cells (cannot even recognise them in a micrograph).
Where is the fovea in the eyeball? [B7]
Tiny pit located in the retina
What gland releases auxin? [B7]
Tips of shoots and roots (growing regions)
What is the role of the bronchioles? [B6]
To allow for the formation of a large number of alveoli.
What is the function of stomata? [B2]
To allow gases to pass in and out.
Why are the petals of an insect pollinated flower brightly coloured? [B8]
To attract insects.
What is the function of the palisade mesophyll? [B2]
To be the main photosynthetic layer.
Describe the function of arteries. [B5]
To carry blood from heart to organs.
What is the role of motor neurons? [B7]
To carry information from the CNS.
What is the role of sensory neurons? [B7]
To carry information to the CNS.
What is the function of the urethra? [B9]
To carry urine and semen out of the body.
What is the role of dendrites? [B7]
To collect electrical signals.
Why is there a need for fixed points in temperature? [P2]
To compare temperature despite different conditions.
Describe the function of capillaries. [B5]
To connect arteries and veins. Also for transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose and other waste products.
What is the function of the cervix? [B9]
To connect the uterus to the vagina.
Describe the function of the retina. [B7]
To contain light receptors, some sensitive to light of different colors, in order to detect different wavelengths of light (colour).
What is the role of the ovary? [B8]
To contain ova.
What is the function of erector muscles on the skin? [B7]
To contract to make hair stand up
What is the role of the nucleus? [B1]
To control all cell activities and carry DNA.
Describe the function of the iris. [B7]
To control how much light enters the pupil.
What is the role of the cell membrane? [B1]
To control the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
What is the role of receptors? [B7]
To detect a stimulus.
What is the function of temperature receptors on the skin? [B7]
To detect temperature changes.
What is the function of the spongy mesophyll, and how does it carry it out? [B2]
To enable gas exchange, as it is loosely packed and full of large air spaces.
Describe the function of the lens. [B7]
To focus light onto the retina.
What is the purpose of lenses? [P4]
To focus light.
What is the function of cellulose in a plant? [B2]
To form plant cell walls and provide strength and support for the woody parts of plants. This is because cellulose is a hard substance and its polymerisation is not easily reversed.
Why do farmers add lime to soil? [C4]
To increase the pH of the soil. (increase alkalinity)
Why is chlorine added to water that will be used for drinking? [C3]
To kill disease-causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses in the water.
What is the importance of having/adding an excess solid during filtration when making salts? [C4]
To make sure all the acid has reacted/has been neutralised.
What type of circuits would you choose to maximize or minimize resistance? [P9]
To maximize resistance use a SERIES circuit. To minimize resistance use a PARALLEL circuit.
Define precision. [P1]
To more decimal places or to smaller units.
What is the role of the cilia? [B6]
To move mucus away from lungs.
What is the tendency of electrons in ALL types of bonding? [C2]
To obtain a noble gas configuration.
What is the function of the oesophagus? [B4]
To pass food from the mouth to the stomach.
What is the role of the axon? [B7]
To pass the electrical signals to another cell (another cell's dendrites/an effector)
What are the roles of valves? [B5]
To prevent backflow.
What is the function of the waxy cuticle? [B2]
To prevent water loss. It is also clear to let sunlight through for photosynthesis.
What is the role of the anther? [B8]
To produce and contain pollen.
What is the function of the ovaries in humans? [B9]
To produce and release eggs (female gametes). They also produce the female sex horomones.
What is the function of the prostate gland? [B9]
To produce fluids to nourish the sperm cells and help them swim. This fluid and the sperm forms semen.
What is the function of sweat glands on the skin? [B7]
To produce sweat (cooling mechanism)
What is the role of a fuse? [P9]
To protect a circuit.
What is the function of the amniotic sac? [B9]
To protect the embryo. It produces and encloses the amniotic fluid.
What is the role of the sepal in a plant? [B8]
To protect the flower while it is still developing from a bud.
What is the function of the upper epidermis? [B2]
To protect the leaf.
