Evolution Exam 1

Uniformitarianism

Present is key to the past

Modern Evolutionary Synthesis

Reconciled Darwin's Theory with Mendellian Genetics: Ronald A. Fisher, Sewall Wright, J.B. S. Haldane - Mutation is not an alternative to natural selection but instead its the raw material

Mendelian Genetics

"particulate inheritance"

Darwin's Five Theories

1. Evolution-characteristics of organisms' lineages change overtime 2. Common Descent-all life portrayed as one big family tree (radically new idea) 3. Gradualism-differences between (even) radically different organisms have evolved incrementally in small steps overtime 4. Population Change-evolution occurs in the proportions of individuals within a population that have different inherited characteristics 5. Natural Selection-changes in organisms are caused by differences in ability to reproduce-this results in adaptations

Wallace Line

A deep channel that separates species , a line in southeast asia delineating the abrupt difference in flora and fauna from that found on the asian mainland to plants and animals more common to Australia

Ernst Mayr

Biological species concept (BSC) Species are reproductively isolated from other groups Theory of Geographic (Allopatric Speciation) new species form when populations become geographically isolated Theory of Founder Effect Speciation Drastic reductions in population size promote speciation

Biological Evolution

Change in the genetic properties of groups of organisms often called "decent with Modification

Plato and Aristotle

Essentialism

Essentialism

variation is Accidental imperfections

Hutton and Lyell

Uniformitarianism

Mutationist Theories

discretely different organisms arose via mutations natural selection not required

Wallace Effect

reproduction speciation , Hypothesis that natural selection can contribute to the reproductive isolation of incipient species by encouraging varieties to develop barriers to hybridization

Richard Goldschmidt

"hopeful monster"- Macroevolution through macromutation developmental modularity can lead to abrupt phenotypic change; challenge to gradualism; abrupt changes transforming the appearance of a structure into a serial homolog

Origin of Species Two Main Theories

Decent with Modification (evolution) Causal agent of evolutionary change (natural selection)

Jean-Baptiste Antroine de Monet, Chelvalier de Lamark

First Organic Evolution theory Traits acquired during one individual's lifetime are passed on to offspring Species originate by spontaneous generation and not one common ancestor

Alfred Russel Wallace

Got "scooped" by Darwin "Father of Biogeography"

Motoo Kimura

Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution- Many genetic changes cause no phenotypic change most of DNA evolution occurs by genetic drift NOT natural selectionWil

William D. Hamilton, Robert Trivers

Social Theory- Kin Selection explains altruistic behaviors and eusociality Conflict parent/offspring, sibling, male/female

Catastrophism

Sudden violent and short-lived events responsible for current state of the earth