What is the role of the trachea? [B6]
To provide airflow to and from the lungs for respiration.
What is the role of the stigma? [B8]
To receive pollen. They are covered in a sticky substance so that pollen grains will stick to them during pollination.
What is the function of the vagina? [B9]
To receive the penis during sexual intercourse, thus receiving the sperm cells. It is also the birth canal for the baby.
What is paper chromatography used for? [C5]
To separate and identify different substances in a mixture. (It gives you an idea of the amount and types of substances present, but not their amounts.)
What is the role of fractional distillation in terms of crude oil? [C8]
To separate crude oil into useful fractions.
Why are pollen grains in an insect pollinated flower sticky or spiky? [B8]
To stick to insects well.
Why are there medications to prevent radiation being emitted by chemicals in people's bodies? [P6]
To stop cancer.
What is the role of the style? [B8]
To support and present the stigma.
What is the function of the oviducts? [B9]
To transfer eggs to the uterus. It is also the site of fertilisation.
What is the function of the penis? [B9]
To transfer semen to the vagina during sexual intercourse.
What is the function of the sperm ducts? [B9]
To transfer sperm to the urethra.
What is the function of phloem? [B2]
To transport sugar and amino acids.
What is the function of xylem? [B2]
To transport water and minerals from the roots up to other parts of the plant
What is the function of ciliated cells? [B1]
To waft and remove mucus and dust particles.
Describe the danger with the overheating of cables. [P9]
Too much current creates heat that can melt the insulation which can cause poisonous fumes to be emitted. The cables can even catch fire. (fuses prevent this)
Where is the sclera in the eyeball? [B7]
Tough white outermost layer of the eye.
When moving from a fast to slow medium do waves bend towards/away from the normal? [P10]
Towards the normal.
Describe the use of radioactivity in medical tracers. [P6]
Tracers contain radioactive particles that emit gamma rays. Hence they can detect cancers based off radioactivity levels.
How is HIV and AIDS transmitted? [B9]
Transfer of bodily fluids
What type of elements are in between groups 2 and 3 of the periodic table? [C1]
Transition metals
Where is the vitreous humour in the eyeball? [B7]
Transparent jelly-like tissue filling the eyeball behind the lens.
Where is the aqueous humour in the eyeball? [B7]
Transparent watery fluid between the cornea and iris.
Describe the function of red blood cells. [B5]
Transporting oxygen (carried by haemoglobin)
Define an isotope. [P6]
Two or more forms of the same element, they contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Define binary fission. [B8]
Type of asexual reproduction. The organism duplicates its genetic material and then divides into two parts, separating into two new bodies. Each new organism receives one copy of DNA.
What are some applications of ultrasound? [P10]
Ultrasound scans for fetus' or organs
What blood vessel transfers materials from the fetus to the mother? [B9]
Umbilical artery
What structures are essential for the development of the fetus? [B9]
Umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic sac, amniotic fluid.
What blood vessel transfers materials from the mother to the fetus? [B9]
Umbilical vein
What are the symptoms of constipation? [B4]
Unable to egest food, cramping
Describe where the diaphragm is in the respiratory system. [B6]
Underneath the lungs.
What are the symptoms of starvation? [B4]
Underweight, fatigue, anemia
List the parts of a cross section of a leaf. [B2]
Upper epidermis, waxy cuticle, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll (+ air space), vascular bundle - xylem and phloem, guard cells, stoma, lower epidermis.
How do you detect radiation? [P6]
Use a geiger-müller tube (also known as geiger counter or GM tube).
How can you protect against receiving HIV, AIDS, and other sexually transmitted infections? [B9]
Use condoms
How can you show a magnetic field? [P11]
Use iron filings (they should line up along the magnetic field lines) Use compasses (should line up and show the direction of the magnetic field)
Describe an experiment that can be used to measure the speed of sound. [P10]
Use two microphones, a fast timer, and a meter stick. Set up the two microphones a meter apart from one another (doesn't need to be a meter, but some measured distance). 1. Make a noise behind the first microphone. 2. This noise should turn on the fast timer. 3. The noise should reach the second microphone and thus turn off the fast timer. 4. You now have a distance and a time measurement. Use v = d/t to find the speed of sound.
What rule do you use to determine the direction of the force from the motor effect? [P11]
Use your right hand. Point your fingers in the direction of the magnetic field and then point your thumb in the direction of the current. The way your palm pushes is the direction of the force.
How can you figure out the direction of the magnetic effect of a current? [P11]
Use your right hand. Point your thumb in the direction of the current and the way that your other fingers curve is the direction of the magnetic field.
List the uses of ultraviolet light. [P4]
Used by hospitals to sterilise surgical equipment and the air in operating theatres.
List the uses of visible light. [P4]
Used for us to see. The color of an object that we see is the color of the light being reflected off of the object.
What are radio waves used for? [P4]
Used to transmit television and radio programmes.
Not all methods of rust prevention are suitable. What method of rust prevention is suitable for cutlery, cooking pans, and instruments used in hospitals? [C7]
Using stainless steel
Define electroplating. [C9]
Using the process of electrolysis to coat an object with a metal.
What is the purpose of a reflex arc? [B7]
Usually protective.
Review: What is the equation for voltage, current, and resistance? [P9]
V = IR Voltage = current * resistance
What is the symbol and unit for voltage? [P3]
V, in volts (V)
Do vacuoles occur in animal cells? [B1]
Vacuoles actually CAN occur in animal cells, but unlike plants they are not permanent.
What is the path that sperm takes in the female reproductive system? [B9]
Vagina --> cervix --> uterus --> oviducts --> ovaries
Name the state change from liquid to gas. [P2]
Vaporization (not boiling/evaporation, those are more specific)
What are the changes in a step down transformer? - also how does the number of turns change? [P11]
Voltage is decreased. There is a smaller number of turns in the secondary coil.
What are the changes in a step up transformer? - also how does the number of turns change? [P11]
Voltage is increased. There is a greater number of turns in the secondary coil.
What device is used to measure voltage? [P3]
Voltmeters
What does the amplitude of a sound wave relate to? [P10]
Volume
What happens to the volume of a gas when the molecules speed up, and the pressure is kept constant? Why? [P2]
Volume increases. This is in order to balance pressure.
Explain how decreasing volume increases reaction rate. [C6]
Volume is inversely proportional to pressure. Hence as volume decreases, pressure increases. The particles move closer together therefore there is an increased probability of particles colliding.
Define vital capacity. [B6]
Volume of air you can forcibly exhale in one breathe.
What are the equations you need to memorize for P5 (and how many are they)? [P5]
W = mg D = m/V F = ma F = kx P = F/A M = Fd (There are 6.)
What would be the treatment for constipation? [B4]
Walking/running, balanced diet (wholemeal foods, fruits and vegetables)
Define excretion as a noun. [B1]
Waste product from a metabolic reaction.
What is the universal solvent? [B4]
Water
Explain what happens in the process of germination. [B8]
Water is absorbed through a hole (called the micropyle) and the seed swells causing the testa to split. The testa splits, the radicle grows, and the seed emerges.
Define the characteristics of water that are relevant in xylem. [B2]
Water is cohesive, meaning that it sticks to itself. Hence, the column of water in xylem remains continuous. Water is also adhesive, meaning that it sticks to other substances, such as the xylem vessels.
How is energy obtained from hydroelectricity? [P7]
Water is stored high up, rushed down the hill and turns a turbine. potential → kinetic → electrical
Give examples of plants whose fruits or seeds are dispersed by WATER. Explain how their structure helps them be dispersed this way. [B8]
Water lily, coconut palm - these fruits float and thus are carried by water
Give examples of transverse waves. [P10]
Water waves, light waves, radio waves
What are the conditions needed for germination to occur? [B8]
Water, oxygen, warmth (suitable temperature). (May help to remember acronym WOW)
When moving from a fast to slow medium does wavelength increase/decrease? Hence, do wavefronts get closer/farther? [P10]
Wavelength decreases, wavefronts get closer.
When moving from a slow to fast medium does wavelength increase/decrease? Hence, do wavefronts get closer/farther? [P10]
Wavelength increases, wavefronts get farther.
What happens in wave diffraction? [P10]
Waves pass through gaps or around obstacles, resulting in circular movement.
What do waves transfer (and not transfer)? [P10]
Waves transfer ENERGY - without transferring matter.
Which energy sources are reliable and which are unreliable? [P7]
Waves, wind, and solar are UNRELIABLE. The rest are all reliable.
Define neutralization. [C4]
When acids and bases react together forming a neutral solution.
Define electrostatic attraction. [C2]
When oppositely charged objects are attracted to each other.
Define dynamic equilibrium. [B1]
When particles are distributed equally throughout (may occur after diffusion).
When does conduction occur? [P8]
When particles pass on their energy by bumping into each other
What is a short circuit? [P9]
When the current has a path of zero resistance that it can take. Current always chooses the path of least resistance.
Describe the chemical tests for water. [C8]
When water is added to copper (II) sulfate it should turn blue. When water is added to cobalt (II) chloride it should turn pink.
What is the function of the mouth (+ teeth and tongue)? [B4]
Where food enters (ingestion) and digestion begins - mechanical digestion with teeth (holding, tearing, and chewing food) and tongue (moves food to the rear to swallow). Also chemical digestion with saliva.
Where should fuses be placed? [P9]
Where the most current will flow.
What is the order of density for the components of blood. [B5]
White blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, plasma (most dense to least dense)
What type of materials are the worst absorbers and emitters? [P8]
White shiny materials
How is energy obtained from wind energy? [P7]
Wind turns a turbine. kinetic → electrical
Define polar. [P3]
With oppositely charged ends (e.g polar solvent).
How do you write an electron configuration? [C1]
With square brackets and listing the number of electrons in order of shells. For example, Sodium: [2,8,1] Sometimes it asks for electron structure which is the same thing, and sometimes the brackets are not necessary.
What are the safety issues of x-ray and gamma radiation? [P4]
X-rays and gamma rays damage cells, causing mutations (which may lead to cancer) and cell death.
What is the difference in the direction of movement in the xylem and phloem? [B2]
Xylem only moves upwards, from roots to leaves, whereas phloem moves in both directions.
Does the burning of coal affect pH? If so, how does it affect pH and why? [B3]
Yes it does. It causes pH to decrease (more acidic). This is because the burning of coal produces carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide which are acidic gases.
Do ionic equations have state symbols? [C4]
Yes they do.
Is oxygen a pure substance? Why? [C1]
Yes, because it only has one particle type.
Is water a pure substance? Why? [C1]
Yes, because it only has one particle type.
How can you remember what type of reactant and salt is involved in titration? [C4]
You can just recall the process of titration. Two liquids are mixed at the start, and then after the colour change there is a solution that has been neutralized. It always deals with liquids so there is a soluble reactant and soluble salt involved.
What do you explain when evaluating errors? [C2]
You explain how the error occured. You then explain the variable affected, and whether it was greater or lower than it was supposed to be. Finally, you explain a possible solution.
How can you adjust wires to prevent them from producing so much heat? Why does this work? [P9]
You make them THICKER. (note that adding insulation doesn't do anything to prevent heat being produced) This is because power determines how quickly heat is being generated. P = I²R and thus making the wires thicker decreases resistance and therefore decreases power.
Explain the process of fractional distillation. [C5]
[make sure to fully scroll down] 1. place the mixture in a flask (this flask is connected to a test tube which is packed with a column of glass beads and has a thermometer on top. This test tube is then connected to a condenser which leads to a conical flask) 2. heat the mixture to the lower boiling point of one of the liquids 3. a mixture of both vapors will rise, some of it will condense in the column of beads 4. once the temperature of the beads reaches the lower boiling point --> one of the liquids will no longer condense and will vaporize into the condenser, the other liquid will still condense and drip back into the flask 5. once the thermometer reading rises above the boiling point, it means one of the liquids has fully vaporized and hence you can stop heating
What is the equation for acceleration? [P1]
a = (v-u)/t
What are the reactants when making salts? [C4]
acid + metal/base (however, when questions refer to the reactant when making salts they are usually referring to the metal/base, even though acid technically is a reactant)
What are the adverse effects of sulfur dioxide on buildings and health? [C6]
acid rain --> leads to corrosion of buildings, damage of forests, kills aquatic life
What are the adverse effects of sulfur dioxide? [B3]
acid rain --> leads to corrosion of buildings, damage of forests, kills aquatic life
What are the adverse effects of oxides of nitrogen on buildings and health? [C6]
acid rain --> leads to corrosion of buildings, damage of forests, kills aquatic life + smog, causes irritation in nose and throat and linked to asthma
What are the adverse effects of oxides of nitrogen? [B3]
acid rain --> leads to corrosion of buildings, damage of forests, kills aquatic life + smog, causes irritation in nose and throat and linked to asthma
Blood is pumped away from the heart into _________, and returns to the heart in ______. [B5]
arteries, veins
What are the unit measurements for pulse and breathing rate? [B6]
beats/min (for pulse) breaths/min (for breathing rate
Give examples of situations when adrenaline is secreted. [B7]
before a race, before exams, before a fight, etc
What does a current/voltage graph look like for a bulb? [P3]
below the x-axis, curve with increasing gradient from the origin, above the x-axis, curve with decreasing gradient from the origin (like an f shape)
Alkalis make litmus paper turn/stay ___(red/blue). [C4]
blue
What color are alkalis when universal indicator is used? [C4]
blue/indigo/purple
What is heterotrophic nutrition? [B2]
breaking down of complex food material into simple substances during digestion material may then be absorbed or oxidised to release energy (This is for organisms that cannot manufacture their own food. Animals are heterotrophs.)
Review: What is the equation for concentration? (give word and symbol) [C10]
c = n / v concentration (mol/dm³) = number of moles of solute / volume of solution
What is the word equation for photosynthesis? [B2]
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
What the formula for rate of reaction? [C6]
change in amount of product / change in time
What are the units for spring extension? [P5]
cm (centimeter)
Is water an element, compound, or mixture? [C1]
compound
When inhaling, intercostal muscles... Which way do the ribs move? [B6]
contract, pull rib cage outwards and upwards.
Define ionising. [P6]
convert electrically neutral particles (atoms/molecules) into an ion or ions, typically by removing electrons.
Boron generally forms ______ bonds. [C2]
covalent (not ionic - boron is a metalloid so you have to remember this)
What is the equation for current? Give both word and symbol equation. [P3]
current = charge / time I = Q / t
Removing a lamp from a parallel circuit causes current to _______. [P9]
decrease
As mass increases acceleration ________. [P5]
decreases
When a substances is cooled, kinetic energy ________. [P2]
decreases
When light enters a denser medium its speed _________(increases/decreases). [P4]
decreases
When mass increases, acceleration _________. [P5]
decreases
When volume increases, pressure _________. [P2]
decreases
In the electromagnetic spectrum, as energy increases, wavelength _________(increases/decreases), and frequency _________(increases/decreases). [P4]
decreases, increases
When inhaling, thoracic pressure ________, and when exhaling thoracic pressure ________. [B6]
decreases, increases (just remember that volume increases when inhaling and thus the relationship between volume and pressure causes pressure to decrease)
As resistance increases, current _________ [P3]
decreases.
Different polymers have _________ monomer units. [C8]
different
Voltage and current have a ______ (direct/inverse) relationship. [P3]
direct
# of particles and pressure are ________ related. (directly/inversely) [P2]
directly
Temperature and pressure are ________ related. (directly/inversely) [P2]
directly
What are the units for the volume of a solvent? [C4]
dm³
How do you calculate the magnification of a specimen if you know the drawing size and actual size? [B1]
drawing size / actual size
How do you calculate the actual size of a specimen if you know the drawing size and magnification? [B1]
drawing size / magnification
Review: List the properties of non metals. [C3]
dull, brittle, non-malleable, non-ductile, bad conductor, any state, low density
What is the equation for efficiency? [P7]
efficiency = power out / power in
What happens when force are balanced? [P5]
either.. - object is at rest - object is in uniform motion
What are the units for density? [P5]
g/cm³ or kg/m³
List reasons for an increase in animal population. [B3]
greater availability of prey, less predators
What color are neutral solutions when universal indicator is used? [C4]
green
How do you convert km/h into m/s [P1]
if km/h = x, then 1,000x/3,600 = m/s. For example, 5 km/h = 1,000(5)/3,600 = 1.39 m/s.
Adding a lamp from a parallel circuit causes current to _______. [P9]
increase
As force increases acceleration ________. [P5]
increases
As the temperature of an object increases the energy it gives off ________. [P8]
increases
As voltage increases, current _________. [P3]
increases
For hydrocarbons, as size increases, boiling point _________ (increases/decreases). [C8]
increases
What happens to the speed of the particles in the gas when energy is added? [P2]
increases
When # of particles increases, pressure _________. [P2]
increases
When a substance is heated, its volume _________. [P2]
increases
When a substances is heated, kinetic energy ________. [P2]
increases
When force increases, acceleration _________. [P5]
increases
When light enters a less dense medium its speed _________(increases/decreases). [P4]
increases
When temperature increases, pressure ________. [P2]
increases
With exercise, heart rate ________. [B5]
increases
As concentration increases, the rate of reaction ________. Explain this. [C6]
increases This is because there are more reactant particles in the same volume of solution, increasing the chances of collisions, resulting in more frequent collisions and a faster reaction.
In an LDR, as light increases current ________ and resistance ________. [P9]
increases, decreases
In an thermistor, as temperature increases current ________ and resistance ________. [P9]
increases, decreases
When inhaling, thoracic volume ________, and when exhaling thoracic volume ________. [B6]
increases, decreases
Acceleration due to gravity is ____________ of mass. [P5]
independent
What is the refractive index equation? (give word and symbol equation) [P4]
index of refraction = velocity of light in vacuum / velocity of light in the medium n = c / v
What is the order of processes that occur when eating food? [B4]
ingestion ---> digestion ---> absorption --> assimilation --> egestion
Fill in the blanks. The smaller the cube, the ______ the SA:V ratio, the ______ the % of cube volume penetrated, and thus the _______ the rate of diffusion. [B1]
larger, larger, greater
An acid becomes stronger as it moves ____(right/left) on the pH scale. [C4]
left
What are the vessels and chambers that blood moves through from heart to kidney? [B5]
left ventricle, aorta, renal artery
Anaerobic respiration releases significantly ____ energy per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration. [B6]
less
For hydrocarbons, as size increases, it gets ____ (more/less) flammable. [C8]
less
For hydrocarbons, as size increases, it gets ____ (more/less) volatile. [C8]
less (doesn't evaporate easily)
Alkalis have ____(more/less) H⁺ ions, and ____(more/less) OH⁻ ions. [C4]
less, more
What happens when the angle of incidence is. ... less than the critical angle? ... equal to the critical angle? ... greater than the critical angle? [P4]
light is refracted light is refracted at 90º total internal reflection occurs
Where does convection occur? [P8]
liquids and gases ONLY - since particles need to be able to flow
Generally, veins have ____ oxygen, except for the __________ _____. [B5]
low, pulmonary vein
The thicker the wire, the _____ the resistance. (why?) [P3]
lower (since the electrons have a larger area to flow through)
What are the units for velocity of light in vacuum and velocity of light in the medium? [P4]
m/s
metal + acid --> _______________ [C4]
metal salt + hydrogen gas
metal hydroxide + acid --> _______________ [C4]
metal salt + water
metal oxide + acid --> _______________ [C4]
metal salt + water
base + ammonium salts --> _______________ [C4]
metal salt + water + ammonia (just remember it's just like acid + base except the ammonia)
metal carbonate + acid--> _______________ [C4]
metal salt + water + carbon dioxide
Compare the nervous and endocrine system in terms of: - speed of action - nature of message - duration of response - area of response - examples of processes controlled [B7]
nervous system has fast response, endocrine system has slow response nervous system uses electrical impulses, endocrine system uses hormones nervous system gives a short response, endocrine system gives a long response nervous system has localized response, endocrine system has more widespread response nervous system controls movement, homeostasis, reflexes, endocrine system controls blood sugar levels, fight or flight response, homeostasis
Review: List the equation and valency for nitrate, carbonate, sulphate, hydroxide and ammonium (polyatomic ions). [C4]
nitrate - NO₃ - valency 1⁻ carbonate - CO₃ - valency 2⁻ sulphate - SO₄ - valency 2⁻ hydroxide - OH - valency 1⁻ ammonium - NH₄ - valency 1⁺
What is the word equation for the Haber Process? [C6]
nitrogen gas + hydrogen gas → ammonia
List reasons for a decrease in animal population. [B3]
not enough prey, more predators, disease
In Snell's Law, n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂, what do the variables mean? [P4]
n₁ = the refractive index of the first medium θ₁ = the angle of incidence n₂ = the refractive index of the second medium θ₂ = the angle of refraction
What is the equation for Snell's Law? [P4]
n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂
The element that loses electrons has been ________. [C7]
oxidized
The element that is reduced is the ________ agent. [C7]
oxidizing
What kind of changes are changes in states of matter? (physical/chemical) [P2]
physical changes (NOT chemical)
What are the adverse effects of carbon monoxide on buildings and health? [C6]
poisonous gas --> deadly in high concentrations
What are the adverse effects of carbon monoxide? [B3]
poisonous gas --> deadly in high concentrations
How do you write the overall reaction for electrolysis? [C9]
positive ion + negative ion → atom + atom (e.g 2Li⁺ + 2Cl⁻ → 2Li + Cl₂)
What are the equations for power? Give both word and symbol equations. [P3]
power = energy / time P = E / t power = voltage * current P = VI
The presence of impurities in a solid _______ its melting point. [C5]
reduces
The element that is oxidized is the ________ agent. [C7]
reducing
List the undesirable effects of deforestation. (list, don't explain further) [B3]
reduction in soil fertility, changes in recycling of materials, flooding and landslides, climatic changes, species extinction
angle of incidence entering = angle of _________ _______ [P4]
refraction exiting
When exhaling, intercostal muscles... Where does rib cage move? [B6]
relax, rib cage moves inwards
When exhaling, the diaphragm... [B6]
relaxes, becomes dome shaped.
An alkali becomes stronger as it moves ____(right/left) on the pH scale. [C4]
right
What are the organs of a plant? [B1]
roots, stem, leaves, flower
Review: List the properties of metals. [C3]
shiny, very hard, malleable, ductile, good conductor, solid, high density
What metals are particularly good conductors? [P8]
silver, copper, aluminium, brass, iron
What is autotrophic nutrition? [B2]
simple compounds are absorbed --> built up into complex substances --> may be oxidised (broken down) to release energy. (plants are autotrophs)
The higher the transmission voltage, the ______(larger/smaller) the heat losses in the cables. Why? [P11]
smaller This is because greater voltage means less current and power is equal to I²R.
When moving from a less to more dense medium, the light ray bends _______ the normal. [P4]
towards
Review: What are the adverse effects of carbon monoxide on buildings and health? [C10]
toxic, deadly in high concentrations
In the acceleration equation, what does u equal? [P1]
u = initial velocity
What is the source of oxides of nitrogen? [B3]
when air comes into contact with very hot environment e.g car engines
What is the equation for work done? [P7]
work done = force * distance W = Fd
The brighter the surface, the ______ (better/worse) the absorption and emission ability. [P8]
worse
What is the form of an inversely proportional relationship? (its graph equation) [P2]
y = m/x
What is the form of a proportional relationship? (its graph equation) [P2]
y = mx (note that there is no 'c' as it goes through the origin)